Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Estrategias de telesalud en la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica: revisión integradora

Objetivo:

evaluar las evidencias sobre estrategias de telesalud en la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica.

Método:

revisión integradora de la literatura. La búsqueda de estudios primarios se realizó en seis bases de datos: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS y Scopus. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 48 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2021, la estrategia de telesalud fue aplicada mediante equipo multidisciplinario, médico, enfermero, farmacéutico, nutricionista y trabajador social. De los artículos se extrajo el tipo de estudio, país, estrategia aplicada, escenario, población y profesional. Los estudios fueron seleccionados mediante la lectura de título y resumen (fase 1) y, posteriormente, mediante la lectura completa (fase 2), se los categorizó por estrategia de telesalud. El resumen de resultados se presentó de forma descriptiva y los estudios se clasificaron según el nivel de evidencia.

Resultados:

el domicilio fue el más representativo en las terapias de diálisis y tratamiento conservador. Se identificaron seis categorías de estrategias de telesalud: dispositivos de monitoreo remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicaciones, estrategias multimodales y contacto telefónico.

Conclusión:

el uso de esas estrategias para la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica tiene diferentes formatos e implementaciones, las mismas son factibles para dicha población en cualquier etapa de la enfermedad y pueden ser aplicadas por diferentes profesionales de la salud especialmente en el ámbito domiciliario. La evidencia ha demostrado que la telesalud favorece la reducción de costos, la accesibilidad a ubicaciones remotas, un mejor seguimiento de la diálisis con resultados positivos sobre el control de los síntomas, la reducción de riesgos y capacitación del paciente.

Descriptores:
Enfermedad Renal Crónica; Diálisis; Diálisis Peritoneal; Trasplante de Riñón; Teleenfermería; Telesalud


Objective:

to evaluate the evidence about telehealth strategies in caring for people with chronic kidney disease.

Method:

integrative literature review. The search for primary studies was carried out in six databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Scopus. The sample consisted of 48 articles published between 2000 and 2021. The telehealth strategy was applied by a multidisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, nutritionis, and social workers. The type of study, country, strategy applied, setting, population, and professional were extracted from the articles. The studies were selected by reading the title and abstract (phase 1) and then reading them in full (phase 2), categorizing them by telehealth strategy. The results were summarized descriptively and the studies were classified according to their level of evidence.

Results:

the home was the most representative in dialysis and conservative treatment. Six categories of telehealth strategies were identified: remote monitoring devices, teleconsultation, digital platforms, apps, multimodality strategies, and telephone contact.

Conclusion:

using these strategies for the care of people with chronic kidney disease presents different forms and implementations, being feasible for the renal population at any stage of the disease and applicable by different health professionals with an emphasis on the home environment. The evidence shows that telehealth favors lower cost, accessibility to remote locations, and better monitoring of dialysis with positive resul in symptom control, risk reduction, and patient training.

Descriptors:
Chronic Kidney Disease; Dialysis; Peritoneal Dialysis; Kidney Transplant; Telenursing; Telehealth


Objetivo:

analisar as evidências sobre as estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com doença renal crônica.

Método:

revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca pelos estudos primários foi realizada em seis bases de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS e Scopus. A amostra foi composta por 48 artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2021, a estratégia de telessaúde foi aplicada por equipe multidisciplinar, médico, enfermeiro, farmacêutico, nutricionista e assistente social. Foram extraídos dos artigos o tipo de estudo, país, estratégia aplicada, cenário, população e profissional. Os estudos foram selecionados por leitura de título e resumo (fase 1) e, após, por leitura completa (fase 2), com sua categorização por estratégia de telessaúde. A síntese dos resultados foi apresentada de forma descritiva e os estudos classificados de acordo com o nível de evidência.

Resultados:

o domicílio foi o de maior representatividade nas terapias dialíticas e tratamento conservador. Foram identificadas seis categorias de estratégias de telessaúde: dispositivos de monitoramento remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicativos, estratégias multimodalidades e contato telefônico.

Conclusão:

a utilização dessas estratégias para o atendimento de pessoas com doença renal crônica apresenta diferentes formatos e implementações, sendo viável à população renal em quaisquer fases da doença e aplicável por diferentes profissionais de saúde com ênfase no ambiente domiciliar. As evidências apontaram que a telessaúde favorece a diminuição de custos, acessibilidade aos locais afastados, melhor monitoramento da diálise com resultados positivos no controle dos sintomas, redução dos riscos e treinamento do paciente.

Descritores
Falência Renal Crônica; Diálise; Diálise Peritoneal; Transplante de Rim; Telenfermagem; Telemedicina


Destacados:

(1) La telesalud es factible y prometedora para la atención del paciente con enfermedad renal crónica.

(2) La telesalud es factible para personas en todas las etapas de la ERC.

(3) Lo que más se realizó a través de la telesalud fue la promoción y el seguimiento de la salud.

(4) El servicio remoto puede reducir costos, emergencias y contactos con la clínica.

(5) Los enfermeros utilizaron principalmente el contacto telefónico y la teleconferencia.

Introducción

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) es un problema complejo de salud pública y afecta aproximadamente entre el 8% y el 16% de la población mundial, además se asocia con alto riesgo cardiovascular y muerte ( 11. Desai N, Lora CM, Lash JP, Ricardo AC. CKD and ESRD in US Hispanics. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 73(1) 102-11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
). Se caracteriza por alteraciones en la función o estructura de los riñones, es de evolución lenta, progresiva e irreversible, sus principales causas son hipertensión arterial, Diabetes Mellitus y glomerulonefritis, entre otras ( 22. Ammirati AL. Chronic Kidney Disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020 66(Suppl 1) s03-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
). La ERC se clasifica según su progresión, que se manifiesta por la caída de la tasa de filtrado glomerular, en cinco estadios que requieren tratamiento y seguimiento específicos en función del grado de daño renal. La quinta y última etapa se caracteriza por la fase terminal de la insuficiencia renal crónica, en la que es necesario implementar terapias de reemplazo renal (TRS) como hemodiálisis (HD), diálisis peritoneal (DP) y/o trasplante ( 11. Desai N, Lora CM, Lash JP, Ricardo AC. CKD and ESRD in US Hispanics. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 73(1) 102-11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
- 22. Ammirati AL. Chronic Kidney Disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020 66(Suppl 1) s03-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
).

Es fundamental utilizar un enfoque multidisciplinario para manejar correctamente la ERC, con respecto al control de la diabetes, la farmacoterapia, la adecuación de los factores de riesgo y la promoción del autocuidado. Dada su complejidad, los profesionales de la salud deben conocer las herramientas disponibles para realizar intervenciones efectivas en el cuidado de dichos pacientes, entre las que se destacan las posibilidades que surgen de la tecnología digital ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
).

En este sentido, la telesalud (TS), que abarca diferentes categorías de atención remota, es una estrategia viable y segura para satisfacer las necesidades de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica ( 44. Ovtcharenko N, Thomson BKA. Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154...
- 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
). La TS implica brindar y favorecer la atención clínica a distancia, la educación para la salud de pacientes y profesionales, la salud pública y la administración sanitaria ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
- 66. Belcher JM. The Role of Telenephrology in the Management of CKD. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1310-5. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019...
). Por ende, se considera que las aplicaciones de TS incluyen: medios digitales, servicio de mensajes cortos, aplicaciones móviles, respuesta de voz interactiva, videoconferencia, comunicación asincrónica de almacenamiento, envío y comunicación inalámbrica ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
, 66. Belcher JM. The Role of Telenephrology in the Management of CKD. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1310-5. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019...
).

A pesar de la expansión que tuvo de la TS con la pandemia de COVID-19, hubo experiencias exitosas antes de ese período que demostraron el impacto positivo de la telemedicina para la atención de enfermedades crónicas, como la diabetes ( 77. Borries TM, Dunbar A, Bhukhen A, Rismany J, Kilham J, Feinn R, et al. The impact of telemedicine on patient self-management processes and clinical outcomes for patients with Types I or II Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A scoping review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2): 1353-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.01...
- 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
). Esos resultados demuestran el potencial que tiene el uso de la TS en la ERC, para impulsar la atención multidisciplinaria en el área, romper con las metodologías tradicionales de atención y fomentar la autorresponsabilidad de quienes viven con esa condición ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
). Esto pudo experimentarse con intensidad durante la pandemia, cuando la TS se utilizó ampliamente para mantener y brindar servicio a los usuarios y cumplir con las reglas que restringían la circulación de las personas para luchar contra la pandemia ( 99. Nittari G, Savva D, Tomassoni D, Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Telemedicine in the COVID-19 Era: A Narrative Review Based on Current Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101...
).

Sin embargo, a pesar de que el uso de la TS en la práctica clínica en Nefrología se ha expandido, aún enfrenta obstáculos y es necesario que se discutan ciertos aspectos, como el clínico, el ético y el normativo ( 1010. Haroon S, Voo TC, Chua H, Tan GL, Lau T. Telemedicine and Haemodialysis Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of Patient Safety, Healthcare Quality, Ethics and the Legal Considerations in Singapore Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445...
). En lo que respecta a la práctica clínica, es importante evaluar la efectividad y el costo-beneficio de esas prácticas tecnológicas con respecto a la atención tradicional, además de determinar qué tecnologías utilizar y cómo están siendo aplicadas por los distintos profesionales del equipo multidisciplinario que brinda atención a las personas con ERC. El camino de la TS en el campo de la Nefrología continúa expandiéndose, sin embargo, es fundamental comprender este proceso y cómo se comportan los actores en este ambiente de recursos atípicos y cada vez más digitales ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
).

Por ende, la telesalud en nefrología se presenta con diversos enfoques, en diferentes contextos de atención de la ERC y puede ser utilizada por cualquier profesional de la salud ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
), lo que indica que es necesario realizar una síntesis de la evidencia publicada en esta área. Por lo tanto, esta revisión tuvo como objetivo evaluar las evidencias sobre las estrategias de telesalud en la atención de personas con ERC.

Método

Tipo de estudio

Se trata de un estudio de revisión integradora realizado en seis etapas: definición del problema de investigación, diseño de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión de estudios, categorización de los estudios incluidos, evaluación, interpretación y presentación final ( 1111. Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Use of the bibliographic reference manager in the selection of primary studies in integrative reviews. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019;28;e20170204. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2017-0204
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-20...
). El protocolo para esta revisión puede estar disponible si los autores lo solicitan. El proceso de selección de publicaciones siguió las recomendaciones del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) ( 1212. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71...
).

Lugar y período

Este estudio se realizó en la ciudad de Brasilia (DF)/Brasil, de febrero de 2021 a diciembre de 2022. La selección de los artículos por título y resumen se realizó entre marzo y abril, y la selección mediante la lectura completa de los estudios potenciales entre mayo y septiembre. El periodo de análisis de la información tuvo lugar entre octubre de 2021 y febrero de 2022.

Delimitación de la muestra

El problema de investigación, estructurado por el acrónimo PICO (P= personas con enfermedad renal crónica; I= telesalud; C= no aplicable; O= clínicos, de laboratorio y conductuales), fue: ¿cuál es la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre estrategias de telesalud en la atención de las personas con enfermedad renal crónica? Los descriptores controlados (Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, Diálisis, Trasplante y Telemedicina) se combinaron con los operadores booleanos AND y OR en las bases de datos PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS) y Scopus a través del portal de revistas de la Coordinación para el Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Nivel Superior (su sigla en portugués CAPES), en marzo de 2021.

La estrategia utilizada en las bases de datos PubMed y Scopus se creó a partir del Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) en el siguiente formato: ( “Kidney Failure, Chronic”[Mesh] OR “Kidney Failure, Chronic” OR “End-Stage Kidney Disease” OR “Disease, End-Stage Kidney” OR “End Stage Kidney Disease” OR “Kidney Disease, End-Stage” OR “Chronic Kidney Failure” OR “End-Stage Renal Disease” OR “Disease, End-Stage Renal” OR “End Stage Renal Disease” OR “Renal Disease, End-Stage” OR “Renal Disease, End Stage” OR “Renal Failure, End-Stage” OR “End-Stage Renal Failure” OR “Renal Failure, End Stage” OR “Renal Failure, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Failure” OR “ESRD” OR “Renal Insufficiency, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Insufficiencies” OR “Renal Insufficiencies, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Insufficiency” OR “Kidney Insufficiency, Chronic” OR “Chronic Kidney Insufficiency” OR “Chronic Kidney Insufficiencies” OR “Kidney Insufficiencies, Chronic” OR “Chronic Kidney Diseases” OR “Chronic Kidney Disease” OR “Disease, Chronic Kidney” OR “Diseases, Chronic Kidney” OR “Kidney Disease, Chronic” OR “Kidney Diseases, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Diseases” OR “Chronic Renal Disease” OR “Disease, Chronic Renal” OR “Diseases, Chronic Renal” OR “Renal Disease, Chronic” OR “Renal Diseases, Chronic”) AND (“Telemedicine Emergency Care” OR “Telemedicine” OR “Mobile Health” OR “Health, Mobile” OR “mHealth” OR “Telehealth” OR “eHealth” OR “Telemonitoring” OR “Teletherapy” OR “Telescreening, Medical”). En las otras bases de datos se adoptaron estrategias de búsqueda similares con términos específicos según la base, por ejemplo, en CINAHL Headings, Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) y Entry Terms en CINAHL, LILACS y Embase, respectivamente.

Para identificar y eliminar estudios duplicados se utilizó el software EndNote Web Basic ( Clarivate Analytics ®) y para seleccionar los estudios de la fase 1 se utilizó la plataforma Rayyan Qatar Computing Research Institute (Rayyan QCRI) ( 1313. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
).

Criterios de selección

Los criterios de inclusión fueron: intervención con telesalud, previamente estructurada y aplicada por profesionales de la salud en pacientes adultos con ERC independientemente de si están en tratamiento conservador, diálisis o recibieron trasplante, investigaciones observacionales, cuasiexperimentales, Ensayos Clínicos (EC) con texto completo disponible en inglés, español o portugués, sin restricciones de período de publicación. Por lo tanto, los criterios de exclusión fueron: investigaciones sobre el interés y la usabilidad de las tecnologías, revisiones, estudios de casos, opiniones de expertos, protocolos de investigación, contexto hospitalario y diferentes publicaciones con la misma intervención y muestra.

Variables y análisis de los datos

Dos revisores independientes realizaron la selección por título y resumen (fase 1) y mediante lectura completa de los estudios obtenidos en la primera selección (fase 2), seguida de la extracción de datos de los estudios considerados incluidos. Se aplicaron los mismos criterios de elegibilidad en ambas fases de selección. Se utilizó una hoja de cálculo electrónica ( Microsoft Excel 2010 ®) para recolectar la información de interés: autores; título; año de publicación; objetivo del estudio; país; diseño metodológico; escenario y población; estrategia de telesalud; resultados y limitaciones informadas.

El nivel de evidencia se evaluó según la clasificación: Nivel I (metaanálisis de estudios aleatorizados), Nivel II (experimental), Nivel III (cuasiexperimental), Nivel IV (observacional, cohorte, caso-control), Nivel V (revisiones sistemáticas de investigaciones observacionales y estudios cualitativos), Nivel VI (estudio único, tipo descriptivo o cualitativo) y Nivel VII (opiniones), los Niveles I a IV se consideraron como evidencia fuerte a moderada ( 1414. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2019. ). Los estudios incluidos se organizaron categóricamente en función de las estrategias de telesalud utilizadas como intervención y la información extraída se sintetizó de forma descriptiva y se presentó en un cuadro resumen.

Resultados

La identificación de potenciales estudios a través de las bases de datos arrojó como resultado 1263 artículos, de los cuales 285 estaban duplicados. Luego de la selección por título y resumen con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, quedaron 95 artículos, que fueron leídos completos en una segunda etapa, como resultado se incluyeron 48 publicaciones en la presente revisión. Este proceso de identificación y selección se ilustra en la Figura 1.

Figura 1 -
Diagrama de flujo del proceso de selección de estudios incluidos en la revisión integradora según el Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Brasilia, DF, Brasil, 2021

Dado el enfoque en las estrategias de telesalud identificadas en los estudios seleccionados, el análisis descriptivo dio como resultado seis categorías temáticas: dispositivos de monitoreo remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicaciones, estrategias multimodales y contacto telefónico. La Figura 2 reúne los principales datos extraídos de los artículos incluidos por categoría temática.

Figura 2 -
Descripción de las características de los estudios incluidos en la revisión integradora (n=48). Brasilia, DF, Brasil, 2021

Caracterización de los estudios incluidos

La muestra final de publicaciones estuvo compuesta por 48 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2021, predominantemente de los años 2020 (10/20,8%) ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...

16. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...

17. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...

18. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...

19. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...

20. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...

21. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...

22. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...

23. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
- 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
), 2019 (7/14,6%) ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...

26. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...

27. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...

28. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...

29. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...

30. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
- 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
) y 2018 (6/12,5%) ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...

33. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...

34. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...

35. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...

36. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
- 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Se revisaron en total 39 revistas diferentes, de las cuales siete tenían más de una publicación sobre el tema, tres con alcance en telemedicina ( Journal of Medical Internet Research, Telemedicine and e-Health y Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare) y cuatro en nefrología ( Peritoneal Dialysis International, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Journal of Nephrology y Blood Purification).

Entre los países con mayor número de publicaciones se destacó Estados Unidos ( EE.UU.), con el 35,4% ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
) de las producciones sobre el tema, seguido de Irán con cuatro publicaciones, los diecisiete países restantes presentaron entre uno y tres estudios. El segundo continente con mayor número de registros científicos fue Europa (13/27/%), América Latina estuvo representada por tres publicaciones, de Colombia ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...

25. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...

26. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...

27. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...

28. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
- 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
) y República Dominicana ( 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
).

La caracterización del ambiente donde se desarrolló la investigación reveló que el escenario que tuvo mayor prevalencia fue el domiciliario (36/75%), seguido de las clínicas de diálisis (6/12,5%) y ambulatorias (6/12,5%). Hubo mayor número de individuos con ERC en tratamiento conservador (14/29,2%), en diálisis peritoneal (13/27,1%) y en hemodiálisis (12/25%). Los pacientes con trasplante de riñón fueron incluidos en cinco estudios y los donantes/receptores de riñón constituyeron la muestra de una investigación. El equipo multidisciplinario trabajó en quince (31,3%) estudios, otros profesionales con mayor presencia fueron los enfermeros (25%), seguidos de los nutricionistas (8,3%), farmacéuticos (8,3%), médicos (6,3%) y trabajadores sociales (4,2%), la especialidad del profesional de la salud no fue informada en ocho (16,7%).

En cuanto a los diseños de los estudios identificados en esta revisión integradora, los ensayos clínicos, aleatorizados o no aleatorizados, fueron 17 (35,4%) en total, los estudios observacionales descriptivos conformaron 13 (27,1%) producciones, los estudios de cohortes representaron 9 artículos (18,8%) y los cuasiexperimentales, del tipo pre y postest, formaron parte de 8 (16,7%) publicaciones. Se observó que el 37,5% (18) de los artículos presentaron nivel II de evidencia, seguido del nivel IV con el 22,9% (11).

Los resultados informados mostraron una gran diversidad entre los estudios y abarcaron desde indicadores clínicos (hospitalización, peritonitis, emergencias, mortalidad), parámetros de laboratorio (hemoglobina, fósforo, albúmina, calcio, colesterol), niveles de presión arterial, hasta variables relacionadas con la satisfacción del usuario. En particular, los cambios de comportamiento, la calidad de vida y la usabilidad de las herramientas tecnológicas aplicadas también constituyeron el espectro de resultados ponderados, y se evaluó el costo en solo cinco estudios.

Cabe destacar que en ninguno de los estudios incluidos se registraron resultados desfavorables para las intervenciones de telesalud, aunque quince de ellos informaron que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos estudiados. Por lo tanto, se registraron implicaciones favorables en 32 estudios, cuyos resultados analizados se inclinaban favorablemente hacia la atención remota con pruebas de hipótesis que mostraron significación estadística (p<0,05) en 24 investigaciones.

Dispositivos de monitoreo remoto

Incluyó estudios que trabajaron con dispositivos electrónicos capaces de captar los datos biométricos del usuario y enviarlos al equipo responsable, que pueden ser o no transmitidos online de forma inmediata. Entre ellos, se identificó el uso de reloj de pulsera ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
), bandeja de medicamentos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
), máquina de DP ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
) y una estación de monitoreo con cámara, micrófono y monitor ( 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
).

Los artículos incluidos en esta categoría, fueron 13 (27,1%) en total, y todos se desarrollaron en el ambiente domiciliario. Además, cabe destacar que el predominio de la población objetivo fue de pacientes en diálisis peritoneal ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...
- 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
), seguido de individuos en tratamiento conservador ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
, 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...

32. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...

33. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...

34. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...

35. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...

36. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...

37. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...

38. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...

39. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...

40. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...

41. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
- 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
), trasplantados ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
, 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
) y en hemodiálisis ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
).

Estados Unidos fue el lugar en el que se llevaron a cabo ocho estudios ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
- 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...

40. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...

41. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...

42. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
- 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
), mientras que los demás se desarrollaron en Hawái ( 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), Taiwán ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
), Colombia ( 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
) e Italia ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
). Con respecto al año de publicación, siete se realizaron en 2019 ( 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...

30. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
- 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
) y 2020 ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
- 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
- 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
), los demás entre 2011 y 2017. En cuanto al diseño, seis eran ensayos clínicos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
- 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
, 4141. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
- 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
) y los otros siete estudios observacionales.

El equipo multidisciplinario fue la categoría con mayor intervención en la estrategia, realizó cinco investigaciones ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
- 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
, 4141. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
- 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
). Los enfermeros fueron protagonistas en cuatro estudios ( 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...
- 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), seguidos por los farmacéuticos ( 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
) y los nutricionistas ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
).

Por último, se observa que, en lo que respecta a los resultados de la categoría analizada, todos los estudios mostraron tendencias positivas con la implementación de la asistencia remota: disminución de las hospitalizaciones ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), aumento de los niveles de autocuidado ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...
- 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
), reducción del uso de medicamentos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
), disminución de los niveles de presión arterial ( 4141. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
, 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
), de los costos de emergencia ( 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), de la percepción negativa del tratamiento de diálisis ( 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
) y reducción de llamadas de emergencia ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
).

Teleconsulta

La categoría teleconsulta abarcó estudios que utilizaron como metodología de atención la videoconferencia, también llamada teleconferencia o videollamada. Su aplicación se realizó principalmente en el ámbito domiciliario ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...

46. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
- 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
) y en la clínica ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
- 4949. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
), mientras que el ámbito ambulatorio fue el foco de un solo estudio ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
). La población objetivo de esta estrategia fueron individuos en hemodiálisis que formaron parte de cuatro estudios ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...

49. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
- 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
), seguidos de pacientes en tratamiento conservador ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
), en DP ( 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
) y trasplantados ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
).

La teleconferencia representó ocho estudios, con una frecuencia del 16,7% del total, realizados en EE.UU. ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
), Alemania ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
), Francia ( 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
), Jordania ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
), España ( 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
, 4949. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
), Reino Unido ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
) y Japón ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
). Los artículos fueron publicados en general entre los años 2000 y 2007 ( 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...

48. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...

49. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
- 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
), los otros dos estudios datan de 2016 ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
) y 2017 ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
) y sólo de 2020 otros dos estudios ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
). El ensayo clínico se utilizó como método en tres estudios ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
, 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
), mientras que cuatro estudios fueron de cohorte y transversales ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...

49. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
- 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
).

Los profesionales más activos en esa estrategia fueron los médicos ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
) y enfermeros ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
) que trabajaron en dos estudios cada uno, junto con un nutricionista ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
). Sin embargo, dos publicaciones no especificaron qué profesional llevó a cabo la atención ( 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
, 4949. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
).

Como resultado, el 80% de los participantes consideró que la teleconsulta era mejor o tan efectiva como la consulta presencial, les permitió desarrollar nuevas habilidades y tener una mejor percepción de la terapia ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
). Tuvo un impacto positivo sobre la reducción de costos ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...

46. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
- 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
), de tiempo de espera para la atención ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
) y sobre el control nutricional de los niveles de fósforo ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
). Si bien la teleconsulta no mostró superioridad estadística en los pacientes con trasplante de riñón, no hubo diferencias en la tasa de supervivencia de dicha población ( 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
).

Plataforma digital

Las plataformas digitales se caracterizaron por todos aquellos estudios que desarrollaron, probaron o aplicaron estrategias de atención al paciente a través de sitios web o plataformas online, alojadas en la World Wide Web. Se clasificaron siete (14,6%) estudios, provenientes de Estados Unidos ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
, 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
- 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
), Canadá ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
) e Irán ( 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
), publicados entre 2014 y 2020, excepto 2015. Predominaron los estudios transversales ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
, 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
, 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
) y los ensayos clínicos ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
), que representan cinco estudios, seguidos del diseño cuasiexperimental ( 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
) y de cohorte ( 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
).

La población abarcó todos los grupos renales, denominados: trasplantados ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
), en hemodiálisis ( 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
), diálisis peritoneal ( 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
), tratamiento conservador ( 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
) y población mixta ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
) que incluyó individuos en tratamiento conservador y diálisis. El ambiente domiciliario fue el escenario de cuatro trabajos ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
, 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
, 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
), mientras que dos utilizaron el ambiente ambulatorio ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
) y uno se realizó en las clínicas ( 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
). Además, tres producciones no identificaron a los profesionales que trabajan en la investigación ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
, 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
) y el resto de los estudios fue desarrollado por un trabajador social ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
), un equipo multidisciplinario ( 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
) y un enfermero, que representa dos producciones ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
).

Se constató que el uso de la plataforma online puede mejorar el conocimiento de los usuarios sobre las terapias de diálisis ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
) y reducir el riesgo de complicaciones en la hemodiálisis domiciliaria ( 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
). Por lo tanto, el uso de un portal de apoyo para el autocuidado de la diálisis domiciliaria generó menor necesidad de acudir a la clínica ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
), mayor confianza y conocimiento para realizar procedimientos de DP ( 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
) y una mejora en las tasas de filtrado glomerular de quienes están en tratamiento conservador ( 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
).

Aplicaciones

La estrategia en cuestión se caracterizó por utilizar aplicaciones dirigidas a determinados dispositivos electrónicos, como teléfonos móviles o tablets. Se empleó generalmente en el ámbito domiciliario, y abarcó siete estudios ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
, 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
, 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...

55. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...

56. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...

57. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
- 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
). Por otro lado, en esta categoría, sólo una publicación mencionó el ambiente ambulatorio ( 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
). Dentro de la población presente en esta categoría, hay individuos en tratamiento conservador, en DP y en hemodiálisis, mencionados, respectivamente, en tres, dos y un estudio.

Se identificaron siete (14,6%) estudios que utilizaron aplicaciones como estrategia de atención remota, los mismos son oriundos de EE. UU. ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
), Irlanda ( 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
), Reino Unido ( 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
), China ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
), Emiratos Árabes Unidos ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
) y Canadá ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
, 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
). En primer lugar, en 2009, se presentó un estudio piloto que evaluó el impacto de una aplicación para ampliar el conocimiento de los pacientes renales ( 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
). En segundo lugar, hay tres trabajos más realizados en 2015 ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
) y 2016 ( 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
, 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
), seguidos de los años 2020 ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
) y 2021 ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
).

Se comprobó que el método cuasiexperimental se utilizó en cuatro estudios ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
, 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...

57. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
- 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
), el método EC en dos estudios ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
, 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
) y el método transversal ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
) en uno. Entre dichos estudios, el profesional farmacéutico fue responsable de la realización de dos ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
, 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
), el nutricionista de uno ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
) y el equipo de otros tres ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
, 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
- 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
).

En cuanto a los resultados, se observa que las aplicaciones pueden aumentar la seguridad en el uso de medicamentos ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
) y mejorar la ingesta de calorías y proteínas en pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
). Además, se registró una mejora en los niveles de albúmina, hemoglobina y calcio-fósforo en individuos en DP que reciben seguimiento a través de un dispositivo de mensajería instantánea ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
). También se destaca que quienes estaban bajo tratamiento conservador también obtuvieron beneficios de la promoción del autocuidado, tales como, reducción de los niveles de presión arterial ( 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
), altos índices de aceptabilidad y satisfacción con el uso de las aplicaciones ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
, 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
, 5959. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding EM. Telehealth: Acceptability, clinical interventions and quality of life in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4:2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
).

Multimodalidades

La categoría de multimodalidad se aplica a los estudios que utilizaron, con la misma relevancia, estrategias de TS diversificadas de forma conjunta. Por ejemplo, teleconsulta y mensajes de texto ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
), monitoreo de DP con contacto telefónico ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
), monitoreo de presión arterial mediante aplicación ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
) y además el monitoreo de presión arterial con plataforma online de captura de datos ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
). En cuanto a los escenarios adoptados, el ambiente domiciliario está presente en cuatro estudios ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
- 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
), la clínica de diálisis en dos ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
) y la consulta externa en uno ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
).

Dentro de la población de muestra presente en esta categoría, se destacan los pacientes en DP, compuesta por cuatro estudios ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
, 6262. Subramanian S, Javaid MM. Peritoneal Dialysis as the Dialysis Initial Modality of Choice for Renal Replacement Therapy Initiation: Moving from “why” to “why Not.” Blood Purif. 2017;44(2):106-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475459
https://doi.org/10.1159/000475459...
). En los demás, se comprobó que hubo personas trasplantadas ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
) y en tratamiento conservador ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
), no hubo pacientes en hemodiálisis. La estrategia analizada se encontró en siete artículos (14,6%), dos de los cuales ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
) se realizaron en Italia. Los demás se llevaron a cabo en distintos países de América Latina ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
), Europa ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
) y Oceanía ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
), pero ninguno de América del Norte.

Con respecto al año de publicación, se observó que predominó el período de la pandemia, entre 2019 y 2021 ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
), con cinco estudios, los demás fueron publicados en 2018 ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
) y 2014 ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
). Además, en la categoría multimodalidades predominó el diseño transversal, con cuatro artículos ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
, 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
), el resto de los estudios utilizó métodos de cohorte ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
), cuasiexperimental ( 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
) y EC ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
). En lo que respecta a los responsables, cuatro ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
) fueron realizados por un equipo multidisciplinario y los demás por un farmacéutico ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
) y un nutricionista ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
).

En función de los resultados mencionados, se considera que el seguimiento telefónico y los mensajes de texto eran aceptables y factibles ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
), se registró una reducción estadísticamente significativa en las tasas de peritonitis en un estudio que asoció teleconsulta, teledetección y mensajes de texto ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
), así como también reducción de la presión arterial cuando se monitorea de forma remota ( 6363. Jordan JE, Briggs AM, Brand CA, Osborne RH. Enhancing patient engagement in chronic disease self-management support initiatives in Australia: The need for an integrated approach. Med J Aust. 2008;189(S10). https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02202.x
https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008...
). Sin embargo, en un estudio realizado durante la pandemia de 2020, los indicadores de peritonitis y hospitalizaciones no mostraron diferencias estadísticas cuando se los compara con los pacientes que no participaron en la TS ( 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
).

Contacto telefónico

Esta categoría se refiere a trabajos que aplicaron únicamente el contacto telefónico como forma de monitoreo remoto, es decir, no utilizaron videos o imágenes; fueron seis estudios (12,5%), cinco de ellos incluyeron el ámbito domiciliario ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
- 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
), y otro el escenario ambulatorio ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Irán ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
), EE.UU. ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
, 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
) y China ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
) fueron los países que más publicaron en esta modalidad. Cabe señalar que ningún país en desarrollo formó parte de la misma.

En cuanto al año de publicación, se observó que, a excepción de 2016, todos los estudios fueron publicados entre 2015 y 2020, ya que en 2018 hubo dos ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Con respecto a las poblaciones, se verificó que los pacientes en hemodiálisis formaban parte de tres estudios ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
), mientras que aquellos en tratamiento conservador estaban solo en uno ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
), y los demás incluyeron una población mixta ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
).

El contacto telefónico fue la estrategia utilizada en tres ensayos clínicos ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
- 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
), dos cohortes ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
) y un estudio cuasiexperimental ( 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
). El profesional de enfermería participó en cuatro de los trabajos ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
) que utilizaron el teléfono, el equipo en sólo uno ( 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
), al igual que el profesional médico ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
).

Los resultados informados indicaron que los pacientes en hemodiálisis bajo monitoreo telefónico tenían menores puntajes de estresores fisiológicos y psicosociales ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
). También demostraron que el contacto telefónico por parte de los enfermeros obtuvo los mejores resultados con respecto al ejercicio físico, el estrés y la responsabilidad ( 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
), de modo que ese método de atención generó una mayor adherencia de las personas que vivían lejos de los centros clínicos a las consultas, un aumento de la frecuencia y una reducción de las cancelaciones ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Además, se observó que el mayor riesgo de hospitalización se registró en los pacientes con ERC dialítica cuando no participaban del monitoreo telefónico ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
) y, por último, se observó una reducción del estrés en los pacientes trasplantados de riñón que practicaron mindfulness por teléfono ( 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
).

Discusión

El desarrollo tecnológico ha permitido la difusión de diferentes herramientas de interacción social que se pueden aplicar en el área de la salud, como se ve en las diferentes estrategias encontradas en los estudios incluidos en esta revisión, agrupadas por similitud en seis categorías en las que los dispositivos de monitoreo remoto fueron los más frecuente. De hecho, una investigación apoyada por la Sociedad Americana de Nefrología indicó que era posible llevar a cabo la interacción entre pacientes y cuidadores mediante recursos digitales ( 66. Belcher JM. The Role of Telenephrology in the Management of CKD. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1310-5. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019...
), al igual que otra investigación que identificó una amplia variedad de esos recursos: consultas virtuales, mensajes de texto, envío de imágenes a través de cuestionarios online, uso optimizado de smartphones, entre otros ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
).

La telesalud, además de ofrecer muchas posibilidades, demostró que es transversal y puede ser utilizada por el equipo de nefrología, aunque pueden aplicarla más los profesionales de forma individual, tales como, los enfermeros, farmacéuticos, nutricionistas y médicos. A pesar de que el área ha estado históricamente ligada a aparatos y dispositivos tecnológicos, como por ejemplo las máquinas de diálisis, el uso de la telesalud como medio de atención al paciente a partir de los recursos disponibles ganó visibilidad durante la pandemia, cuando los profesionales y los servicios tuvieron que adaptarse al distanciamiento social ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
, 1010. Haroon S, Voo TC, Chua H, Tan GL, Lau T. Telemedicine and Haemodialysis Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of Patient Safety, Healthcare Quality, Ethics and the Legal Considerations in Singapore Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445...
).

En cuanto a los lugares de publicación, el predominio de estudios de Estados Unidos y Europa muestra el interés potencial, en esos lugares, por el desarrollo de la telesalud en nefrología y la incorporación de tecnologías de la información para mediar la atención en salud. En América Latina hubo pocas publicaciones, que se restringían al monitoreo remoto de pacientes en DP, aunque una evaluación publicada sobre telesalud en diferentes regiones del mundo indicó un aumento exponencial de las consultas vía telefónica en Brasil, Ecuador y Perú ( 99. Nittari G, Savva D, Tomassoni D, Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Telemedicine in the COVID-19 Era: A Narrative Review Based on Current Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101...
). Además, indica que en esta región el uso de la telesalud es extremadamente bajo y está vinculado a la escasez de recursos financieros, los prejuicios y la resistencia de los profesionales de la salud.

Sin embargo, la adecuación de los servicios para incorporar la telesalud es inevitable y ha cobrado mayor evidencia y fuerza durante la pandemia de COVID-19, como lo demuestra el elevado número de artículos publicados entre 2019 y 2021, veinte en total. Resultados similares se encontraron en otra investigación que, además, constató el uso exponencial y acelerado de la telesalud en todas las áreas de la salud en este período ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
). En la Nefrología, la pandemia forzó de alguna manera su avance e implementación, por lo que se produjeron más discusiones sobre las barreras y dificultades, mientras se confirmaban sus beneficios, aunque en general eran intuitivos ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
).

En este sentido, se destacó el monitoreo remoto a través de dispositivos electrónicos, contacto telefónico y teleconsulta realizado por médicos y enfermeros a personas en HD y DP en el ámbito domiciliario, dado que así se caracterizaron doce estudios. En Singapur, la implementación de la telesalud durante la pandemia se realizó esencialmente a través de teleconsultas por parte de médicos y enfermeros ( 1010. Haroon S, Voo TC, Chua H, Tan GL, Lau T. Telemedicine and Haemodialysis Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of Patient Safety, Healthcare Quality, Ethics and the Legal Considerations in Singapore Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445...
). El uso de smartphones y la disponibilidad de plataformas de videoconferencia gratuitas reforzaron la práctica de la teleconsulta y el monitoreo remoto de los pacientes, demostrando que es económicamente viable porque reduce las visitas al centro de tratamiento, las hospitalizaciones y las visitas a la sala de urgencias ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
).

Este resultado refuerza el uso de la telesalud en Nefrología, especialmente para el monitoreo remoto de personas en tratamiento de diálisis en casa. La complejidad de la terapia y los riesgos exigen que el paciente tenga mayor capacidad de autocuidado e interacción con el equipo de salud, y esto lo permite el uso de tecnologías de la comunicación ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
). Además, otro beneficio potencial de la telesalud en Nefrología es que haya una mayor aceptación de las terapias domiciliarias donde, a pesar de la distancia, se optimizaría el acceso del paciente a los profesionales ( 44. Ovtcharenko N, Thomson BKA. Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154...
).

Por último, los resultados informados en los estudios no indicaron que la telesalud sea inferior a la atención tradicional o que no sea aceptada, a pesar de los diferentes resultados analizados y las diferentes estrategias utilizadas. Aún no hay evidencia sólida sobre la efectividad clínica y económica, aceptabilidad y viabilidad de la telesalud desde la perspectiva del servicio, del profesional y del paciente ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
).

También se constató que, a pesar del uso acelerado de la telesalud que impulsó la pandemia, el tema es objeto de investigación en el campo de la nefrología desde hace más de 20 años, y demuestra que es viable desde el punto de vista del usuario y del prestador. Además, con la multiplicidad de herramientas tecnológicas que se utilizan en la atención de la ERC, es evidente que son necesarias directrices que orienten la práctica profesional y el desarrollo de investigaciones que puedan revelar la efectividad de las tecnologías y mejorar el acceso a ellas, con el fin de resolver las desigualdades regionales. También se observó que hay pocos y restringidos estudios con pacientes trasplantados de riñón que reciben seguimiento ambulatorio y que, debido a la exposición a los riesgos de la inmunosupresión y la polifarmacia, podrían beneficiarse enormemente de la telesalud.

En esta revisión, no fue posible comparar la efectividad de las diferentes herramientas debido a la diversidad de diseños metodológicos de los estudios incluidos, así como también a la población estudiada y a los resultados evaluados por los estudios, y a las particularidades señaladas en otras publicaciones ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
- 44. Ovtcharenko N, Thomson BKA. Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154...
). Como limitaciones podemos mencionar la posibilidad de sesgo de selección, que se controló por medio del número de revisores que seleccionaron los artículos de forma independiente, la imposibilidad de acceder al texto completo de cuatro artículos luego de agotar los intentos de comunicación, la ausencia de algunos datos sobre el profesional involucrado en la investigación, que no impidió que se pudieran caracterizar las evidencias mencionadas.

Conclusión

En este estudio se identificaron diferentes formas e implementaciones de las estrategias de telesalud utilizadas para la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica: dispositivos de monitoreo remoto, teleconsulta, plataformas digitales, aplicaciones, contacto telefónico y estrategias que asocian dos o más posibilidades de telesalud, y son factible para la población con enfermedad renal en cualquier etapa de la misma y pueden ser aplicadas por diferentes profesionales de la salud, fundamentalmente en el ambiente domiciliario. Estos medios de asistencia se utilizan hace más de una década y han ganado importancia con las medidas restrictivas de circulación impuestas por la pandemia de COVID-19. Se ha demostrado que la atención de telesalud para personas con enfermedad renal crónica puede reducir los costos y mejorar los resultados clínicos, de laboratorio y conductuales de los pacientes, especialmente de los pacientes en diálisis. Además, ningún estudio presentó resultados que indiquen que el uso de estrategias de telesalud es menos efectivo.

Esta revisión demostró que hay un importante vacío de investigación en los países en desarrollo, donde la inequidad en el acceso, los altos costos indirectos del tratamiento de diálisis debido al acceso a centros más distantes y la atención de emergencia podrían reducirse con la implementación de la atención remota por parte del equipo sanitario. Además, pocas y restringidas publicaciones estudiaron la telesalud en la población de pacientes con trasplante de riñón. Sin embargo, este estudio, que analizó la evidencia de la literatura, reveló que varios países del primer mundo ya han avanzado en la incorporación de tecnologías digitales, ampliando las posibilidades para brindar atención efectiva a la población con enfermedad renal a través de dispositivos de uso común y accesibles para la mayoría de las personas.

A pesar de las barreras que hay para incorporar dichas prácticas en salud, los servicios sanitarios deben estudiar ampliamente la articulación de tecnologías disponibles para los usuarios, como los smartphones, con el fin de ampliar el acceso a tratamientos y profesionales especializados, así como también para promover la calidad de vida por medio de un mayor conocimiento y seguimiento, con la consiguiente reducción de los riesgos para la salud y el control de enfermedades.

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  • Todos los autores aprobaron la versión final del texto.
  • Cómo citar este artículo

    Almeida OAE, Lima MEF, Santos WS, Silva BLM. Telehealth strategies in the care of people with chronic kidney disease: integrative review. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2023;31:e4050 [cited mes día año]. Available from: URL . https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6824.4050

Editado por

Editora Asociada:

Maria Lúcia Zanetti

Fechas de Publicación

  • Publicación en esta colección
    04 Dic 2023
  • Fecha del número
    2023

Histórico

  • Recibido
    08 Mayo 2023
  • Acepto
    14 Ago 2023
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