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Estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com doença renal crônica: revisão integrativa

Objetivo:

analisar as evidências sobre as estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com doença renal crônica.

Método:

revisão integrativa da literatura. A busca pelos estudos primários foi realizada em seis bases de dados: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS e Scopus. A amostra foi composta por 48 artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2021, a estratégia de telessaúde foi aplicada por equipe multidisciplinar, médico, enfermeiro, farmacêutico, nutricionista e assistente social. Foram extraídos dos artigos o tipo de estudo, país, estratégia aplicada, cenário, população e profissional. Os estudos foram selecionados por leitura de título e resumo (fase 1) e, após, por leitura completa (fase 2), com sua categorização por estratégia de telessaúde. A síntese dos resultados foi apresentada de forma descritiva e os estudos classificados de acordo com o nível de evidência.

Resultados:

o domicílio foi o de maior representatividade nas terapias dialíticas e tratamento conservador. Foram identificadas seis categorias de estratégias de telessaúde: dispositivos de monitoramento remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicativos, estratégias multimodalidades e contato telefônico.

Conclusão:

a utilização dessas estratégias para o atendimento de pessoas com doença renal crônica apresenta diferentes formatos e implementações, sendo viável à população renal em quaisquer fases da doença e aplicável por diferentes profissionais de saúde com ênfase no ambiente domiciliar. As evidências apontaram que a telessaúde favorece a diminuição de custos, acessibilidade aos locais afastados, melhor monitoramento da diálise com resultados positivos no controle dos sintomas, redução dos riscos e treinamento do paciente.

Descritores
Falência Renal Crônica; Diálise; Diálise Peritoneal; Transplante de Rim; Telenfermagem; Telemedicina


Objetivo:

evaluar las evidencias sobre estrategias de telesalud en la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica.

Método:

revisión integradora de la literatura. La búsqueda de estudios primarios se realizó en seis bases de datos: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS y Scopus. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 48 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2021, la estrategia de telesalud fue aplicada mediante equipo multidisciplinario, médico, enfermero, farmacéutico, nutricionista y trabajador social. De los artículos se extrajo el tipo de estudio, país, estrategia aplicada, escenario, población y profesional. Los estudios fueron seleccionados mediante la lectura de título y resumen (fase 1) y, posteriormente, mediante la lectura completa (fase 2), se los categorizó por estrategia de telesalud. El resumen de resultados se presentó de forma descriptiva y los estudios se clasificaron según el nivel de evidencia.

Resultados:

el domicilio fue el más representativo en las terapias de diálisis y tratamiento conservador. Se identificaron seis categorías de estrategias de telesalud: dispositivos de monitoreo remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicaciones, estrategias multimodales y contacto telefónico.

Conclusión:

el uso de esas estrategias para la atención de personas con enfermedad renal crónica tiene diferentes formatos e implementaciones, las mismas son factibles para dicha población en cualquier etapa de la enfermedad y pueden ser aplicadas por diferentes profesionales de la salud especialmente en el ámbito domiciliario. La evidencia ha demostrado que la telesalud favorece la reducción de costos, la accesibilidad a ubicaciones remotas, un mejor seguimiento de la diálisis con resultados positivos sobre el control de los síntomas, la reducción de riesgos y capacitación del paciente.

Descriptores:
Enfermedad Renal Crónica; Diálisis; Diálisis Peritoneal; Trasplante de Riñón; Teleenfermería; Telesalud


Objective:

to evaluate the evidence about telehealth strategies in caring for people with chronic kidney disease.

Method:

integrative literature review. The search for primary studies was carried out in six databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Scopus. The sample consisted of 48 articles published between 2000 and 2021. The telehealth strategy was applied by a multidisciplinary team of doctors, nurses, pharmacists, nutritionis, and social workers. The type of study, country, strategy applied, setting, population, and professional were extracted from the articles. The studies were selected by reading the title and abstract (phase 1) and then reading them in full (phase 2), categorizing them by telehealth strategy. The results were summarized descriptively and the studies were classified according to their level of evidence.

Results:

the home was the most representative in dialysis and conservative treatment. Six categories of telehealth strategies were identified: remote monitoring devices, teleconsultation, digital platforms, apps, multimodality strategies, and telephone contact.

Conclusion:

using these strategies for the care of people with chronic kidney disease presents different forms and implementations, being feasible for the renal population at any stage of the disease and applicable by different health professionals with an emphasis on the home environment. The evidence shows that telehealth favors lower cost, accessibility to remote locations, and better monitoring of dialysis with positive resul in symptom control, risk reduction, and patient training.

Descriptors:
Chronic Kidney Disease; Dialysis; Peritoneal Dialysis; Kidney Transplant; Telenursing; Telehealth


Destaques:

(1) A telessaúde na assistência ao renal crônico é factível e promissora.

(2) A telessaúde é viável para as pessoas em todos os estágios da DRC.

(3) Promoção da saúde e monitoramento foram os mais aplicados via telessaúde.

(4) Atendimento remoto pode reduzir os custos, emergências e contatos com a clínica.

(5) Enfermeiros utilizaram essencialmente o contato telefônico e a teleconferência.

Introdução

A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) configura-se em um complexo problema de saúde pública e afeta aproximadamente 8% a 16% da população mundial, além de estar associada ao alto risco cardiovascular e morte ( 11. Desai N, Lora CM, Lash JP, Ricardo AC. CKD and ESRD in US Hispanics. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 73(1) 102-11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
). Caracteriza-se por alterações na função ou estrutura dos rins, de evolução lenta, progressiva e irreversível cujas causas principais são hipertensão arterial, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) e glomerulonefrites, entre outras ( 22. Ammirati AL. Chronic Kidney Disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020 66(Suppl 1) s03-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
). Conforme sua progressão - evidenciada pela queda da taxa de filtração glomerular -, a DRC é classificada em cinco estágios que requerem tratamento e acompanhamento específicos a depender do grau de lesão renal. O quinto e último estágio é marcado pela fase terminal da insuficiência renal crônica, na qual Terapias Renais Substitutivas (TRS) como Hemodiálise (HD), Diálise Peritoneal (DP) e/ou transplante são necessárias ( 11. Desai N, Lora CM, Lash JP, Ricardo AC. CKD and ESRD in US Hispanics. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019 73(1) 102-11. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
- 22. Ammirati AL. Chronic Kidney Disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2020 66(Suppl 1) s03-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.354
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.02.3...
).

A abordagem multiprofissional é essencial no manejo otimizado da DRC, ao que concerne o controle dietético, farmacoterapia, adequação de fatores de risco e promoção do autocuidado. Dada sua complexidade, os profissionais de saúde devem estar alinhados às ferramentas disponíveis para as efetivas intervenções no cuidado desses pacientes, entre as quais destacam-se as possibilidades provenientes da tecnologia digital ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
).

Nesse sentido, a Telessaúde (TS), que abrange as mais diversas categorias de atendimento remoto, apresenta-se como uma estratégia viável e segura no suporte às necessidades dos pacientes renais crônicos ( 44. Ovtcharenko N, Thomson BKA. Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154...
- 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
). A TS envolve propiciar e favorecer os cuidados clínicos de longa distância, educação voltada à saúde de pacientes e profissionais, saúde pública e administração de saúde ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
- 66. Belcher JM. The Role of Telenephrology in the Management of CKD. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1310-5. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019...
). Desse modo, compreende-se que as aplicações de TS englobam: mídia digital, serviço de mensagens curtas, aplicativos móveis, resposta de voz interativa, videoconferência, comunicação assíncrona de armazenamento, encaminhamento e comunicação sem fio ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
, 66. Belcher JM. The Role of Telenephrology in the Management of CKD. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1310-5. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019...
).

Apesar da expansão da TS com a pandemia da COVID-19, experiências exitosas anteriores a esse período apontaram impacto positivo da telemedicina no atendimento de condições crônicas, como o DM ( 77. Borries TM, Dunbar A, Bhukhen A, Rismany J, Kilham J, Feinn R, et al. The impact of telemedicine on patient self-management processes and clinical outcomes for patients with Types I or II Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: A scoping review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(2): 1353-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2019.02.01...
, 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
). Tais resultados mostram o potencial de aplicação da TS na DRC, para alavancar o cuidado multidisciplinar na área, romper com as metodologias tradicionais de assistência e fomentar a autorresponsabilidade naqueles que convivem diariamente com essa condição ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
). Isto pôde ser experienciado com intensidade durante a pandemia quando a TS foi amplamente utilizada para manter e propiciar o atendimento aos usuários e cumprir com as normas de restrição da circulação de pessoas necessárias ao combate da pandemia ( 99. Nittari G, Savva D, Tomassoni D, Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Telemedicine in the COVID-19 Era: A Narrative Review Based on Current Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101...
).

No entanto, a aplicação da TS na prática clínica em Nefrologia, embora tenha se expandido, ainda apresenta entraves e necessita de discussão sob diversos aspectos – clínico, ético e normativo ( 1010. Haroon S, Voo TC, Chua H, Tan GL, Lau T. Telemedicine and Haemodialysis Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of Patient Safety, Healthcare Quality, Ethics and the Legal Considerations in Singapore Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445...
). Sobre a prática clínica, é relevante avaliar a efetividade e o custo-benefício dessas práticas tecnológicas frente ao cuidado tradicional, além de determinar quais tecnologias e como elas estão sendo aplicadas pelos diversos profissionais da equipe multidisciplinar que prestam cuidado às pessoas com DRC. O caminho percorrido pela TS no campo da Nefrologia segue em ampliação, todavia, é fundamental compreender esse processo e como seus atores se comportam no ambiente de recursos atípicos e cada vez mais digital ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
).

Dessa forma, a telessaúde em Nefrologia se apresenta com abordagens diversificadas, em diferentes contextos de atendimento na DRC e por qualquer profissional de saúde ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
) indicando a necessidade de síntese sobre as evidências publicadas na área. Assim, esta revisão objetivou analisar as evidências sobre as estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com DRC.

Método

Tipo de estudo

Trata-se de um estudo de revisão integrativa realizado em seis etapas: definição do problema de pesquisa, delineamento dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos estudos, categorização dos incluídos, avaliação, interpretação e apresentação final ( 1111. Mendes KDS, Silveira RCCP, Galvão CM. Use of the bibliographic reference manager in the selection of primary studies in integrative reviews. Texto Contexto Enferm. 2019;28;e20170204. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2017-0204
https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-20...
). O protocolo desta revisão pode ser disponibilizado mediante solicitação aos autores. O processo de seleção das publicações seguiu as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) ( 1212. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71...
).

Local e período

Este estudo foi realizado na cidade de Brasília (DF), Brasil e ocorreu no período de fevereiro de 2021 a dezembro de 2022. A seleção dos artigos por título e resumo ocorreu entre março e abril, e a seleção por leitura completa dos potenciais estudos entre maio e setembro. O período de análise das informações foi entre outubro de 2021 e fevereiro de 2022.

Delimitação da amostra

O problema de pesquisa - estruturado pelo acrônimo PICO (P= pessoas com DRC; I= telessaúde; C= não aplicável; O= clínicos, laboratoriais e comportamentais) – foi: quais são as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre as estratégias de telessaúde no atendimento às pessoas com DRC? Os descritores controlados - Falência Renal Crônica, Diálise, Transplante e Telemedicina - foram combinados com os operadores booleanos AND e OR nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scopus via portal de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), em março de 2021.

A estratégia aplicada nas bases PubMed e Scopus foi criada a partir do Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) no seguinte formato: (“Kidney Failure, Chronic”[Mesh] OR “Kidney Failure, Chronic” OR “End-Stage Kidney Disease” OR “Disease, End-Stage Kidney” OR “End Stage Kidney Disease” OR “Kidney Disease, End-Stage” OR “Chronic Kidney Failure” OR “End-Stage Renal Disease” OR “Disease, End-Stage Renal” OR “End Stage Renal Disease” OR “Renal Disease, End-Stage” OR “Renal Disease, End Stage” OR “Renal Failure, End-Stage” OR “End-Stage Renal Failure” OR “Renal Failure, End Stage” OR “Renal Failure, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Failure” OR “ESRD” OR “Renal Insufficiency, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Insufficiencies” OR “Renal Insufficiencies, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Insufficiency” OR “Kidney Insufficiency, Chronic” OR “Chronic Kidney Insufficiency” OR “Chronic Kidney Insufficiencies” OR “Kidney Insufficiencies, Chronic” OR “Chronic Kidney Diseases” OR “Chronic Kidney Disease” OR “Disease, Chronic Kidney” OR “Diseases, Chronic Kidney” OR “Kidney Disease, Chronic” OR “Kidney Diseases, Chronic” OR “Chronic Renal Diseases” OR “Chronic Renal Disease” OR “Disease, Chronic Renal” OR “Diseases, Chronic Renal” OR “Renal Disease, Chronic” OR “Renal Diseases, Chronic”) AND (“Telemedicine Emergency Care” OR “Telemedicine” OR “Mobile Health” OR “Health, Mobile” OR “mHealth” OR “Telehealth” OR “eHealth” OR “Telemonitoring” OR “Teletherapy” OR “Telescreening, Medical”). Nas demais bases de dados foram adotadas estratégias de busca similares com os vocabulários específicos de acordo com a base, a exemplo do CINAHL Headings, Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e Entry Terms para a CINAHL, LILACS e Embase, respectivamente.

Com a finalidade de identificar e extrair as duplicatas, utilizou-se o software EndNote Web Basic ( Clarivate Analytics ®), e, para a seleção dos estudos na fase 1 empregou-se a plataforma Rayyan Qatar Computing Research Institute (Rayyan QCRI) ( 1313. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
).

Critérios de seleção

Os critérios de inclusão foram: intervenção com telessaúde, previamente estruturadas e aplicadas por profissionais da saúde em pacientes adultos com DRC - sejam eles em tratamento conservador, dialíticos ou transplantados, pesquisas observacionais -, quase-experimentais, Ensaios Clínicos (EC) com texto completo disponível em inglês, espanhol ou português, sem restrições de período de publicação. Por conseguinte, os critérios de exclusão foram definidos por: pesquisas sobre interesse e usabilidade das tecnologias, revisões, estudos de caso, opiniões de especialistas, protocolos de pesquisas, contexto hospitalar e publicações diferentes com mesma intervenção e amostra.

Variáveis e análise dos dados

Dois revisores independentes realizaram a seleção por título e resumo (fase 1) e por leitura completa dos estudos elencados na primeira seleção (fase 2), seguindo-se a extração dos dados daqueles considerados incluídos. Os mesmos critérios de elegibilidade foram aplicados em ambas as fases de seleção. Uma planilha eletrônica ( Microsoft Excel 2010 ® ) foi utilizada para congregar as informações de interesse: autores, título, ano de publicação, objetivo do estudo, país, delineamento metodológico, cenário e população, estratégia de telessaúde, resultados e limitações reportadas.

O nível de evidência foi avaliado de acordo com a classificação: Nível I (metanálises de pesquisas randomizadas), Nível II (experimental), Nível III (quase experimental), Nível IV (observacionais, coorte, caso controle), Nível V (revisões sistemáticas de pesquisas observacionais e estudos qualitativos), Nível VI (estudo único, tipo descritivo ou qualitativo) e Nível VII (opiniões), considerando-se os Níveis I a IV como as evidências fortes a moderadas ( 1414. Melnyk BM, Fineout-Overholt E. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: a guide to best practice. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2019. ). Os estudos incluídos foram organizados categoricamente de acordo com as estratégias de telessaúde aplicadas enquanto a intervenção e as informações extraídas foram sintetizadas descritivamente e apresentadas em quadro-resumo.

Resultados

A identificação dos potenciais estudos por meio das bases de dados recuperou 1263 artigos, dos quais 285 eram duplicatas. Após a seleção por título e resumo a partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restaram 95 artigos, que foram lidos na íntegra em uma segunda etapa que resultou na inclusão de 48 publicações nesta revisão. Tal processo de identificação e seleção está ilustrado na Figura 1.


Figura 1 -

Fluxograma do processo de seleção dos estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa de acordo com o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2021


Dado o enfoque nas estratégias de telessaúde identificadas nos estudos selecionados, a análise descritiva resultou em seis categorias temáticas: dispositivos de monitoramento remoto, teleconsulta, plataforma digital, aplicativos, estratégias multimodalidades e contato telefônico. A Figura 2 congrega os principais dados extraídos dos artigos incluídos por categoria temática.

Figura 2 -
Descrição das características dos estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa (n=48). Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2021

Caracterização dos estudos incluídos

A amostra final de publicações abrangeu 48 artigos publicados entre 2000 e 2021, com predominância dos anos 2020 (10/20,8%) ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...

16. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...

17. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...

18. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...

19. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...

20. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...

21. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...

22. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...

23. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
- 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
), 2019 (7/14,6%) ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...

26. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...

27. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...

28. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...

29. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...

30. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
- 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
) e 2018 (6/12,5%) ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...

33. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...

34. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...

35. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...

36. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
- 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Posto isso, totalizaram-se 39 periódicos distintos; destes, sete apresentaram mais de uma publicação sobre a temática, três com escopo em telemedicina ( Journal of Medical Internet Research, Telemedicine and e-Health e Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare) e quatro em Nefrologia ( Peritoneal Dialysis International, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, Journal of Nephrology e Blood Purification).

Dentre os países com maior número de publicações, os Estados Unidos (EUA) obtiveram maior destaque, com 35,4% (17) das produções na temática, seguidos pelo Irã com quatro publicações, os demais dezessete países apresentaram entre um e três estudos. O segundo continente com maior número de registros científicos foi o Europeu (13/27/%), a América Latina foi representada por três publicações, oriundas da Colômbia ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...

25. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...

26. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...

27. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...

28. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
- 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
) e República Dominicana ( 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
).

A caracterização do ambiente onde a pesquisa foi desenvolvida revelou que o cenário domiciliar teve maior prevalência (36/75%), seguido pelas clínicas de diálise (6/12,5%) e ambulatórios (6/12,5%). Sobressaíram os indivíduos com DRC em tratamento conservador (14/29,2%), em diálise peritoneal (13/27,1%) e hemodiálise (12/25%). Transplantados renais foram incluídos em cinco estudos e doadores/receptores renais compuseram a amostra de uma pesquisa. A equipe multiprofissional atuou em quinze (31,3%) estudos, outros profissionais com maior presença foram enfermeiros (25%), seguidos de nutricionistas (8,3%), farmacêuticos (8,3%), médicos (6,3%) e assistente social (4,2%), e a especialidade do profissional de saúde não foi informada em oito (16,7%).

Referente aos delineamentos dos estudos identificados nesta revisão integrativa, os ensaios clínicos, randomizados ou não, totalizaram 17 (35,4%), estudos observacionais descritivos compuseram 13 (27,1%) produções, estudos de coorte representaram nove artigos (18,8%) e quase-experimental, do tipo pré e pós, constituíram oito (16,7%) publicações. Verificou-se que 37,5% (18) dos artigos apresentaram nível II de evidência, seguido pelo nível IV com 22,9% (11).

Os desfechos reportados apresentaram intensa diversidade entre os estudos, e abrangeram desde indicadores clínicos (hospitalização, peritonites, emergências, mortalidade), parâmetros laboratoriais (hemoglobina, fósforo, albumina, cálcio, colesterol), níveis pressóricos, a variáveis referentes à satisfação do usuário. Sobremodo, mudanças comportamentais, qualidade de vida e usabilidade das ferramentas tecnológicas aplicadas, também constituíram o espectro de desfechos ponderados, com custos avaliados em apenas cinco estudos.

Ressalta-se que nenhum estudo incluído apontou resultados desfavoráveis às intervenções de telessaúde, embora quinze deles tenham reportado ausência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos investigados. Por conseguinte, implicações favoráveis foram indicadas em 32 estudos, cujos desfechos analisados foram positivamente inclinados à assistência remota com testes de hipóteses apresentando significância estatística (p<0,05) em 24 investigações.

Dispositivos de monitoramento remoto

Incluiu estudos que trabalharam com aparelhos eletrônicos capazes de capturar dados biométricos do usuário e de enviar à equipe responsável, podendo ser de transmissão online imediata ou não. Dentre eles, foram identificados a utilização de relógio de pulso ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
), bandeja de medicamentos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
), máquina para DP ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
) e uma estação de monitoramento com câmera, microfone e monitor ( 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
).

Quanto aos artigos dispostos nesta categoria, teve um total de 13 (27,1%), de modo que todos foram desenvolvidos em ambiente domiciliar. Outrossim, destaca-se que o predomínio da população-alvo se deu a partir de pacientes em diálise peritoneal ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...
- 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
), seguidos de indivíduos em tratamento conservador ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...

31. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...

32. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...

33. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...

34. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...

35. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...

36. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...

37. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...

38. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...

39. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...

40. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...

41. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
- 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
), transplantados ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
, 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
) e em hemodiálise ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
).

Os EUA foram o local de desenvolvimento de oito estudos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
- 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...

40. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...

41. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...

42. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
- 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
), enquanto os demais ocorreram no Havaí ( 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), Taiwan ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
), Colômbia ( 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
) e Itália ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
). Sobre o ano de publicação, verificou-se que sete deles ocorreram em 2019 ( 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
) e 2020 ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
- 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
- 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
), os demais entre 2011 e 2017, de maneira que seis foram delineados como ensaios clínicos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
- 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
, 4141. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
- 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
) e os outros sete como estudos observacionais.

A equipe multiprofissional foi a categoria com maior atuação na estratégia, conduzindo cinco investigações ( 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
- 3131. Viglino G, Neri L, Barbieri S, Tortone C. Videodialysis: a pilot experience of telecare for assisted peritoneal dialysis. J Nephrol. 2020;33(1):177-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00647...
, 7441. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
- 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
). Os enfermeiros protagonizaram quatro estudos ( 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...
- 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), seguidos de farmacêutico ( 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
) e nutricionista ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
).

Por fim, nota-se que, em relação aos resultados da categoria em análise, todos os estudos apresentaram tendências positivas com a aplicação de suporte remoto: diminuição das hospitalizações ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 2222. Manani SM, Baretta M, Giuliani A, Virzì GM, Martino F, Crepaldi C, et al. Remote monitoring in peritoneal dialysis: benefits on clinical outcomes and on quality of life. J Nephrol. 2020;10;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812-2
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00812...
, 2929. Sanabria M, Buitrago G, Lindholm B, Vesga J, Nilsson LG, Yang D, et al. Remote Patient Monitoring Program in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Hospitalizations. Perit Dial Int. 2019;39(5):472-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2018.00287...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), aumento dos níveis de autocuidado ( 2121. Li WY, Chiu FC, Zeng JK, Li YW, Huang SH, Yeh HC, et al. Mobile Health App With Social Media to Support Self-Management for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(12):e19452. https://doi.org/10.2196/19452
https://doi.org/10.2196/19452...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
, 3939. Lew SQ, Sikka N, Thompson C, Cherian T, Magnus M. Adoption of telehealth: Remote biometric monitoring among peritoneal dialysis patients in the United States. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):576-8. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272
https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2016.00272...
- 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
), redução do uso de medicamentos ( 1717. McGillicuddy JW, Chandler JL, Sox LR, Taber DJ. Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of an mHealth Medication Adherence Intervention on Tacrolimus Trough Concentration Variability: Post Hoc Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(12):1185-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020931806...
, 3030. Ellis RJB, Hill JH, Kerley KD, Sinha A, Ganci A, Russell CL. The Feasibility of a Using a Smart Button Mobile Health System to Self-Track Medication Adherence and Deliver Tailored Short Message Service Text Message Feedback. JMIR Form Res. 2019;3(2):e13558. https://doi.org/10.2196/13558
https://doi.org/10.2196/13558...
), queda dos níveis de pressão sanguínea ( 4141. Rifkin DE, Abdelmalek JA, Miracle CM, Low C, Barsotti R, Rios P, et al. Linking clinic and home: a randomized, controlled clinical effectiveness trial of real-time, wireless blood pressure monitoring for older patients with kidney disease and hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 2013;18(1):8-15. https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d126c
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBP.0b013e32835d...
, 4343. Migliozzi DR, Zullo AR, Collins C, Elsaid KA. Achieving blood pressure control among renal transplant recipients by integrating electronic health technology and clinical pharmacy services. Am J Heal Pharm. 2015;72(22): 1987-92. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810
https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp140810...
), custos com emergência ( 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
), diminuição da percepção negativa com o tratamento dialítico ( 4040. Magnus M, Sikka N, Cherian T, Lew SQ. Satisfaction and Improvements in Peritoneal Dialysis Outcomes Associated with Telehealth. Appl Clin Inform. 2017;8(1):214-25. https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0154
https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2016-09-RA-0...
) e decréscimo dos atendimentos de emergência ( 1818. St-Jules DE, Woolf K, Goldfarb DS, Pompeii ML, Li H, Wang C, et al. Feasibility and Acceptability of mHealth Interventions for Managing Hyperphosphatemia in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis. J Ren Nutr. 2020;31(4):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.009
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jrn.2020.07.00...
, 4242. Ishani A, Christopher J, Palmer D, Otterness S, Clothier B, Nugent S, et al. Telehealth by an Interprofessional Team in Patients With CKD: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J kidney Dis Off J Natl Kidney Found. 2016;68(1):41-9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.018
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.01.0...
, 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
).

Teleconsulta

A categoria teleconsulta englobou estudos que utilizaram como metodologia de atendimento a videoconferência, similarmente denominada de teleconferência ou videochamada. Sua aplicação se deu, predominantemente, em ambiente domiciliar ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...

46. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
- 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
) e em clínicas ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
- 4949. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
), tendo o cenário ambulatorial como foco em apenas um estudo ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
). A população-alvo dessa estratégia foram os indivíduos em hemodiálise que integraram quatro estudos ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...

49. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
- 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
), seguido de tratamento conservador ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
), DP ( 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
) e transplantados ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
).

A teleconferência representou oito estudos, com uma frequência de 16,7% do total, realizados nos EUA ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
), Alemanha ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
), França ( 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
), Jordânia ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
), Espanha ( 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
, 4949. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
), Reino Unido ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
) e Japão ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
). Os artigos foram publicados, em sua maioria, entre os anos 2000 e 2007 ( 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...

48. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...

49. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
- 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
), com os outros dois estudos datados de 2016 ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
) e 2017 ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
), e somente em 2020 outros dois estudos ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
). O ensaio clínico foi utilizado como método em três estudos ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...
, 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
), enquanto os delineamentos do tipo coorte e transversal foram verificados em quatro estudos ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...

49. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
- 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
).

Os profissionais com maior atuação nessa estratégia foram médicos ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
, 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
) e enfermeiros ( 1616. Kazawa K, Osaki K, Rahman MM, Moriyama M. Evaluating the effectiveness and feasibility of nurse-led distant and face-to-face interviews programs for promoting behavioral change and disease management in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a triangulation approach. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(16). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-0
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-020-0409-...
, 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
) com atuação em dois estudos cada, juntamente com o nutricionista ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
). No entanto, duas publicações não especificaram qual profissional realizou o atendimento ( 4444. Berman SJ, Wada C, Minatodani D, Halliday T, Miyamoto R, Lindo J, et al. Home-based preventative care in high-risk dialysis patients: a pilot study. Telemed J E-health. 2011;17(4):283-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2010.0169...
, 4949. Prado M, Roa LM, Reina-Tosina J. Viability study of a personalized and adaptive knowledge-generation telehealthcare system for nephrology (NEFROTEL). Int J Med Inform. 2006;75(9):646-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006.03.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2006....
).

Como resultado, a teleconsulta caracterizou-se melhor ou de igual efetividade quanto à consulta presencial por 80% dos participantes, com o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades e melhor percepção sobre a terapia ( 1919. Cheung KL, Tamura MK, Stapleton RD, Rabinowitz T, LaMantia MA, Gramling R. Feasibility and Acceptability of Telemedicine-Facilitated Palliative Care Consultations in Rural Dialysis Units. J Palliat Med. 2021;24(9):1307-13. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647
https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2020.0647...
). Houve impacto positivo na redução de custos ( 4545. Kaier K, Hils S, Fetzer S, Hehn P, Schmid A, Hauschke D, et al. Results of a randomized controlled trial analyzing telemedically supported case management in the first year after living donor kidney transplantation - a budget impact analysis from the healthcare perspective. Health Econ Rev. 2017;7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-3
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0141-...

46. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
- 4747. Gallar P, Vigil A, Rodriguez I, Ortega O, Gutierrez M, Hurtado J, et al. Two-year experience with telemedicine in the follow-up of patients in home peritoneal dialysis. J Telemed Telecare. 2007;13(6):288-92. https://doi.org/10.1258/135763307781644906
https://doi.org/10.1258/1357633077816449...
), tempo de espera para o atendimento ( 4646. AlAzab R, Khader Y. Telenephrology application in rural and remote areas of Jordan: benefits and impact on quality of life. Rural Remote Health. 2016;16(1):3646. https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646
https://doi.org/10.22605/RRH3646...
) e controle nutricional dos níveis de fósforo ( 5050. Kariyawasam D. The use of telemedicine to assess and advise patients regarding dietary treatment of hyperphosphataemia. EDTNA/ERCA J Ren Care. 2005; 31(4):215-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005.tb00433.x
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6686.2005...
). Embora a teleconsulta não tenha apresentado superioridade estatística com os pacientes transplantados renais, não houve diferenças quanto à taxa de sobrevida nessa população ( 4848. Michel LM, Baroux N, Frimat L, Quirin N. Telenephrology and on-site nephrology: Comparable adequate dialysis care to patients living in remote Pacific Islands. J Telemed Telecare. 2021;27(9):562-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680
https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19896680...
).

Plataforma digital

Caracterizou-se por plataformas digitais todos aqueles estudos que desenvolveram, testaram ou aplicaram estratégias de atendimento ao paciente por intermédio de sites ou plataforma online, hospedadas no ambiente World Wide Web. Foram classificados sete (14,6%) estudos, procedentes dos EUA ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
, 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
- 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
), Canadá ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
) e Irã ( 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
), com publicação entre os anos de 2014 e 2020, excetuando-se 2015. Houve predominância dos estudos transversais ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
, 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
, 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
) e ensaios clínicos ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
), representando cinco trabalhos, seguidos de delineamento quase-experimental ( 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
) e coorte ( 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
).

A população abrangeu todos os grupos renais, expressos por: transplantados ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
), hemodialíticos ( 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
), em diálise peritoneal ( 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
), conservador ( 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
) e população mista ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
) que incluiu os indivíduos em tratamento conservador e dialítico. O ambiente domiciliar foi cenário para quatro trabalhos ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
, 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
, 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
), enquanto dois utilizaram o ambiente ambulatorial ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
) e um foi dirigido para as clínicas ( 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
). Ademais, três produções não identificaram os profissionais atuantes na pesquisa ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
, 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
, 5151. Gordon EJ, Feinglass J, Carney P, Vera K, Olivero M, Black A, et al. A Website Intervention to Increase Knowledge About Living Kidney Donation and Transplantation Among Hispanic/Latino Dialysis Patients. Prog Transplant. 2016;26(1):82-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124
https://doi.org/10.1177/1526924816632124...
) e os outros estudos foram desenvolvidos por assistente social ( 2525. Cabacungan AN, Diamantidis CJ, Russell JSC, Strigo TS, Pounds I, Alkon A, et al. Development of a Telehealth Intervention to Improve Access to Live Donor Kidney Transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2019;51(3):665-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.12.032
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2...
), equipe multidisciplinar ( 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
) e enfermeiro, representando duas produções ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
, 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
).

Constatou-se que o uso da plataforma online é capaz de aperfeiçoar o conhecimento sobre as terapias dialíticas entre os usuários ( 2020. Easom AM, Shukla AM, Rotaru D, Ounpraseuth S, Shah S V, Arthur JM, et al. Home run-results of a chronic kidney disease Telemedicine Patient Education Study. Clin Kidney J. 2020;13(5):867-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfz096...
) e reduzir o risco de intercorrências na hemodiálise domiciliar ( 3636. Weinhandl ED, Collins AJ. Relative risk of home hemodialysis attrition in patients using a telehealth platform. Hemodial Int. 2018;22(3):318-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621
https://doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12621...
). Em consonância, a utilização de um portal de apoio ao autocuidado para diálise domiciliar proporcionou a redução da necessidade de contatar a clínica ( 3434. Kiberd J, Khan U, Stockman C, Radhakrishnan A, Phillips M, Kiberd BA, et al. Effectiveness of a Web-Based eHealth Portal for Delivery of Care to Home Dialysis Patients: A Single-Arm Pilot Study. Can J Kidney Heal Dis. 2018;5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358118794415...
), maior confiança e conhecimento na realização dos procedimentos em DP ( 5252. Harrington DM, Myers L, Karen E, Bhise V, Nayak KS, Rosner MH. The use of a tablet computer platform to optimize the care of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study. Blood Purif. 2014;37(4):311-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440
https://doi.org/10.1159/000365440...
) e melhora nas taxas de filtração glomerular naqueles em tratamento conservador ( 5353. Barahimi H, Zolfaghari M, Abolhassani F, Rahimi Foroushani A, Mohammadi A, Rajaee F. E-Learning Model in Chronic Kidney Disease Management: a Controlled Clinical Trial. Iran J Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 May 08];11(4):280-5. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28794290...
).

Aplicativos

A estratégia em referência caracterizou-se por utilizar aplicativos direcionados a determinados aparelhos eletrônicos, sendo estes celulares ou tablets. Seu emprego se deu, dominantemente, no cenário domiciliar, de forma a abranger sete estudos ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
, 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
, 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...

55. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...

56. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...

57. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
- 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
). Paralelamente ao exposto, somente uma publicação fez menção ao ambiente ambulatorial ( 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
) nessa categoria. Dentre a população presente nesta categoria encontravam-se indivíduos em tratamento conservador, em DP e em HD, expressos, respectivamente, em três, dois e um estudo.

Identificaram-se sete (14,6%) estudos que utilizaram aplicativos como estratégia de atendimento remoto, provenientes dos EUA ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
), Irlanda ( 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
), Reino Unido ( 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
), China ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
), Emirados Árabes ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
) e Canadá ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
, 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
). Em primeira instância, apresentou-se, no ano de 2009, um estudo piloto, que avaliou o impacto de um aplicativo quanto à ampliação dos conhecimentos de pacientes renais ( 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
). Em segunda instância, há mais três trabalhos realizados em 2015 ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
) e 2016 ( 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
, 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
), seguidos dos anos 2020 ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
) e 2021 ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
).

Verificou-se o método quase-experimental em quatro estudos ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
, 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...

57. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
- 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
), o método EC foi verificado em dois estudos ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
, 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
) e o transversal ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
) foi apontado em um. Dentre tais estudos, o profissional farmacêutico foi responsável pela condução de dois ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
, 5656. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding E. Telehealth technology: A patient centred intervention in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4,2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
), o nutricionista de um ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
) e a equipe de outros três ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
, 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
- 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
).

Quanto aos resultados, nota-se que os aplicativos podem aumentar a segurança no uso de medicamentos ( 5454. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Porter EC, Min KK, Uddin A, Cafazzo JA, et al. Digital Applications Targeting Medication Safety in Ambulatory High-Risk CKD Patients: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16(4):532-42. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.15020920...
) e melhorar a ingesta de calorias e proteínas em paciente sob HD ( 1515. Khoury CFE, Crutzen R, Schols JMGA, Halfens RJG, Karavetian M. A dietary mobile app for patients undergoing hemodialysis: Prospective pilot study to improve dietary intakes. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/17817
https://doi.org/10.2196/17817...
). Além do abordado, observa-se a melhora dos níveis de albumina, hemoglobina e cálcio-fósforo em indivíduos sob DP acompanhados por dispositivo de envio de mensagens instantâneas ( 3232. Cao F, Li LF, Lin M, Lin QY, Ruan YP, Hong FY. Application of instant messaging software in the follow-up of patients using peritoneal dialysis, a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(15-16):3001-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14487...
). Ressalta-se ainda que aqueles em tratamento conservador também foram beneficiados na promoção do autocuidado com redução dos níveis de pressão arterial ( 5858. Ong SW, Jassal SV, Miller JA, Porter EC, Cafazzo JA, Seto E, et al. Integrating a Smartphone-Based Self-Management System into Usual Care of Advanced CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(6):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.10681015...
), juntamente com a verificação de elevadas taxas de aceitabilidade e satisfação com a utilização de aplicativos ( 5555. Diamantidis CJ, Ginsberg JS, Yoffe M, Lucas L, Prakash D, Aggarwal S, et al. Remote Usability Testing and Satisfaction with a Mobile Health Medication Inquiry System in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10(8):1364-70. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214
https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12591214...
, 5757. Doyle N, Murphy M, Brennan L, Waugh A, McCann M, Mellotte G. The “Mikidney” smartphone app pilot study: Empowering patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Care. 2019;45(3):133-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294
https://doi.org/10.1111/jorc.12294...
, 5959. Dey V, Jones A, Spalding EM. Telehealth: Acceptability, clinical interventions and quality of life in peritoneal dialysis. SAGE Open Med. 2016;4:2050312116670188. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116670188...
).

Multimodalidades

A categoria multimodalidades enquadra os estudos que utilizaram, com a mesma relevância, estratégias de TS diversificadas e em conjunto. A título de exemplo, tem-se teleconsulta e mensagens de texto ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
), monitoramento de DP com contato telefônico ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
), monitor de pressão arterial com aplicativo ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
) e, ainda, monitor de pressão arterial com plataforma online de captação dos dados ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
). Quanto aos cenários adotados, nota-se o ambiente domiciliar presente em quatro estudos ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
- 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
), as clínicas de diálise em dois ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
) e o ambulatório em um ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
).

Dentre a população amostral presente nesta categoria, destaca-se os pacientes em DP, os quais compõem quatro estudos ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
, 6262. Subramanian S, Javaid MM. Peritoneal Dialysis as the Dialysis Initial Modality of Choice for Renal Replacement Therapy Initiation: Moving from “why” to “why Not.” Blood Purif. 2017;44(2):106-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475459
https://doi.org/10.1159/000475459...
). Nos demais, verificaram-se indivíduos transplantados ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
) e em tratamento conservador ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
), havendo a exclusão dos pacientes em HD. A estratégia em análise obteve um cômputo geral de sete artigos (14,6%), dos quais dois ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
) apresentam a Itália como país de origem. Já os demais procederam de distintos países da América Latina ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
), Europa ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
) e Oceania ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
), entretanto, nenhum deles da América do Norte.

Em relação ao ano de publicação, constatou-se que houve uma prevalência do período da pandemia, entre 2019 e 2021 ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
, 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
), de modo a contabilizar cinco deles, sendo os demais publicados em 2018 ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
) e 2014 ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
). Ademais, as multimodalidades apresentaram o delineamento transversal como predominante, com quatro artigos ( 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
, 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
); os demais utilizaram métodos de coorte ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
), quase-experimental ( 6060. Amici G, D’Angela D, Lo Cicero A, Romanini D, Martino FK, Spandonaro F. Pilot health technology assessment study: organizational and economic impact of remote monitoring system for home automated peritoneal dialysis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2021;53(9):1933-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-021-02816...
) e EC ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
). Sobre os responsáveis, quatro ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
, 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
, 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
, 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
) foram compostos por equipe multiprofissional e, nos outros, o farmacêutico ( 6161. Aberger EW, Migliozzi D, Follick MJ, Malick T, Ahern DK. Enhancing patient engagement and blood pressure management for renal transplant recipients via home electronic monitoring and web-enabled collaborative care. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(9):850-4. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317
https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0317...
) e nutricionista ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
).

Segundo os resultados apresentados, compreendeu-se que o acompanhamento telefônico e as mensagens de texto foram aceitáveis e viáveis ( 2626. Kelly JT, Warner MM, Conley M, Reidlinger DP, Hoffmann T, Craig J, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019;9(1):e024551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024...
, 2828. Manani SM, Rosner MH, Virzì GM, Giuliani A, Berti S, Crepaldi C, et al. Longitudinal Experience with Remote Monitoring for Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Nephron. 2019;142(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182
https://doi.org/10.1159/000496182...
), houve uma redução estatisticamente significativa nas taxas de peritonites em estudo que associou teleconsulta, teletriagem e mensagens de texto ( 2424. Bunch A, Ardila F, Castaño R, Quiñonez S, Corzo L. Through the Storm: Automated Peritoneal Dialysis with Remote Patient Monitoring during COVID-19 Pandemic. Blood Purif. 2021;50(3):279-82. https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407
https://doi.org/10.1159/000511407...
), assim como na redução da pressão arterial quando monitorada remotamente ( 6363. Jordan JE, Briggs AM, Brand CA, Osborne RH. Enhancing patient engagement in chronic disease self-management support initiatives in Australia: The need for an integrated approach. Med J Aust. 2008;189(S10). https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02202.x
https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008...
). Não obstante, em estudo realizado durante a pandemia de 2020, os indicadores de peritonites e hospitalizações não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quando comparados aos pacientes que não participaram da TS ( 3838. Polanco E, Aquey M, Collado J, Campos E, Guzman J, Cuevas-Budhart MA, et al. A COVID-19 pandemic-specific, structured care process for peritoneal dialysis patients facilitated by telemedicine: Therapy continuity, prevention, and complications management. Ther Apher Dial. 2021;25(6):970-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635
https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-9987.13635...
).

Contato telefônico

Esta categoria refere-se aos trabalhos que aplicaram somente o contato telefônico como forma de monitoramento remoto, ou seja, não se aplicaram vídeos ou imagens; assim, foram seis estudos (12,5%), de modo que cinco deles envolveram o ambiente domiciliar ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
- 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
), e outro o cenário ambulatorial ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). O Irã ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
), os EUA ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
, 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
) e a China ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
) foram os países que mais publicaram nessa modalidade. Cabe ressaltar que nenhum país em desenvolvimento foi englobado na mesma.

Quanto ao ano de publicação, verificou-se que, com exceção de 2016, todos os estudos foram publicados entre 2015 e 2020, posto que em 2018 ocorreram duas publicações ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Em referência às populações, constatou-se que os pacientes em HD estiveram em três estudos ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
), enquanto o tratamento conservador apenas em um ( 3535. Warner BE, Velardo C, Salvi D, Lafferty K, Crosbie S, Herrington WG, et al. Feasibility of Telemonitoring Blood Pressure in Patients With Kidney Disease (Oxford Heart and Renal Protection Study-1): Observational Study. JMIR Cardio. 2018;2(2):e11332. https://doi.org/10.2196/11332
https://doi.org/10.2196/11332...
), e os demais abordaram população mista ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
).

O contato telefônico foi a estratégia de três estudos desenvolvidos como ensaio clínico ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
- 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
), duas coortes ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
) e um estudo quase-experimental ( 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
). O profissional enfermeiro esteve em quatro trabalhos ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
, 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
, 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
, 6464. Poorgholami F, Mansoori P, Montaseri Z, Najafi K. Effect of Self Care Education with and without Telephone Follow-Up on the Level of Hope in Renal Dialysis Patients: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 May 08];4(3):256-64. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27382592...
) com o uso de telefone, a equipe em apenas um ( 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
), assim como o profissional médico ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
).

Os resultados reportados indicaram que os pacientes em HD sob monitoramento telefônico apresentaram menores estressores fisiológicos e psicossociais ( 2323. Fallahpour S, Nasiri M, Fotokian Z, Alipoor ZJ, Hajiahmadi M. The effects of telephone-based telenursing on perceived stressors among older adults receiving hemodialysis. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2020;9(4):201-7. https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19
https://doi.org/10.4103/nms.nms_111_19...
). Mostraram, ainda, que o contato telefônico por enfermeiros proporcionou os melhores resultados em relação ao exercício físico, estresse e responsabilidade ( 2727. Shahsavani A, Kiani F. Investigating the Effect of Telenursing on Health Promoting Behaviours of Haemodialysis Patients in Education Hospitals in Zahedan in 2017-2018. J Evol Med Dent Sci [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 May 08];8(44):3326-31. Available from: https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A612928362/AONE?u=anon~144d9408&sid=googleScholar&xid=0f4a0687
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A61292836...
), de forma que tal método de atendimento viabilizou a maior adesão às consultas entre os indivíduos que moravam longe dos centros clínicos, com o aumento da frequência e da redução dos cancelamentos ( 3737. Tan J, Mehrotra A, Nadkarni GN, He JC, Langhoff E, Post J, et al. Telenephrology: Providing Healthcare to Remotely Located Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Am J Nephrol. 2018;47(3):200-7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004
https://doi.org/10.1159/000488004...
). Além do exposto, notou-se que o risco de hospitalização mais elevado foi verificado entre aqueles com DRC dialítica quando não participavam do monitoramento telefônico ( 3333. Hung CS, Lee J, Chen YH, Huang CC, Wu VC, Wu HW, et al. Effect of Contract Compliance Rate to a Fourth-Generation Telehealth Program on the Risk of Hospitalization in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2018;20(1):e23. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914
https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.8914...
) e, em última instância, constatou-se a redução do estresse em pacientes transplantados renais que praticaram mindfulness por telefone ( 6565. Gross CR, Reilly-Spong M, Park T, Zhao R, Gurvich OV, Ibrahim HN. Telephone-adapted Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (tMBSR) for Patients Awaiting Kidney Transplantation. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;57:37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.03.01...
).

Discussão

O desenvolvimento tecnológico permitiu a difusão de diferentes ferramentas de interação social passíveis de aplicabilidade na área da saúde, o que é denotado pelas diversas estratégias encontradas nos estudos incluídos nesta revisão, agrupadas pela similaridade em seis categorias em que os dispositivos de monitoramento remoto foram os mais frequentes. De fato, a investigação apoiada pela Sociedade Americana de Nefrologia apontou possibilidades de interação entre os pacientes e os cuidadores, intermediadas pelos recursos digitais ( 66. Belcher JM. The Role of Telenephrology in the Management of CKD. Kidney360. 2020;1(11):1310-5. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019
https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000802019...
), tal como em outro levantamento que identificou ampla diversidade desses recursos: consultas virtuais, mensagens de texto, envio de imagens via questionários online, uso otimizado de smartphones, entre outros ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
).

Além de oferecer inúmeras possibilidades, a telessaúde se mostrou transversal e utilizável pelo time de Nefrologia, embora com maior aplicabilidade pelo profissional individualmente, a exemplo do enfermeiro, farmacêutico, nutricionista e médico. Apesar da área estar ligada historicamente aos aparelhos e dispositivos tecnológicos – máquinas de diálise –, o uso da telessaúde como meio de atendimento ao paciente a partir dos recursos já disponíveis ganhou visibilidade durante a pandemia, quando os profissionais e serviços tiveram que se adaptar ao distanciamento social ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
, 1010. Haroon S, Voo TC, Chua H, Tan GL, Lau T. Telemedicine and Haemodialysis Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of Patient Safety, Healthcare Quality, Ethics and the Legal Considerations in Singapore Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445...
).

No que tange aos locais de publicação, a predominância dos estudos oriundos dos Estados Unidos e Europa evidencia o potencial interesse, nesses locais, pelo desenvolvido da telessaúde em Nefrologia e a incorporação da tecnologia da informação, mediando o atendimento em saúde. Na América Latina houve poucas publicações, restritas ao monitoramento remoto em DP, embora a avaliação publicada sobre a telessaúde em diferentes regiões do globo tenha indicado aumento exponencial de consultas via telefone no Brasil, Equador e Peru ( 99. Nittari G, Savva D, Tomassoni D, Tayebati SK, Amenta F. Telemedicine in the COVID-19 Era: A Narrative Review Based on Current Evidence. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095101...
). Outrossim, ainda indica que nessa região o uso da telessaúde é extremamente baixo e está ligado aos escassos recursos financeiros, preconceito e resistência dos profissionais de saúde.

Entretanto, a adequação dos serviços frente à incorporação da telessaúde é inevitável e ganhou maior evidência e robustez na pandemia da Covid-19 demonstrado pelo elevado número de artigos publicados entre 2019 e 2021, vinte no total. Resultados similares foram encontrados em outro levantamento que, do mesmo modo, verificou o exponencial e acelerado uso da telessaúde em todas as áreas da saúde nesse período ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
). Na Nefrologia, a pandemia de certa forma forçou seu avanço e implementação de modo que sobrevieram mais discussões sobre as barreiras e as dificuldades, ao passo que seus benefícios, embora intuitivos em sua maioria, foram se confirmando ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
).

Nesse sentido, foi notável o monitoramento remoto via dispositivos eletrônicos, contato telefônico e teleconsulta realizado por médicos e enfermeiras junto às pessoas em HD e DP no ambiente domiciliar, uma vez que doze estudos foram assim caracterizados. Em Cingapura, a implementação da telessaúde no período da pandemia foi essencialmente via teleconsulta do médico e enfermeiro ( 1010. Haroon S, Voo TC, Chua H, Tan GL, Lau T. Telemedicine and Haemodialysis Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of Patient Safety, Healthcare Quality, Ethics and the Legal Considerations in Singapore Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095445...
). O uso de smartphones e a disponibilidade de plataformas de videoconferência gratuitas reforçaram a prática da teleconsulta e o monitoramento remoto dos pacientes, demonstrando ser economicamente viável pela diminuição de visitas ao centro de tratamento, internações e atendimentos de emergência ( 88. Kichloo A, Albosta M, Dettloff K, Wani F, El-Amir Z, Singh J, et al. Telemedicine, the current COVID-19 pandemic and the future: a narrative review and perspectives moving forward in the USA. Fam Med Comm Health. 2020;8(3):e000530. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530
https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2020-000530...
).

Este resultado reforça a utilização da telessaúde em Nefrologia especialmente para o monitoramento remoto de pessoas que realizam terapias dialíticas em domicílio. A complexidade da terapia e seus riscos exige do paciente maior capacidade de autocuidado e interação com equipe de saúde, o que é permitido pela utilização das tecnologias de comunicação ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
). Outrossim, como potencial benefício da telessaúde na Nefrologia é a maior aceitação das terapias domiciliares onde, apesar da distância, o acesso aos profissionais pelo paciente seria otimizado ( 44. Ovtcharenko N, Thomson BKA. Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154...
).

Por fim, os resultados reportados nos estudos não indicaram inferioridade da telessaúde frente ao cuidado tradicional ou não aceitação, apesar dos diferentes desfechos analisados e as estratégias utilizadas. Nesse sentido, a telessaúde ainda carece de evidências robustas sobre sua efetividade clínica e econômica, aceitabilidade e viabilidade sob a perspectiva do serviço, profissional e paciente ( 55. Stauss M, Floyd L, Becker S, Ponnusamy A, Woywodt A. Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(2):492-506. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfaa103...
).

Verificou-se, ainda, que apesar da acelerada utilização da telessaúde projetada pela pandemia, o tema é objeto de pesquisa no âmbito da Nefrologia há mais de 20 anos, mostrando-se ser viável sob o ponto de vista do usuário e provedor. No mais, com a multiplicidade de ferramentas tecnológicas utilizadas no atendimento ao DRC, percebe-se serem necessárias as diretrizes que norteiem a atuação profissional e o desenvolvimento de pesquisas que possam desvendar a efetividade das tecnologias e a melhoria do acesso a elas, no sentido de dirimir iniquidades regionais. Somando-se a isso, constatou-se que há poucos e restritos estudos envolvendo pacientes transplantados renais cujo monitoramento é ambulatorial e que, pela exposição aos riscos da imunossupressão e polifarmácia, poderiam se beneficiar sobremaneira com a telessaúde.

Nesta revisão, a comparabilidade sobre a efetividade entre as diversas ferramentas não foi possível pela diversidade de delineamentos metodológicos nos estudos incluídos, bem como a população estudada e os desfechos avaliados por estudo, as particularidades apontadas em outras publicações ( 33. Koraishy FM, Rohatgi R. Telenephrology: An Emerging Platform for Delivering Renal Health Care. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 76(3) 417-26. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.442
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.02.4...
- 44. Ovtcharenko N, Thomson BKA. Interventions to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Indigenous or Remote Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119887154. https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154
https://doi.org/10.1177/2054358119887154...
). Como limitações, pode-se citar a possibilidade de viés de seleção, o qual foi controlado pelo número de revisores que selecionaram os artigos de forma independente, a impossibilidade de acesso ao texto completo de quatro artigos após esgotadas as tentativas, a ausência de alguns dados sobre o profissional envolvido na pesquisa, o que não impediu a possibilidade de caracterização das evidências elencadas.

Conclusão

As estratégias de telessaúde utilizadas no atendimento de pessoas com DRC apresentam forma e implementações diversas identificadas neste estudo: dispositivos de monitoramento remoto, teleconsulta, plataformas digitais, aplicativos, contatos telefônicos e estratégias que associam duas ou mais possibilidades de telessaúde, sendo viável para a população renal em quaisquer fases da doença e aplicável por diferentes profissionais de saúde com ênfase no ambiente domiciliar. A aplicação desses meios de assistência ocorre há mais de uma década e ganhou ênfase com as medidas restritivas de circulação impostas pela pandemia da COVID-19. O atendimento via telessaúde para as pessoas com DRC mostrou ser capaz de reduzir os custos e melhorar os desfechos clínicos, laboratoriais e comportamentais nos pacientes, com destaque aos dialíticos. Somado a isso, nenhum estudo apresentou desfechos com o impacto inferior relacionado ao uso de estratégias de telessaúde.

Esta revisão apontou uma importante lacuna de pesquisa envolvendo os países em desenvolvimento cuja iniquidade de acesso, custos indiretos elevados com o tratamento dialítico pelo acesso aos centros mais longínquos e cuidados emergenciais poderiam ser amenizados com a implementação do atendimento remoto pela equipe assistencial. Do mesmo modo, a população de transplantados renais foi explorada com a telessaúde em poucas e restritas publicações. Entretanto, este estudo que analisou as evidências da literatura mostrou que diversos países de primeiro mundo já avançaram rumo à incorporação das tecnologias digitais, ampliando as possibilidades de prestar cuidado efetivo à população renal por dispositivos de uso comum e acessíveis à maioria das pessoas.

Não obstante às barreiras existentes para a incorporação dessas práticas na saúde, a articulação das tecnologias disponíveis aos usuários, a exemplo dos smartphones, deve ser largamente explorada pelos serviços de saúde a fim de ampliar o acesso aos tratamentos e profissionais especializados, bem como promover a qualidade de vida por meio do incremento em conhecimento e monitoramento, com consequente diminuição dos riscos em saúde e controle da doença.

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  • Todos os autores aprovaram a versão final do texto.
  • Como citar este artigo

    Almeida OAE, Lima MEF, Santos WS, Silva BLM. Telehealth strategies in the care of people with chronic kidney disease: integrative review. Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem. 2023;31:e4050 [cited mês dia ano]. Available from: URL . https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.6824.4050

Editado por

Editora Associada:

Maria Lúcia Zanetti

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    04 Dez 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    08 Maio 2023
  • Aceito
    14 Ago 2023
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