Electrophoretic study on intraspecific variations and interspecific relationships of marine catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) of Cananéia (São Paulo, Brazil): 2. Isozymes of skeletic muscle

Suzuki, Hana; Van Ngan, Phan

doi:10.1590/S0373-55241990000100006

Abstracts

Ten enzymatic systems of skeletic muscle of four species of marine catfishes were analysed by Polyacrylamide flat gel electrophoresis. Out of 17 loci examined, six were polymorphic. The heterozygosities varied from 0.0018 to 0.0755, the proportions of polymorphic loci, from 0.0588 to 0.2353 and the genetic identities I of Nei, from 0.242 to 0.822. The degree of genetic identity among the species is illustrated by UPGMA dendrograms.

Electrophoresis; Muscles; Isoenzymes; Biopolymorphism; Interspecific relationships; Ariidae; Cananéia

Dez sistemas enzimáticos do músculo esquelético de quatro espécies de bagres marinhos foram analisados eletroforeticamente em géis de poliacrilamida. As heterozigosidades observadas variaram entre 0,0018 e 0,0755, as proporções de loci polimórficos, entre 0,0588 e 0,2353, e as identidades genéticas I de Nei, entre 0,242 e 0,822.0 grau de identidade genética entre as espécies foi ilustrado através de dendrogramas UPGMA.

Eletroforése; Músculo; Isoenzimas; Biopoümorfismo; Relações interespecíficas; Ariidae; Cananéia

ARTIGOS

Electrophoretic study on intraspecific variations and interspecific relationships of marine catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) of Cananéia (São Paulo, Brazil). 2. Isozymes of skeletic muscle

Hana Suzuki; Phan Van Ngan

Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo (Caixa Postal 9075, 01051, São Paulo, SP)

ABSTRACT

Ten enzymatic systems of skeletic muscle of four species of marine catfishes were analysed by Polyacrylamide flat gel electrophoresis. Out of 17 loci examined, six were polymorphic. The heterozygosities varied from 0.0018 to 0.0755, the proportions of polymorphic loci, from 0.0588 to 0.2353 and the genetic identities I of Nei, from 0.242 to 0.822. The degree of genetic identity among the species is illustrated by UPGMA dendrograms.

Descriptors: Electrophoresis, Muscles, Isoenzymes, Biopolymorphism, Interspecific relationships, Ariidae, Cananéia: SP.

RESUMO

Dez sistemas enzimáticos do músculo esquelético de quatro espécies de bagres marinhos foram analisados eletroforeticamente em géis de poliacrilamida. As heterozigosidades observadas variaram entre 0,0018 e 0,0755, as proporções de loci polimórficos, entre 0,0588 e 0,2353, e as identidades genéticas I de Nei, entre 0,242 e 0,822.0 grau de identidade genética entre as espécies foi ilustrado através de dendrogramas UPGMA.

Descitores: Eletroforése, Músculo, Isoenzimas, Biopolimorfismo, Relações interespecíficas, Ariidae, Cananéia: SP.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Vicente Gomes and Mrs. Maria José A. C. R. Passos for their aid in sampling and laboratory analyses. This work was supported by grants from FAPESP (80/1694-0) and CNPq (10.1739/82 and 40.0528/82).

References

AKROYD, P. 1968. Vertical flat-bed electrophoresis. In: Smith, I. ed. Chromatographic and electrophoresis techniques. William Heinemann, Medical Books. p.458-474.

ALLENDORF, F. W. & UTTER, F. M. 1979. Population genetics. In: Hoar, W. S.; Randall, D. J. & Brett, J. R. eds., Fish Physiology. Bioenergetics and growth. New York, Academic Press, v.8, p.407-454.

ANDERSON, R. C. 1982. Isozyme variation in euphausiids. Ph. D. Thesis. University of East Anglia.

AVISE, J. C. 1974. Systematic value of electrophoretic data. Syst. ZooL, 23:465-481.

______ & AQUADRO, C F. 1982. A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates. Evol. Biol., 75:151-185.

______ & AYALA, F. J. 1976. Genetic differentiation in speciose versus depauparate phylads: evidence from the California minnows. Evolution, 30:46-58.

______ & SMITH, M. H. 1977. Gene frequency comparisons between sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations at various stages of evolutionary divergence. Syst Zool., 26:319-335.

AYALA, F. J. 1975. Genetic differentiation during the speciation process. Evol. Biol., 8:1-78.

BRUCE, E. J. & AYALA, F. J. 1979. Phylogenetic relationships between man and the apes: electrophoretic evidence. Evolution, 33:1040-1056.

DIXON, W. J. & MASSEY Jr, F. J. 1969. Introduction to statistical analysis. 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.

FAIRBAIN, D. J. & ROFF, D. A. 1980. Testing genetic models of isozyme variability without breeding data: can we depend on the X²? Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci., 37:1149-1159.

FERGUSON, A. 1980. Biochemical systematics and evolution. Glasgow, Blackie. 194p.

FEVOLDEN, S. E. & AYALA, F. J. 1981. Enzyme polymorphism in Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea): genetic variation between populations and species. Sarsia, 64:167-181.

FLOWERDEW, M. W. & CRISP, D. J. 1975. Esterase heterogeneity and an investigation into racial differences in the cirripede Balanus balanoides using acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mar. BioL, 33:33-39.

FRYDENBERG, O. & SIMONSEN, V. 1973. Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genie heterozygosity. Hereditas, 75:221-232.

FUJIO, Y. & KATO, Y. 1979. Genetic variation on fish populations. Bull, japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 45:1169-1178.

______; YAMANAKA, R. & SMITH, P. J. 1983. Genetic variation in marine molluscs. Bull japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 49:1809-1817.

GILLESPIE, J. H. & KOJIMA, K 1968. The degree of polymorphisms in enzymes involved in energy production compared to that in non-specific enzymes in twoDrosophila anassae populations. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 61:582-585.

_____ & LANGLEY, C. H. 1974. Ageneral model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations. Genetics, 76:837-848.

GYLLENSTEN, U. 1985. The genetic structure of fish: differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species. J. Fish Biol., 26:691-699.

HIGUCHI, H. 1982. Estudo osteológico de bagres marinhos do litoral sul do Brasil (Osteichthyes; Siluroidei, Ariidae). Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências. 135p.

HIGUCHI, H.; REIS, E. G. & ARAÚJO, F. G. 1982. Uma nova espécie de bagre marinho do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul e considerações sobre o gênero nominal Netuma Bleeker, 1858 no Atlântico Sul Ocidental (Siluriformes, Ariidae). Atlântica, Rio Grande, 5:1-5.

HUNTER, R. L. & MARKERT, C. L. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Science, 125:1294-1295.

JOHNSON, A. G.; UTTER, F. M. & HODGINS, H. O. 1973. Estimate of genetic polymorphism and heterozygosity in three species of rockfish (genus Sebastes). Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 44B:397-406.

JOHNSON, G. B. 1974. Enzyme polymorphism and metabolism. Science, 184:28-37.

______ 1977. Assessing electrophoretic similarity: the problem of hidden heterogeneity. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 8:309-328.

KING, M. C. & WILSON, A. C. 1975. Evolution at two levels in human and chimpanzees. Science, 188:107-116.

LEWONTIN, R.C. 1984. Detecting population differences in quantitative characters as opposed to gene frequencies. Am. Naturalist, 123:115-124.

MARKERT, C. L. & MOLLER, F. 1959. Multiple forms of enzymes: tissue, ontogenic and species specific patterns. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 45:753-763.

MICKEVICH, M. F. & JOHNSON, M. S. 1976. Congruence between morphological and allozyme data in evolutionary inference and character evolution. Syst. Zool., 25:260-270.

MISHIMA, M, & TANJI, S. 1981. Distribuição geográfica dos bagres marinhos (Osteichthyes, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia (25ºS, 48º W). Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 8:157-172.

______ & ______ 1982. Nicho aumentar de bagres marinhos (Teleostei, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia (25ºS , 48ºW). Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 9:131-140.

NEI, M. 1971. Interspecific gene differences and evolutionary time estimated from electrophoretic data on protein identity. Am. Naturalist, 105:385-398.

______ 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am. Naturalist, 106:283-292.

______ 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89:583-590.

NEVO, E. 1978. Genetic variation in natural populations: patterns and theories. Theor. Populati Biol., 13: 121-177.

PHAN, V. N.; SUZUKI, H.; GOMES, V. & PASSOS, M. J. A. C. R. 1985. Notes on electropherograms of eye-lens, muscle proteins and zymograms of muscle esterases of fish collected during the First Brazilian Expedition to the Antarctica. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 33(2):201-212.

RICHARDSON, B. J. 1982. Geographical distribution of electro-phoretically detected protein variation in Australian commercial fishes. I. Jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis Jenyns. Austr. J. mar. Freshw. Res., 33:917-926.

ROGERS, J. S. 1972. Measures of similarity and genetic distance. Studies in genetics. VII. Univ. Texas Publs, (7213): 145-153.

SAGE, R. D. & SELANDER, R. K. 1975. Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 72:4669-4673.

SAUNDERS, L. H. & McKENZIE, J. A. 1971. Comparative electrophoresis of Arctic char. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 38B:487-492.

SCHNEPPENHEIM, R. & MacDONALD, C. M. 1984. Genetic variation and population structure of krill (Euphausia superba) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters and off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol., 3:19-28.

SELANDER, R. K. 1970. Behaviour and genetic variations in natural populations. Am. Zool., 10:53-66.

______ & JOHNSON, W. E. 1973. Genetic variation among vertebrate species. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 4:75-91.

SHAKLEE, J. B.; TAMARU, C. S. & WAPLES, R. S. 1982. Speciation and evolution of marine fishes studied by the electrophoretic analysis of proteins. Pacif. Sci., 36:141-157.

SHAW, C. R. & KOEN, A. L. 1968. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes. In: I. Smith, ed. Chromatographic and electrophoresis techniques. 2v, William Heinemann, Medical Books. p.325-364.

______ & PRASAD, R. 1970. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes - a compilation of recipes. Biochem. Genetics, 4:297-320.

SIEGEL, S. 1981. Estatística não-paramétrica para as ciências do comportamento. São Paulo, McGraw-Hill do Brasil

SMITH, P. J. 1979. Esterase gene frequencies and temperature relationships in the New Zealand snapper Chrysophrys auratus. Mar. Biol., 53:305-310.

______ & FRANCIS, R. I. C. C. 1984. Glucosephosphate isomerase genotype frequencies, homozygous excess and size relationships in the sand flounder Rhombosolea plebéia. Mar. Biol., 79:93-98.

______; ______ & JAMESON, A. 1981. An excess of homozygotes at serum esterase locus in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. Anim. Blood Grps biochem. Genet., 12:171-180.

______ & FUJIO, Y. 1982. Genetic variation in marine teleosts: high variability in habitat specialists and low variability in habitat generalists. Mar. Biol., 69:7-20.

______ & JAMIESON, A. 1980. Protein variation in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. Anim. Blood Grps biochem. Genet., 11:23-30.

SMITHIES, O. 1955. Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum protein of normal human adults. Biochem. J., 61:629-641.

SNEATH, P. H. & SOKAL, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 573p.

SOMERO, G. N. & SOULÉ, M. 1974. Genetic variation in marine fishes as a test of the niche-variation hypothesis. Nature, Lond, 249:670-672.

SUZUKI, H. & PHAN, V. N. 1990. Electrophoretic study on intraspecific variations and interspecific relationships of marine catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) of Cananéia (São Paulo, Brazil). 1. General proteins of eye-lens and skeletic muscle. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 38(1):31-42.

THORPE, J. P. 1979. Enzyme variation and taxonomy: the estimation of sampling errors in measurements of interspecific genetic similarity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc, 11:369-386.

THORPE, J. P. 1982. The molecular clock hypothesis: biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 13:139-168.

TSUYUKI, H.; ROBERTS, E. & VANSTONE, W. E. 1965. Comparative zone electropherograms of muscle myogens and blood hemoglobins of marine and freshwater vertebrates and their application to biochemical systematics. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 22:203-213.

TURNER, B. J. & GROSSE, D. J. 1980. Trophic differentiation in Hyodon, a genus of stream-dwelling goodeid fishes: speciation versus ecological polymorphism. Evolution, 34:259-270.

YOSHIYAMA, R. M. & SASSAMAN, C. 1983. Morphological and allozymic variation in the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens. Syst. Zool., 32:52-71.

(Received 17-Nov-88; accepted 08-Aug-90)

AKROYD, P. 1968. Vertical flat-bed electrophoresis. In: Smith, I. ed. Chromatographic and electrophoresis techniques. William Heinemann, Medical Books. p.458-474.
ALLENDORF, F. W. & UTTER, F. M. 1979. Population genetics. In: Hoar, W. S.; Randall, D. J. & Brett, J. R. eds., Fish Physiology. Bioenergetics and growth. New York, Academic Press, v.8, p.407-454.
ANDERSON, R. C. 1982. Isozyme variation in euphausiids. Ph. D. Thesis. University of East Anglia.
AVISE, J. C. 1974. Systematic value of electrophoretic data. Syst. ZooL, 23:465-481.
______ & AQUADRO, C F. 1982. A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates. Evol. Biol., 75:151-185.
______ & AYALA, F. J. 1976. Genetic differentiation in speciose versus depauparate phylads: evidence from the California minnows. Evolution, 30:46-58.
______ & SMITH, M. H. 1977. Gene frequency comparisons between sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations at various stages of evolutionary divergence. Syst Zool., 26:319-335.
AYALA, F. J. 1975. Genetic differentiation during the speciation process. Evol. Biol., 8:1-78.
BRUCE, E. J. & AYALA, F. J. 1979. Phylogenetic relationships between man and the apes: electrophoretic evidence. Evolution, 33:1040-1056.
DIXON, W. J. & MASSEY Jr, F. J. 1969. Introduction to statistical analysis. 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.
FAIRBAIN, D. J. & ROFF, D. A. 1980. Testing genetic models of isozyme variability without breeding data: can we depend on the X²? Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci., 37:1149-1159.
FERGUSON, A. 1980. Biochemical systematics and evolution. Glasgow, Blackie. 194p.
FEVOLDEN, S. E. & AYALA, F. J. 1981. Enzyme polymorphism in Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea): genetic variation between populations and species. Sarsia, 64:167-181.
FLOWERDEW, M. W. & CRISP, D. J. 1975. Esterase heterogeneity and an investigation into racial differences in the cirripede Balanus balanoides using acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mar. BioL, 33:33-39.
FRYDENBERG, O. & SIMONSEN, V. 1973. Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genie heterozygosity. Hereditas, 75:221-232.
FUJIO, Y. & KATO, Y. 1979. Genetic variation on fish populations. Bull, japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 45:1169-1178.
______; YAMANAKA, R. & SMITH, P. J. 1983. Genetic variation in marine molluscs. Bull japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 49:1809-1817.
GILLESPIE, J. H. & KOJIMA, K 1968. The degree of polymorphisms in enzymes involved in energy production compared to that in non-specific enzymes in twoDrosophila anassae populations. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 61:582-585.
_____ & LANGLEY, C. H. 1974. Ageneral model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations. Genetics, 76:837-848.
GYLLENSTEN, U. 1985. The genetic structure of fish: differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species. J. Fish Biol., 26:691-699.
HIGUCHI, H. 1982. Estudo osteológico de bagres marinhos do litoral sul do Brasil (Osteichthyes; Siluroidei, Ariidae). Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências. 135p.
HIGUCHI, H.; REIS, E. G. & ARAÚJO, F. G. 1982. Uma nova espécie de bagre marinho do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul e considerações sobre o gênero nominal Netuma Bleeker, 1858 no Atlântico Sul Ocidental (Siluriformes, Ariidae). Atlântica, Rio Grande, 5:1-5.
HUNTER, R. L. & MARKERT, C. L. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Science, 125:1294-1295.
JOHNSON, A. G.; UTTER, F. M. & HODGINS, H. O. 1973. Estimate of genetic polymorphism and heterozygosity in three species of rockfish (genus Sebastes). Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 44B:397-406.
JOHNSON, G. B. 1974. Enzyme polymorphism and metabolism. Science, 184:28-37.
______ 1977. Assessing electrophoretic similarity: the problem of hidden heterogeneity. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 8:309-328.
KING, M. C. & WILSON, A. C. 1975. Evolution at two levels in human and chimpanzees. Science, 188:107-116.
LEWONTIN, R.C. 1984. Detecting population differences in quantitative characters as opposed to gene frequencies. Am. Naturalist, 123:115-124.
MARKERT, C. L. & MOLLER, F. 1959. Multiple forms of enzymes: tissue, ontogenic and species specific patterns. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 45:753-763.
MICKEVICH, M. F. & JOHNSON, M. S. 1976. Congruence between morphological and allozyme data in evolutionary inference and character evolution. Syst. Zool., 25:260-270.
MISHIMA, M, & TANJI, S. 1981. Distribuição geográfica dos bagres marinhos (Osteichthyes, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia (25şS, 48ş W). Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 8:157-172.
______ & ______ 1982. Nicho aumentar de bagres marinhos (Teleostei, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia (25şS , 48şW). Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 9:131-140.
NEI, M. 1971. Interspecific gene differences and evolutionary time estimated from electrophoretic data on protein identity. Am. Naturalist, 105:385-398.
______ 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am. Naturalist, 106:283-292.
______ 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89:583-590.
NEVO, E. 1978. Genetic variation in natural populations: patterns and theories. Theor. Populati Biol., 13: 121-177.
PHAN, V. N.; SUZUKI, H.; GOMES, V. & PASSOS, M. J. A. C. R. 1985. Notes on electropherograms of eye-lens, muscle proteins and zymograms of muscle esterases of fish collected during the First Brazilian Expedition to the Antarctica. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 33(2):201-212.
RICHARDSON, B. J. 1982. Geographical distribution of electro-phoretically detected protein variation in Australian commercial fishes. I. Jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis Jenyns. Austr. J. mar. Freshw. Res., 33:917-926.
ROGERS, J. S. 1972. Measures of similarity and genetic distance. Studies in genetics. VII. Univ. Texas Publs, (7213): 145-153.
SAGE, R. D. & SELANDER, R. K. 1975. Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 72:4669-4673.
SAUNDERS, L. H. & McKENZIE, J. A. 1971. Comparative electrophoresis of Arctic char. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 38B:487-492.
SCHNEPPENHEIM, R. & MacDONALD, C. M. 1984. Genetic variation and population structure of krill (Euphausia superba) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters and off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol., 3:19-28.
SELANDER, R. K. 1970. Behaviour and genetic variations in natural populations. Am. Zool., 10:53-66.
______ & JOHNSON, W. E. 1973. Genetic variation among vertebrate species. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 4:75-91.
SHAKLEE, J. B.; TAMARU, C. S. & WAPLES, R. S. 1982. Speciation and evolution of marine fishes studied by the electrophoretic analysis of proteins. Pacif. Sci., 36:141-157.
SHAW, C. R. & KOEN, A. L. 1968. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes. In: I. Smith, ed. Chromatographic and electrophoresis techniques. 2v, William Heinemann, Medical Books. p.325-364.
______ & PRASAD, R. 1970. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes - a compilation of recipes. Biochem. Genetics, 4:297-320.
SIEGEL, S. 1981. Estatística não-paramétrica para as ciências do comportamento. São Paulo, McGraw-Hill do Brasil
SMITH, P. J. 1979. Esterase gene frequencies and temperature relationships in the New Zealand snapper Chrysophrys auratus. Mar. Biol., 53:305-310.
______ & FRANCIS, R. I. C. C. 1984. Glucosephosphate isomerase genotype frequencies, homozygous excess and size relationships in the sand flounder Rhombosolea plebéia. Mar. Biol., 79:93-98.
______; ______ & JAMESON, A. 1981. An excess of homozygotes at serum esterase locus in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. Anim. Blood Grps biochem. Genet., 12:171-180.
______ & FUJIO, Y. 1982. Genetic variation in marine teleosts: high variability in habitat specialists and low variability in habitat generalists. Mar. Biol., 69:7-20.
______ & JAMIESON, A. 1980. Protein variation in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. Anim. Blood Grps biochem. Genet., 11:23-30.
SMITHIES, O. 1955. Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum protein of normal human adults. Biochem. J., 61:629-641.
SNEATH, P. H. & SOKAL, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 573p.
SOMERO, G. N. & SOULÉ, M. 1974. Genetic variation in marine fishes as a test of the niche-variation hypothesis. Nature, Lond, 249:670-672.
SUZUKI, H. & PHAN, V. N. 1990. Electrophoretic study on intraspecific variations and interspecific relationships of marine catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) of Cananéia (São Paulo, Brazil). 1. General proteins of eye-lens and skeletic muscle. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 38(1):31-42.
THORPE, J. P. 1979. Enzyme variation and taxonomy: the estimation of sampling errors in measurements of interspecific genetic similarity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc, 11:369-386.
THORPE, J. P. 1982. The molecular clock hypothesis: biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 13:139-168.
TSUYUKI, H.; ROBERTS, E. & VANSTONE, W. E. 1965. Comparative zone electropherograms of muscle myogens and blood hemoglobins of marine and freshwater vertebrates and their application to biochemical systematics. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 22:203-213.
TURNER, B. J. & GROSSE, D. J. 1980. Trophic differentiation in Hyodon, a genus of stream-dwelling goodeid fishes: speciation versus ecological polymorphism. Evolution, 34:259-270.
YOSHIYAMA, R. M. & SASSAMAN, C. 1983. Morphological and allozymic variation in the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens. Syst. Zool., 32:52-71.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
18 May 2012
Date of issue
1990

History

Accepted
08 Aug 1990
Received
17 Nov 1988

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AKROYD, P. 1968. Vertical flat-bed electrophoresis. In: Smith, I. ed. Chromatographic and electrophoresis techniques. William Heinemann, Medical Books. p.458-474.

[2] ALLENDORF, F. W. & UTTER, F. M. 1979. Population genetics. In: Hoar, W. S.; Randall, D. J. & Brett, J. R. eds., Fish Physiology. Bioenergetics and growth. New York, Academic Press, v.8, p.407-454.

[3] ANDERSON, R. C. 1982. Isozyme variation in euphausiids. Ph. D. Thesis. University of East Anglia.

[4] AVISE, J. C. 1974. Systematic value of electrophoretic data. Syst. ZooL, 23:465-481.

[5] ______ & AQUADRO, C F. 1982. A comparative summary of genetic distances in the vertebrates. Evol. Biol., 75:151-185.

[6] ______ & AYALA, F. J. 1976. Genetic differentiation in speciose versus depauparate phylads: evidence from the California minnows. Evolution, 30:46-58.

[7] ______ & SMITH, M. H. 1977. Gene frequency comparisons between sunfish (Centrarchidae) populations at various stages of evolutionary divergence. Syst Zool., 26:319-335.

[8] AYALA, F. J. 1975. Genetic differentiation during the speciation process. Evol. Biol., 8:1-78.

[9] BRUCE, E. J. & AYALA, F. J. 1979. Phylogenetic relationships between man and the apes: electrophoretic evidence. Evolution, 33:1040-1056.

[10] DIXON, W. J. & MASSEY Jr, F. J. 1969. Introduction to statistical analysis. 3rd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill.

[11] FAIRBAIN, D. J. & ROFF, D. A. 1980. Testing genetic models of isozyme variability without breeding data: can we depend on the X²? Can. J. Fish, aquat. Sci., 37:1149-1159.

[12] FERGUSON, A. 1980. Biochemical systematics and evolution. Glasgow, Blackie. 194p.

[13] FEVOLDEN, S. E. & AYALA, F. J. 1981. Enzyme polymorphism in Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea): genetic variation between populations and species. Sarsia, 64:167-181.

[14] FLOWERDEW, M. W. & CRISP, D. J. 1975. Esterase heterogeneity and an investigation into racial differences in the cirripede Balanus balanoides using acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mar. BioL, 33:33-39.

[15] FRYDENBERG, O. & SIMONSEN, V. 1973. Genetics of Zoarces populations. V. Amount of protein polymorphism and degree of genie heterozygosity. Hereditas, 75:221-232.

[16] FUJIO, Y. & KATO, Y. 1979. Genetic variation on fish populations. Bull, japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 45:1169-1178.

[17] ______; YAMANAKA, R. & SMITH, P. J. 1983. Genetic variation in marine molluscs. Bull japan. Soc. scient. Fish., 49:1809-1817.

[18] GILLESPIE, J. H. & KOJIMA, K 1968. The degree of polymorphisms in enzymes involved in energy production compared to that in non-specific enzymes in twoDrosophila anassae populations. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 61:582-585.

[19] _____ & LANGLEY, C. H. 1974. Ageneral model to account for enzyme variation in natural populations. Genetics, 76:837-848.

[20] GYLLENSTEN, U. 1985. The genetic structure of fish: differences in the intraspecific distribution of biochemical genetic variation between marine, anadromous, and freshwater species. J. Fish Biol., 26:691-699.

[21] HIGUCHI, H. 1982. Estudo osteológico de bagres marinhos do litoral sul do Brasil (Osteichthyes; Siluroidei, Ariidae). Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências. 135p.

[22] HIGUCHI, H.; REIS, E. G. & ARAÚJO, F. G. 1982. Uma nova espécie de bagre marinho do litoral do Rio Grande do Sul e considerações sobre o gênero nominal Netuma Bleeker, 1858 no Atlântico Sul Ocidental (Siluriformes, Ariidae). Atlântica, Rio Grande, 5:1-5.

[23] HUNTER, R. L. & MARKERT, C. L. 1957. Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone electrophoresis in starch gels. Science, 125:1294-1295.

[24] JOHNSON, A. G.; UTTER, F. M. & HODGINS, H. O. 1973. Estimate of genetic polymorphism and heterozygosity in three species of rockfish (genus Sebastes). Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 44B:397-406.

[25] JOHNSON, G. B. 1974. Enzyme polymorphism and metabolism. Science, 184:28-37.

[26] ______ 1977. Assessing electrophoretic similarity: the problem of hidden heterogeneity. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 8:309-328.

[27] KING, M. C. & WILSON, A. C. 1975. Evolution at two levels in human and chimpanzees. Science, 188:107-116.

[28] LEWONTIN, R.C. 1984. Detecting population differences in quantitative characters as opposed to gene frequencies. Am. Naturalist, 123:115-124.

[29] MARKERT, C. L. & MOLLER, F. 1959. Multiple forms of enzymes: tissue, ontogenic and species specific patterns. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 45:753-763.

[30] MICKEVICH, M. F. & JOHNSON, M. S. 1976. Congruence between morphological and allozyme data in evolutionary inference and character evolution. Syst. Zool., 25:260-270.

[31] MISHIMA, M, & TANJI, S. 1981. Distribuição geográfica dos bagres marinhos (Osteichthyes, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia (25şS, 48ş W). Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 8:157-172.

[32] ______ & ______ 1982. Nicho aumentar de bagres marinhos (Teleostei, Ariidae) no complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia (25şS , 48şW). Bolm Inst. Pesca, S Paulo, 9:131-140.

[33] NEI, M. 1971. Interspecific gene differences and evolutionary time estimated from electrophoretic data on protein identity. Am. Naturalist, 105:385-398.

[34] ______ 1972. Genetic distance between populations. Am. Naturalist, 106:283-292.

[35] ______ 1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89:583-590.

[36] NEVO, E. 1978. Genetic variation in natural populations: patterns and theories. Theor. Populati Biol., 13: 121-177.

[37] PHAN, V. N.; SUZUKI, H.; GOMES, V. & PASSOS, M. J. A. C. R. 1985. Notes on electropherograms of eye-lens, muscle proteins and zymograms of muscle esterases of fish collected during the First Brazilian Expedition to the Antarctica. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 33(2):201-212.

[38] RICHARDSON, B. J. 1982. Geographical distribution of electro-phoretically detected protein variation in Australian commercial fishes. I. Jack mackerel, Trachurus declivis Jenyns. Austr. J. mar. Freshw. Res., 33:917-926.

[39] ROGERS, J. S. 1972. Measures of similarity and genetic distance. Studies in genetics. VII. Univ. Texas Publs, (7213): 145-153.

[40] SAGE, R. D. & SELANDER, R. K. 1975. Trophic radiation through polymorphism in cichlid fishes. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 72:4669-4673.

[41] SAUNDERS, L. H. & McKENZIE, J. A. 1971. Comparative electrophoresis of Arctic char. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 38B:487-492.

[42] SCHNEPPENHEIM, R. & MacDONALD, C. M. 1984. Genetic variation and population structure of krill (Euphausia superba) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters and off the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol., 3:19-28.

[43] SELANDER, R. K. 1970. Behaviour and genetic variations in natural populations. Am. Zool., 10:53-66.

[44] ______ & JOHNSON, W. E. 1973. Genetic variation among vertebrate species. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 4:75-91.

[45] SHAKLEE, J. B.; TAMARU, C. S. & WAPLES, R. S. 1982. Speciation and evolution of marine fishes studied by the electrophoretic analysis of proteins. Pacif. Sci., 36:141-157.

[46] SHAW, C. R. & KOEN, A. L. 1968. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes. In: I. Smith, ed. Chromatographic and electrophoresis techniques. 2v, William Heinemann, Medical Books. p.325-364.

[47] ______ & PRASAD, R. 1970. Starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes - a compilation of recipes. Biochem. Genetics, 4:297-320.

[48] SIEGEL, S. 1981. Estatística não-paramétrica para as ciências do comportamento. São Paulo, McGraw-Hill do Brasil

[49] SMITH, P. J. 1979. Esterase gene frequencies and temperature relationships in the New Zealand snapper Chrysophrys auratus. Mar. Biol., 53:305-310.

[50] ______ & FRANCIS, R. I. C. C. 1984. Glucosephosphate isomerase genotype frequencies, homozygous excess and size relationships in the sand flounder Rhombosolea plebéia. Mar. Biol., 79:93-98.

[51] ______; ______ & JAMESON, A. 1981. An excess of homozygotes at serum esterase locus in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. Anim. Blood Grps biochem. Genet., 12:171-180.

[52] ______ & FUJIO, Y. 1982. Genetic variation in marine teleosts: high variability in habitat specialists and low variability in habitat generalists. Mar. Biol., 69:7-20.

[53] ______ & JAMIESON, A. 1980. Protein variation in the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus. Anim. Blood Grps biochem. Genet., 11:23-30.

[54] SMITHIES, O. 1955. Zone electrophoresis in starch gels: group variations in the serum protein of normal human adults. Biochem. J., 61:629-641.

[55] SNEATH, P. H. & SOKAL, R. R. 1973. Numerical taxonomy. San Francisco, W. H. Freeman, 573p.

[56] SOMERO, G. N. & SOULÉ, M. 1974. Genetic variation in marine fishes as a test of the niche-variation hypothesis. Nature, Lond, 249:670-672.

[57] SUZUKI, H. & PHAN, V. N. 1990. Electrophoretic study on intraspecific variations and interspecific relationships of marine catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) of Cananéia (São Paulo, Brazil). 1. General proteins of eye-lens and skeletic muscle. Bolm Inst, oceanogr., S Paulo, 38(1):31-42.

[58] THORPE, J. P. 1979. Enzyme variation and taxonomy: the estimation of sampling errors in measurements of interspecific genetic similarity. Biol. J. Linn. Soc, 11:369-386.

[59] THORPE, J. P. 1982. The molecular clock hypothesis: biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 13:139-168.

[60] TSUYUKI, H.; ROBERTS, E. & VANSTONE, W. E. 1965. Comparative zone electropherograms of muscle myogens and blood hemoglobins of marine and freshwater vertebrates and their application to biochemical systematics. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 22:203-213.

[61] TURNER, B. J. & GROSSE, D. J. 1980. Trophic differentiation in Hyodon, a genus of stream-dwelling goodeid fishes: speciation versus ecological polymorphism. Evolution, 34:259-270.

[62] YOSHIYAMA, R. M. & SASSAMAN, C. 1983. Morphological and allozymic variation in the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens. Syst. Zool., 32:52-71.