Abstracts
OBJECTIVE:
Estimate the intake of phenolic compounds by the Brazilian population.
METHODS:
To estimate the average per capita food consumption, micro data from the National Dietary Survey and from the Household Budget Survey from 2008 to 2009 was analyzed. The phenolic content in food was estimated from the base of Phenol-Explorer. It was chosen according to compatibility and variety of food items and usual method of preparation.
RESULTS:
The Brazilian population consumed, on average, 460.15 mg/day of total phenolic compounds, derived mainly from beverages (48.9%), especially coffee and legumes (19.5%). Since this analysis of classes of phenolics it was possible to observe an intake of 314 mg/day of phenolic acids, 138.92 mg/day of flavonoids and 7.16 mg/ day of other kinds of phenolics. Regarding the variables studied this present study shows that those men who live in the countryside and in the northeastern region of the country had a higher consumption of phenolic compounds. Besides, consumption was higher by adults and the elderly, the medium income classes, the population with incomplete and complete primary education and those with adequate nutrition and also overweight status.
CONCLUSION:
The intake of phenolic compounds can be considered low, especially where consumption of fruit and vegetables is insufficient. We can conclude that coffee and black beans were the best contributors to phenolic intake.
Antioxidants; Flavonoids; Food consumption; Phenolic compounds
OBJETIVO:
Estimar o consumo de compostos fenólicos pela população brasileira.
MÉTODOS:
Para estimativa do consumo alimentar médio per capita foram analisados os microdados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação, da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009. O teor de fenólicos dos alimentos foi estimado a partir da base de dados Phenol-Explorer, considerando a espécie e variedade do alimento e o modo de preparo habitual de consumo.
RESULTADOS:
A população brasileira consumiu em média 460,15 mg/dia de compostos fenólicos totais, provenientes principalmente das bebidas (48,9%), com destaque para o café, e leguminosas (19,5%). A análise do consumo por classes de fenólicos possibilitou observar uma ingestão de 314 mg/dia de ácidos fenólicos, 138,92 mg/dia de flavonoides e 7,16 mg/dia de outros fenólicos. Com relação às variáveis estudadas, os homens e os indivíduos residentes na zona rural e na região nordeste do país apresentaram maior consumo de compostos fenólicos. Além disso, destacaram-se também os adultos e idosos, as classes de rendimento medianas, a população com ensino fundamental completo ou incompleto e os indivíduos eutróficos e com excesso de peso.
CONCLUSÃO:
A ingestão de fenólicos totais pode ser considerada baixa, especialmente em razão do consumo insuficiente de frutas e hortaliças. Ressalta-se que o café e o feijão preto foram os principais alimentos contribuintes para o consumo de fenólicos da população brasileira.
Antioxidantes; Flavonoides; Consumo alimentar; Compostos fenólicos
INTRODUCTION
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Phenolic compounds are widely distributed in all plants and represent the largest group
among bioactive compounds found in vegetables. Among the foods rich in phenolic
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Flavonoids stand out as the largest class of phenolics present in plants, where have
been identified over 5,000 compounds, and they may be divided into six subgroups
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Phenolic acids can be divided into hydroxycinnamic acids and, hydroxybenzoic acids1919.Carocho M, Ferreira ICFR. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and
related controversy: Natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis
methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 51:5-25.
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. The hydroxycinnamic acids are found in large
amounts in foods such as coffee, leafy as chicory, olives and cereals such as corn and
wheat (after hydrolysis). The hydroxybenzoic acids have as food sources tea, wine and
chestnuts2020.Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A. Identification of the
100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: An application of the phenol-explorer
database. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(3):112-20.
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. Among the total phenolics,
phenolic acids stand out as the class of higher consumption. It is estimated that in
Europe 58% of the intake of phenolic compounds are from this class2121.Zamora-Ros R, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Knaze V, Romieu I, Slimani N,
et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective
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The identification of dietary sources of phenolic compounds is necessary in order to
understand and explore the effects of health promotion as well as deepen knowledge about
these foods2020.Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Vos F, Scalbert A. Identification of the
100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: An application of the phenol-explorer
database. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010; 64(3):112-20.
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. In Brazil, studies that have
sought to quantify the consumption of these compounds, or identify foods of Brazilian
usual diet that are sources of it, are scarce2222.Arabbi PR, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM. Flavonoids in vegetable foods
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.
Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the population's intake of total phenolics, considering variables such as gender, household status, the regions of the country, age group, education, nutritional status and income groups and, also, assess what are the food and/or food groups that contribute most to this intake.
METHODS
For this study were analyzed data from the Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA, National Dietary Survey) of the Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF, Household Budget Survey) 20082009. Until POF 2002-2003 were only surveyed data on household food availability, making it impossible to evaluate the actual food consumption of the population. As a result, in the last POF (2008-2009) it was first carried out a survey on food intake in a subsample of 13,569 randomly selected households, which corresponded to 24.3% of the 55,970 households surveyed in 2008-2009. The data relating to food consumption were collected from 34,003 residents aged 10 or older considering the type of preparation, the measure used, the amount consumed, consumption time and if it occurred at home or away from home2525.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011..
Data from individual food intake were surveyed throughout the year when was carried out the research, during two non-consecutive days, being notes taken by the informants themselves and supplemented by interviews conducted by research agents. The informants received an instructional material that included photographs of utensils and bottles often used to serve food and beverages2525.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011..
The foods named by the informants were classified into 21 groups, and were considered
the item information separately or in conjunction with similar foods that were reported
at least by 100 individuals on the first day of food record. The items consumed by less
than 100 people were gathered in a category labeled 'other'. The quantities of food in
home cooking measurements were converted into grams or milliliters and for the estimates
of the average food consumption were used the first record day data, since the quality
of information exceed the following days2525.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de
Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio
de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011.
26.Sawaya AL, Tucker K, Tsay R, Willett W, Saltzman E, Dallal GE, et al.
Evaluation of four methods for determining energy intake in young and older women:
Comparison with doubly labeled water measurements of total energy expenditure. Am J
Clin Nutr. 1996; 63(4):491-99.
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2727.Subar AF, Kipnis V, Troiano RP, Midthune D, Schoeller DA, Bingham S,
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large sample of adults: The OPEN study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;
158(1):1-13..
Research microdata, provided by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), were obtained considering the following variables: per capita food consumption, gender, household status, geographic region, age group, income class, education, weight and height.
For each listed food its usual method of preparation for consumption was identified. In
addition, for the categories of POF (2008-2009) described as preparations based on the
main food was considered. For preparations the ingredient with the highest content and
its proportion used into taken into account. To estimate the phenolic content of the
food consumed the database Phenol-Explorer (http://www.phenol-explorer.eu) was used as
well as scientific articles for food that did not have their contents available in the
main source of research. These were chosen according to the species and variety
compatibility of the analyzed food2828.Rostagno MA, Manchón N, D'Arrigo M, Guillamón E, Villares A,
García-Lafuente A, et al. Fast and simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds
and caffeine in teas, mate, instant coffee, soft drink and energetic drink by
high-performance liquid chromatography using a fused-core column. Anal Chim Acta.
2011; 685(2):204-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.031
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of Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz extracts. Food Chem. 2006; 97(3):452-58.
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3030.Biesaga M, Pyrzynska K. Liquid chromatography/ tandem mass
spectrometry studies of the phenolic compounds in honey. J Chromatogr. 2009;
1216(38):6620-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.066
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.
Phenol-Explorer is a database, launched in 2009, which provides the content of 502
phenolics in 452 foods44. Neveu V, Perez-Jiménez J, Vos F, Crespy V, duChaffaut L, Mennen L, et
al. Phenol-Explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in
foods. Database. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/bap024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/bap02...
. The data relating to
phenolic content are made available through five different analytical methods:
chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after hydrolysis, normal
phase HPLC, FolinCiocalteu and differential pH44. Neveu V, Perez-Jiménez J, Vos F, Crespy V, duChaffaut L, Mennen L, et
al. Phenol-Explorer: An online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in
foods. Database. 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/bap024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/database/bap02...
.
For the determination of phenolic content of the food consumed by the Brazilian population there was the exclusion of foods containing only traces of phenolics or that did not contain these compounds, as well as those of animal origin. Further, in order to approximate the estimate of usual consumption, for foods that are commonly eaten in the cooked form a yield factor available at Phenol-Explorer database was used. Thus, 51 foods were totaled to calculate the consumption of phenolic compounds.
Regarding the methods for determining the amount of phenolic compounds present in foods in accordance with the Phenol-Explorer, the following criteria were adopted: for cereals preference for HPLC after hydrolysis was given, and for the items that did not have data by this method and for other foods the normal phase chromatography was used. For each food, according to the database, the content of phenolic acids, flavonoids and other phenolics was determined and with the sum of it the total phenolics of each food item was quantified.
After the analysis of phenolic content of the main plant foods that compose the Brazilian diet, the sum of all these compounds consumed per day was calculated. From these data the percentage of representativeness of the food groups and/or foods in the total amount of ingested phenolic compounds was calculated.
The estimate of the phenolic content was held, also, considering the variables available
on microdata from the survey: age, education, gender, geographic region, household
situation (urban or rural) and income. The content was also estimated according to the
nutritional status of the individuals, using the Body Mass Index (BMI). Reference
standards and classification criteria from Onis3131.de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J.
Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull
World Health Organ. 2007; 85(9):660-7., World Health Organization (WHO)32 32.World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and managing the
global epidemic. Geneva: WHO; 1998 [cited 2014 June 19]. Available from:
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http://www.who.int//...
and
Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI)3333.Nutrition Screening Initiative. Interventions manual for
professionals caring for older Americans. Washington: Nutrition Screening Initiative;
1992. were used
for adolescents, adults and the elderly, respectively.
Data were organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel(r) 2010 software and statistical programs GraphPad Prism(r) 5 and Sisvar 5.3, being expressed as mean, standard deviation and contribution percentage of the food groups and foods in relation to the total content of phenolics.
The Student's t test was used for comparison of the two variables with 5% of significance. The Analysis of Variance (Anova) was used to compare three or more variables and when significant differences were found the Bonferroni t test was applied with 5% significance level.
RESULTS
The characteristics of the studied population can be seen in Table 1. With regard to age, the adult population was the largest
group of participants (66.8%) of this study. The energy consumption average was 2000
kcal for men and 1700 kcal for women, 56.0% of this total came from carbohydrates, 16.0%
from proteins and 27.0% from lipids1919.Carocho M, Ferreira ICFR. A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and
related controversy: Natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis
methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013; 51:5-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09....
. With
respect to fibers, the highest consumption was observed in males, especially in
adults.
The average intake of total phenolics by the Brazilian population was 460.15 mg/day (Table 2), being beverages (48.90%) and legumes (19.50%), especially coffee and black beans, the main foods contributing to this intake. Cereals and products and fruits contributed with 16.64% and 9.38%, respectively, and the boiled corn and apple the foods with highest importance. The other food groups represented 5.40% of the total intake of phenolics.
For the consumption of phenolic acids, stood out the beverages groups (63.10%), cereals and products (23.45%) and legumes (12.13%). For the flavonoids, the main contributor foods were legumes (37.12%), fruits (30.75%) and beverages (15.67%). For the other phenolics, the group of beverages (76.11%) and cereals and products (17.06%) were the largest contributors.
The different studied variables allowed to verify that men had higher intake of total phenolics and regarding the household situation, there was a higher consumption of phenolics and subclasses in the countryside, except in relation to the other phenolics in which the consumption in the area urban was higher (Table 3).
Analysis of the intake according to the geographical regions showed that higher consumptions are not concentrated in only one location. For the intake of total phenolics stood out the northeast region (486.70 mg/day) followed by the south (467.47 mg/day) and southeast (460.06 mg/day). With respect to the classes of phenolic compounds, there was a higher consumption of phenolic acids in the northeast region (376.46 mg/day), flavonoids in the north region (188.93 mg/day) and other phenolic in the south region (8.71 mg/day).
By analyzing the intake according to age, it was noted that consumption of total phenolics was higher by adults (467.36 mg/day) followed by the elderly (453.70 mg/day). These also had a higher intake of phenolic acids (329.43 mg/day). Intake of flavonoids was higher in the adolescent age group (158.75 mg/day) and the other phenolic in adults (7.48 mg/day).
In relation to income classes, the higher consumption of total phenolics and phenolic acids was observed in the intermediate classes (between U$149,5 and U$288.4 and U$288.4 and U$550,0). In what concerns the consumption of flavonoids and other phenolics, these were higher in the class with higher income.
With regard to education, the highest consumption of phenolics was observed in the population with incomplete primary education (488.40 mg/day), followed by the complete (461.92 mg/day). In the class of phenolic acids, stood out the group with incomplete primary education (358.20 mg/day). As for flavonoids and other phenolics the population with graduation and pos graduation had higher intake.
Regarding nutritional status, the eutrophic and overweight population had the highest intake of total phenolics, flavonoids and other phenolics (Table 3). For phenolic acids a significant difference between the different nutritional diagnoses was not found.
The estimate of intake of phenolic compounds by food groups according to the nutritional status showed that only in the intake of vegetables and cocoa-based products there was significant differences. The consumption of vegetables was higher by people with overweight and underweight and cocoa-based products was higher by eutrophic and overweight population (Table 4).
DISCUSSION
In this study we used the actual food consumption of the Brazilian population evaluated for the first time in the country to estimate the intake of phenolics. However, such estimate has limitations associated especially to the methods of evaluation of food consumption, variations of the samples due to geographic and climatic factors, as well as related the bioavailability of these compounds.
The average consumption of phenolic compounds of Brazilian population (460 mg/day) was
lower than that found in the population of Spain (820 mg/day), Finland (863 mg/day) and
France (1193 mg/day)3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
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Hellström J, Reinivuo H, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of
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3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
. The Spanish and French studies used the same
database that the present research, while the Finnish performed the dosage of the
compounds by HPLC, as well as it used secondary data for the quantification. In all
three studies, the HPLC method was used after hydrolysis for a greater amount of food,
which can also contribute to explain the differences in the results found.
Regarding the food groups sources of phenolic compounds stood out in this research
beverages (48.9%), legumes (19.5%) and cereals and products (16.7%). In Spain, the group
of fruits was the largest contributor (43.9%) followed by non-alcoholic beverages
(23.4%) and vegetables (12.6%) and in France it was observed that the major sources were
non-alcoholic beverages (55.1%), fruits (17.2%) and alcoholic beverages (8.2%). As
regards the individual food sources, coffee was the main contributor to the intake of
phenolic compounds in Brazil (40.9%), as well as in Finland (63.3%), France (43.5%) and
Spain (18%)3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
35.Ovaskainen ML, Törrönen R, Koponen JM, Sinkko H,
Hellström J, Reinivuo H, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of
polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr. 2008; 138(3):562-66.
-
3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
.
The consumption of phenolic acids estimated in this research (314 mg/day) was similar to
that of the Spanish population (304 mg/day) and smaller than that of France, Finland and
the one found in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
study that analyzed the consumption of 10 European countries (639 mg/day, 641 mg/day and
512 mg/day, respectively)2121.Zamora-Ros R, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Knaze V, Romieu I, Slimani N,
et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr. 2013;
110(8):1500-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000688
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000...
,
3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
35.Ovaskainen ML, Törrönen R, Koponen JM, Sinkko H,
Hellström J, Reinivuo H, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of
polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr. 2008; 138(3):562-66.
-
3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
. Coffee was the primary responsible for the
intake of phenolic acids in Brazil, it also had the largest contribution to the
consumption of this class in the cohorts of Spain, France, Finland and in the EPIC
study. Still, stood out as other sources groups of fruits in Spain, vegetables in
France, cereals in Finland and legumes in Brazil2121.Zamora-Ros R, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Knaze V, Romieu I, Slimani N,
et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr. 2013;
110(8):1500-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000688
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000...
,
3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
35.Ovaskainen ML, Törrönen R, Koponen JM, Sinkko H,
Hellström J, Reinivuo H, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of
polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr. 2008; 138(3):562-66.
-
3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
.
The class of phenolic acids has its consumption related to beneficial effects reported
by several studies because they have a potential protective role against oxidative
stress, inflammation, diabetes and cancer in experimental studies2121.Zamora-Ros R, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Knaze V, Romieu I, Slimani N,
et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr. 2013;
110(8):1500-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000688
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000...
.
Regarding flavonoids, the consumption of the Brazilian population (138.92 mg/day) was
lower than that of Spain (443 mg/day)3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
, France
(512 mg/day)3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
and of the EPIC study (372
mg/day)37 37.Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Luján-Barroso L, Romieu I, Scalbert A, Slimani
N, et al. Differences in dietary intakes, food sources and determinants of total
flavonoids between Mediterranean and nonMediterranean countries participating in the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr.
2013; 109(8):14981507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003273
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003...
and similar to that of the United
States (189.7 mg/day)3838.Chun OK, Chung SJ, Song WO. Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and
major food sources of U.S. adults. J Nutr. 2007; 137(5):1244-52.. The main food sources
for the intake of this class were fruits in the two European countries3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
,
3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
and tea in the US3838.Chun OK, Chung SJ, Song WO. Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and
major food sources of U.S. adults. J Nutr. 2007; 137(5):1244-52., while in Brazil legumes were the most important.
Numerous studies have reported benefits of flavonoid intake in the diet. The ingestion
of a single dose (370 mg/day) showed a significant reduction in blood pressure3939.Balzer J, Rassaf T, Heiss C, Kleinbongard P, Lauer T, Merx M, et al.
Sustained benefits in vascular function through flavanol-containing cocoa in
medicated diabetic patients a double-masked, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2008; 51(22):2141-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.059
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01...
. In women over 65 it was noted that, after
drinking up to three cups of tea for four weeks, there was a decrease in the prevalence
of carotid plaques4040.Debette S, Courbon D, Leone N, Gariépy J, Tzourio C, Dartigues JF, et
al. Tea consumption is inversely associated with carotid plaques in women.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008; 28(2):353-59.. The intake of genistein and
daidzein, from soya, appears to reduce the incidence of prostate and breast cancer in
humans1717.Crozier A, Jaganath IB, Clifford MN. Dietary phenolics: Chemistry,
bioavailability and effects on health. Nat Prod Rep. 2009; 26(8):1001-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b802662a
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b802662a...
.
Other phenolics had a low intake by the Brazilian population (7.16 mg/day) compared with
Spain (73 mg/day)3535.Ovaskainen ML, Törrönen R, Koponen JM, Sinkko H,
Hellström J, Reinivuo H, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of
polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr. 2008; 138(3):562-66. and France (41 mg/day)3737.Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Luján-Barroso L, Romieu I, Scalbert A, Slimani
N, et al. Differences in dietary intakes, food sources and determinants of total
flavonoids between Mediterranean and nonMediterranean countries participating in the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr.
2013; 109(8):14981507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003273
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003...
.
The groups of fruit and vegetables constituted important sources of total phenolics and
subclasses in studies done in other countries2121.Zamora-Ros R, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Knaze V, Romieu I, Slimani N,
et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr. 2013;
110(8):1500-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000688
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000...
,
3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
,
3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
. However, in Brazil less than 10% of the
population reaches the consumption recommendation of the WHO of 400 g of fruits and
vegetables per day2525.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de
Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio
de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011.
,
4141.World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of
chronic diseases. Geneva: WHO; 2003 [cited 2014 Dec 20]. Technical Report Series, n°
916. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916.pdf
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_916...
. The daily consumption of these food groups
according to WHO recommendation would result in a 68% increase in the intake of
phenolics by the Brazilian population. Besides that, it would also result in a greater
intake of vitamins, minerals and fibers that already have their essentialities described
in human organism4242.Lee HS, Cho YH, Park J, Shin HR, Sung MK. Dietary intake of
phytonutrients in relation to fruit and vegetable consumption in Korea. J Acad Nutr
Diet. 2013; 113(9):1194-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.04.022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.04...
.
It is worth noting that, as recommended by the Food Guide for the Brazilian
Population4343.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Guia alimentar para a população
brasileira. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2014 [acesso 2014 dez 20]. Disponível em:
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2014/novembro/05/Guia-Alimentar-para-a-pop-brasiliera-Miolo-PDF-Internet.pdf
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
, consumption of food in
natura or minimally processed must compose the base of diet for bringing
greater benefits to health. Foods that undergo processing, especially those involving
exposure to high temperatures or cold, usually show losses in their phenolic
content4444.Rothwell JA, Medina-Remón A, Pérez-Jiménez J, Neveu V, Knaze V,
Slimani N, et al. Effects of food processing on polyphenol contents: A systematic
analysis using Phenol-Explorer data. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2014; 59(1):160-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400494
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400494...
.
The teas were also observed among the main sources of compounds in other countries3434.Tresserra-Rimbau A, Medina-Remón A, PérezJiménez J, Martínez-González
MA, Covas MI, Corella D, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols
in a Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk: The PREDIMED study. Nutr Metab
Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23(10):953-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.10.008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012....
35.Ovaskainen ML, Törrönen R, Koponen JM, Sinkko H,
Hellström J, Reinivuo H, et al. Dietary intake and major food sources of
polyphenols in Finnish adults. J Nutr. 2008; 138(3):562-66.
36.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
-
3737.Zamora-Ros R, Knaze V, Luján-Barroso L, Romieu I, Scalbert A, Slimani
N, et al. Differences in dietary intakes, food sources and determinants of total
flavonoids between Mediterranean and nonMediterranean countries participating in the
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr.
2013; 109(8):14981507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003273
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003...
, in addition to having its intake inversely
related to the prevention of various diseases4040.Debette S, Courbon D, Leone N, Gariépy J, Tzourio C, Dartigues JF, et
al. Tea consumption is inversely associated with carotid plaques in women.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008; 28(2):353-59.
,
4545.Tomata Y, Kakizaki M, Nakaya N, Tsuboya T, Sone T, Kuriyama S, et al.
Green tea consumption and the risk of incident functional disability in elderly
Japanese: The Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012; 95(3):732-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.023200
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.02320...
,
4646.Arab L, Khan F, Lam H. Tea consumption and cardiovascular disease
risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013; 98(6):1651-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.059345
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.05934...
. Nevertheless, the importance of the beverage
for consumption of phenolics in Brazil can be considered low. The daily intake of 180 mL
of mate tea (1 medium cup), for example, would provide approximately 33 mg of phenolics.
However, in this study it was found that the contribution of mate tea for consumption of
phenolics of the Brazilian diet was six times smaller.
The higher intake of phenolic compounds for males was also found in French
population3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
, however regarding the variable
education there are differences between the studies. In the French cohort, the
population with higher education was the one with higher intake of total compounds,
mainly by high intake of flavonoids3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
. In Brazil,
this population was the largest consumer of flavonoids and other phenolics, but had a
low total intake due to low intake of phenolic acids.
In France a study conducted in a population aged 45 to 60 found no significant
differences in consumption in relation to age3636.Pérez-Jiménez J, Fezeu L, Touvier M, Arnault N, Manach C, Hercberg S,
et al. Dietary intake of 337 polyphenols in French adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;
93(6):1220-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.007096
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn...
.
On the other hand, in Brazil was found that elderly people and adults had a greater
intake of total phenolics. A likely reason for this result is the consumption of coffee,
fruits and vegetables by these populations. Coffee was the most prevalent item in the
diet of the elderly, being 32% higher than in adolescents, approximately. In addition,
this population was the only one to have two fruits among the 20 most consumed
foods2525.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de
Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio
de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011.
,
4747.Souza AM, Pereira RA, Yokoo EM, Levy RB, Sichieri R. Alimentos mais
consumidos no Brasil: Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009. Rev Saúde Pública.
2013; 47(1):190-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102013000700005
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102013...
. Adults had a coffee consumption 25% higher
than teenagers, approximately2525.Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de
Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: análise do consumo alimentar pessoal no Brasil. Rio
de Janeiro: IBGE; 2011.. Coffee is known
to possess large quantities of phenolic compounds, especially of the class of phenolic
acids, being considered the major dietary source of hydroxycinnamic acids4848.Mullen W, Nemzer B, Stalmach A, Ali S, Combet E. Polyphenolic and
hydroxycinnamate contents of whole coffee fruits from China, India, and México. J
Agric Food Chem. 2013; 61(22):5298-309.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf4003126
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf4003126...
.
With regard to household situation, the highest consumption of phenolics by the population living in rural areas can be attributed, possibly, to the highest intake of legumes, cereals and fruits groups, being 17.0%, 25.1% and 27.4% higher compared to urban areas. It was also noted that the consumption of acai berry by the rural population was three times higher than that observed in the urban population and it may be correlated with the highest consumption of flavonoids by these individuals.
With regard to geographic region, the northeast, the largest consumer of phenolic, stood up due to the consumption of cereals and products, especially corn that presented consumption six times higher than the average of the other regions. One can also verify that the north region showed consumption of acai berry expressively higher than the average of the other regions, which may be attributed to the higher intake of flavonoids by this population. For the income bands it was noted that the intermediate bands had a higher consumption or have been among the largest consumers in all food groups, especially the beverages. It is noteworthy that the highest income group had higher intake of fruits and cocoa-based products, which can be correlated to the higher consumption of flavonoids.
With regard to the use of phenolic compounds according to the nutritional status it was
verified that there were no significant differences among the eutrophic and overweight
population. Thus, the amount of food consumed can, possibly, be related to the amount of
total phenolic compounds consumed. Regarding the consumption of the population with
overweight it was verified that lifestyles harmful to health such as lack of physical
exercise, smoking and obesity has been related to higher consumption of food and,
mainly, coffee, with reflection in the increase of phenolic acids intake2121.Zamora-Ros R, Rothwell JA, Scalbert A, Knaze V, Romieu I, Slimani N,
et al. Dietary intakes and food sources of phenolic acids in the European Prospective
Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Nutr. 2013;
110(8):1500-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000688
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513000...
.
CONCLUSION
The estimated intake of total phenolic compounds by the Brazilian population can be considered low compared with other countries and can be attributed especially to the low intake of food from the group of fruits and vegetables. In addition, it was verified that the main foods that contributed to the intake of phenolics by the Brazilian population were those that presented high consumption per capita as coffee, beans, corn and rice. Thus, it is highlighted the importance of the increase in the consumption of food from the groups of fruits and vegetables, in order to increase the phenolic contribution in the Brazilian diet.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Mar-Apr 2015
History
-
Received
12 Aug 2014 -
Reviewed
05 Jan 2015 -
Accepted
12 Jan 2015