Abstracts
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the spirometry values predicted by the 2012 Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) equations, which are recommended for international use, in comparison with those obtained for a sample of White adults used for the establishment of reference equations for spirometry in Brazil.
METHODS:
The sample comprised 270 and 373 healthy males and females, respectively. The mean differences between the values found in this sample and the predicted values calculated from the GLI equations for FVC, FEV1, and VEF1/FVC, as well as their lower limits, were compared by paired t-test. The predicted values by each pair of equations were compared in various combinations of age and height.
RESULTS:
For the males in our study sample, the values obtained for all of the variables studied were significantly higher than those predicted by the GLI equations (p < 0.01 for all). These differences become more evident in subjects who were shorter in stature and older. For the females in our study sample, only the lower limit of the FEV1/FVC ratio was significantly higher than that predicted by the GLI equation.
CONCLUSIONS:
The predicted values suggested by the GLI equations for White adults were significantly lower than those used as reference values for males in Brazil. For both genders, the lower limit of the FEV1/FVC ratio is significantly lower than that predicted by the GLI equations.
Respiratory function tests/statistics and numerical data; Respiratory function tests/diagnosis; Reference values
OBJETIVO:
Comparar os valores espirométricos previstos pelas equações da Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) em 2012, sugeridas como de uso internacional, com aqueles obtidos em uma amostra utilizada para derivação de valores de referência em adultos caucasianos brasileiros.
MÉTODOS:
A amostra utilizada era composta por 270 homens e 373 mulheres saudáveis. As médias das diferenças entre os valores dessa amostra e os valores previstos calculados a partir das equações da GLI para CVF, VEF1 e VEF1/CVF, assim como seus limites inferiores, foram comparados por teste de t pareado. Os valores previstos pelos pares das equações foram comparados em diversas combinações de idade e estatura.
RESULTADOS:
Nos homens da amostra, os valores obtidos para todas as variáveis estudadas foram significativamente maiores que aqueles previstos pelas equações da GLI (p < 0,01 para todas). Estas diferenças se tornaram mais evidentes em indivíduos com menor estatura e idade mais avançada. Nas mulheres, somente o limite inferior da relação VEF1/CVF foi significativamente maior na amostra brasileira.
CONCLUSÕES:
Os valores previstos sugeridos pelas equações da GLI para caucasianos são significativamente menores daqueles utilizados como referência para homens brasileiros. Em ambos os sexos, o limite inferior da relação VEF1/CVF é significativamente menor que o previsto pelas equações GLI
Testes de função respiratória/estatística e dados numéricos; Testes de função respiratória/diagnóstico; Valores de referência
Introduction
The interpretation of pulmonary function tests is based on comparisons between data
obtained for an individual patient and (predicted) reference values derived from healthy
subjects. Ideally, reference values should be derived from a population similar to that
tested, using appropriate equipment and following standard procedures.(
11. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et
al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J.
2005;26(5):948-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00...
)
Pulmonary function values differ substantially among different regions of the world,
which has been attributed to anthropometric, environmental, social, and genetic factors,
as well as to technical factors.(
11. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et
al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J.
2005;26(5):948-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00...
2. Baur X, Isringhausen-Bley S, Degens P. Comparison of lung-function
reference values. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1999;72(2):69-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050341
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050341...
3. Duong M, Islam S, Rangarajan S,Teo S, O'Byrne PM,Schünemann HJ,
Igumbor E, et al. Global differences in lung function by region (PURE): an
international, community-based prospective study. Lancet Respir Med.
2013;1(8):599-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70164-4
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)...
-
44. Yammine S, Latzi P. What are the causes of global differences in lung
function. Lancet Resp Med. 2013;1(8):586-7.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70176-0
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)...
) Attempts to compile equations by different authors were made for Europe in
1983(
55. Standardized lung function testing. Report working party. Bull Eur
Physiopathol Respir. 1983;19 Suppl 5:1-95.
) and again in 1993.(
66. Quanjer PhH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Petersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault
JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6 Suppl 16:5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1...
) Those recommendations of the work group were accepted and made official by
the European Respiratory Society (ERS), which supported their widespread use in
Europe.
In 2005, a joint guideline of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the ERS
recommended that the equations derived in the Third National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES III) be adopted in the USA, but it did not endorse the use of
equations for Europe, recommending that new reference values be obtained.(
11. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et
al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J.
2005;26(5):948-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00...
) The latter recommendation was based on the fact that the derivation of
reference values for spirometry in various European countries after 1993 demonstrated
that the equations proposed by Quanjer et al. underestimated predicted values.
(
66. Quanjer PhH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Petersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault
JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6 Suppl 16:5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1...
7. Brändli O, Schindler C, Künzli N, Keller R, Perruchoud AP. Lung
function in healthy never smoking adults: reference values and lower limits of normal
of a Swiss population. Thorax. 1996;51(3):277-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.51.3.277
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.51.3.277...
8. Roca J, Burgos F, Sunyer J, Saez M, Chinn S, Antó JM, et al.
Reference values for forced spirometry. Group of the European Community Respiratory
Health Survey. Eur Respir J. 1998;11(6):1354-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.11061354
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.11...
9. Langhammer A, Johnsen R, Gulsvik A, Holmen TL, Bjermer L. Forced
spirometry reference values for Norwegian adults: the Bronchial Obstruction in
Nord-Trøndelag Study. Eur Respir J. 2001;18(5):770-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.01.00255301
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.01.00...
-
1010. Falaschetti E, Laiho J, Primatesta P, Purdon S. Prediction equations
for normal and low lung function from the Health Survey for England. Eur Respir J.
2004;23(3):456-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00055204
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00...
) This finding was confirmed by various studies published after
2005.(
1111. Johannessen A, Lehmann S, Omenaas ER, Eide GE, Bakke PS, Gulsvik A.
Post-bronchodilator spirometry reference values in adults and implications for
disease management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173(12):1316-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200601-023OC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200601-02...
12. Pistelli F, Bottai M, Carrozzi L, Baldacci S, Simoni M, Di Pede F,
et al. Reference equations for spirometry from a general population sample in central
Italy. Respir Med. 2007;101(4):814-25.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.06.032
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.06...
13. Kuster SP, Kuster D, Schindler C, Rochat MK, Braun J, Held L,
Brändli O. Reference equations for lung function screening of healthy never-smoking
adults aged 18-80 years. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(4):860-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00091407
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00091...
14. Koch B, Schäper C, Ewert R, Völzke H, Obst A, Friedrich N, et al.
Lung function reference values indifferent German populations. Respir Med.
2011;105(3):352-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.10.014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.10...
-
1515. Kontakiotis T, Boutou AK, Ioannidis D, Papakosta D, Argyropoulou P.
Spirometry values in a Greek population: is there an appropriate reference equation?
Respirology. 2011;16(6):947-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02002.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.20...
) Similar results were observed when reference values derived for the
Brazilian population were compared with those proposed by Quanjer et al.(
66. Quanjer PhH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Petersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault
JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6 Suppl 16:5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1...
,
1616. Pereira CA, Sato T, Rodrigues SC. New reference values for forced
spirometry in white adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(4):397-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
,
1717. Duarte AA, Pereira CA, Rodrigues SC. Validation of new brazilian
predicted values for forced spirometry in caucasians and comparison with predicted
values obtained using other reference equations. J Bras Pneumol.
2007;33(5):527-35.
)
Various limitations were identified in the derivation of the equations that were
compiled by that group of authors, and it was suggested that those reference values be
abandoned,(
1818. Degens P, Merget R. Reference values for spirometry of the European
Coal and Steel Community: time for change. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(3):687-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00145507
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00145...
) although studies using those reference values continue to be published.
In 2012, an even bolder proposal was suggested by Quanjer et al.: the derivation of
universal equations.(
1919. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et
al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the
global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080...
) Data on reference values derived from 72 centers in 33 countries were
provided for the derivation of the equations. In Latin America, values derived in the
Projeto Latino-Americano de Investigação em Obstrução Pulmonar
(PLATINO, Latin American Project for the Investigation of Obstructive Lung Disease),
which included subjects over 40 years of age, were provided.(
2020. Pérez-Padilla R, Valdivia G, Mui-o A, López MV, Márquez MN, Montes
de Oca M, et al. Spirometric reference values in 5 large Latin American cities for
subjects aged 40 years or over [Article in Spanish]. Arch Bronconeumol.
2006;42(7):317-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13090581
http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13090581...
) We decided not to send the equations derived for adults in the Brazilian
population because of the limitations observed in the previous study by Quanjer et
al.6) and because we do not believe that a universal pulmonary function
equation is possible. The proponents of the universal equation acknowledge that the
included data from Latin America are scarce and that that equation should not be used in
the continent.
However, values for White adults were suggested, and we tested the hypothesis that those values could fit our population.
Methods
The predicted values derived from the ERS Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI)
equations(
1919. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et
al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the
global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080...
,
2121. Global Lung Function Initiative [homepage on the Internet]. Berlin:
the Initiative; [updated 2013 Apr 1; cited 2013 Nov 22]. Manufacturers; [about 11
screens]. Available from:
http://www.lungfunction.org/93-manufacturers.html
http://www.lungfunction.org/93-manufactu...
) for White adults were calculated for males and females by using data on
gender, height, and age found in a study of reference values for the Brazilian
population.(
1616. Pereira CA, Sato T, Rodrigues SC. New reference values for forced
spirometry in white adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(4):397-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
) The patients selected completed a standard respiratory
questionnaire,(
2222. Ferris BG. Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic
Society). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1978;118(6 Pt 2):1-120.
) were nonsmokers, had no respiratory symptoms, and had no cardiopulmonary
disease. The Brazilian sample included 270 males (age, 25-86 years; height, 152-192 cm)
and 373 females (age, 20-85 years; height, 137-182 cm).
The equations derived for males were as follows(
1616. Pereira CA, Sato T, Rodrigues SC. New reference values for forced
spirometry in white adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(4):397-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
):
FVC = H × 0.0517 − A × 0.0207 - 3.18 (lower limit of normality [LLN] = −0.90)
FEV1 = H × 0.0338 − A × 0.0252 - 0.789 (LLN = −0.76)
FEV1/FVC × 100 = 120.3 − H × 0.175 − A × 0.197 (LLN = −7.6)
where H is height in cm and A is age in years.
The equations derived for females were as follows(
1616. Pereira CA, Sato T, Rodrigues SC. New reference values for forced
spirometry in white adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(4):397-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
):
FVC = H × 0.041 − A × 0.0189 - 2.848 (LLN = −0.64)
FEV1 = H × 0.0314 − A × 0.0203 - 1.353 (LLN = −0.61)
FEV1/FVC × 100 = 111.5− H × 0.140 − A × 0.158 (LLN = −8.3)
The GLI equation used to derive the parameter values is as follows:
log(Y) = 5a + b × log(H) + c × log(A) + AS + d × group
where Y is the dependent variable, H is height in cm, A is age in years, and AS is age spline.
Group takes a value of 1 for White adults, and this value was used in the present study. The Brazilian equation for FVC and FEV1 is linear:
Y = a × H − b × A - constant
The mean values found in the Brazilian sample for FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC, as well as their lower limits, were compared with the predicted values calculated from the GLI equations on the basis of the age and height of individual subjects in the Brazilian sample. Paired t-test was used for the comparisons.
Subsequently, on the basis of the Brazilian values, a linear regression analysis was performed between age (independent variable) and height (dependent variable). Regression equations were used to calculate the expected value for height at ages 25, 50, and 75 years for both genders. The values calculated from the GLI equation and those calculated from the Brazilian equation were tabulated and compared in various combinations of age and height.
All statistical procedures were performed with the IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
The mean differences between the predicted values calculated from the Brazilian equations and those generated by the GLI equations, as well as their lower limits, are shown in Table 1. For males, the values found in the Brazilian sample for all of the variables studied were significantly higher than those generated by the GLI equations. For females, there were practically no differences, except for the lower limit of the FEV1/FVC ratio, for which the values in the Brazilian sample were significantly higher than those generated by the GLI equations.
When the data tabulated for the various combinations of age and height were compared, additional data could be observed (Tables 2 and 3). For males, the differences were more evident in shorter, older subjects. In subjects aged 75 years, the differences for FVC and for its lower limit were 0.36 L and 0.38 L, respectively. For these same subjects, the difference for FEV1 and for its lower limit was 0.29 L for both.
It is also of note that the FEV1/FVC ratio was lower as calculated from the GLI equation, with the difference increasing with age.
Discussion
In the present study, universal reference equations for spirometry proved unable to predict spirometry values in the Brazilian population accurately.
Various reference value equations have been published in recent decades. The expected
values for individuals with a certain combination of age and height can differ
considerably.(
11. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et
al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J.
2005;26(5):948-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00...
2. Baur X, Isringhausen-Bley S, Degens P. Comparison of lung-function
reference values. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1999;72(2):69-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050341
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004200050341...
-
33. Duong M, Islam S, Rangarajan S,Teo S, O'Byrne PM,Schünemann HJ,
Igumbor E, et al. Global differences in lung function by region (PURE): an
international, community-based prospective study. Lancet Respir Med.
2013;1(8):599-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70164-4
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(13)...
)
Such variations can be explained by the criteria used for selecting 'normal' populations, by the equipment used, by the measurement techniques, by the biological variability of populations, by socioeconomic and environmental factors, and by the statistical models used in the data analysis.
In 2005, the ATS and ERS published a joint guideline on pulmonary function.(
11. Pellegrino R, Viegi G, Brusasco V, Crapo RO, Burgos F, Casaburi R, et
al. Interpretative strategies for lung function tests. Eur Respir J.
2005;26(5):948-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00035205
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00...
) Reference values were suggested for children and adults in the United
States; however, values for other places remained to be established. As a result of this
lack of recommendation, a group of authors, led by Quanjer, founded the GLI in Berlin in
2008. In April of 2010, the group received, as occurred previously,(
55. Standardized lung function testing. Report working party. Bull Eur
Physiopathol Respir. 1983;19 Suppl 5:1-95.
,
66. Quanjer PhH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Petersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault
JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6 Suppl 16:5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1...
) the seal of the ERS as a task force.(
1919. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et
al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the
global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080...
) In 2012, values derived from data sent from various places were grouped, as
occurred with European data in 1993,(
66. Quanjer PhH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Petersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault
JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6 Suppl 16:5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1...
) and reference values for subjects aged 3-95 years were suggested. In total,
74,187 nonsmokers from 26 countries in five continents were included in equations
derived by combining various studies. The data relating to South America, which were
derived from a study conducted in Latin America(
2020. Pérez-Padilla R, Valdivia G, Mui-o A, López MV, Márquez MN, Montes
de Oca M, et al. Spirometric reference values in 5 large Latin American cities for
subjects aged 40 years or over [Article in Spanish]. Arch Bronconeumol.
2006;42(7):317-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13090581
http://dx.doi.org/10.1157/13090581...
) and from a sample of children in Mexico,(
2323. Pérez-Padilla R, Regalado-Pineda J, Rojas M, Catalán M, Mendoza L,
Rojas R, Chapela R. Spirometric function in children of Mexico City compared to
Mexican-American children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;35(3):177-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.10232
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.10232...
) were disregarded because of differences in height and in predicted values,
as well as because of the lack of data for subjects aged 25-40 years. However, according
to the published supplement, 178 cases of White adults in Brazil were
included.(
1919. Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et
al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the
global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40(6):1324-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080312
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00080...
)
The values for White adults were derived especially from five large studies: two
conducted in the United States(
2424. Hankinson JL, Odencrantz JR, Fedan KB. Spirometric reference values
from a sample of the general US population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
1999;159(1):179-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9712108
http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.9...
,
2525. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Center for
Health Statistics; Data Dissemination Branch. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey IV. Hyattsville, MD: CDC; 2012.
) and three conducted in Europe.(
77. Brändli O, Schindler C, Künzli N, Keller R, Perruchoud AP. Lung
function in healthy never smoking adults: reference values and lower limits of normal
of a Swiss population. Thorax. 1996;51(3):277-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.51.3.277
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.51.3.277...
,
1010. Falaschetti E, Laiho J, Primatesta P, Purdon S. Prediction equations
for normal and low lung function from the Health Survey for England. Eur Respir J.
2004;23(3):456-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00055204
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00...
,
1313. Kuster SP, Kuster D, Schindler C, Rochat MK, Braun J, Held L,
Brändli O. Reference equations for lung function screening of healthy never-smoking
adults aged 18-80 years. Eur Respir J. 2008;31(4):860-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00091407
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00091...
) It is of note that the values derived in those studies differ, which was
attributed to the different equipment used. However, various factors, such as sample
selection, measurement techniques, and quality control, also influence the results
obtained, which complicates the aggregation of different studies.
Comparing the values calculated from the GLI equation with the data derived from a
sample used for the establishment of reference equations for spirometry in
Brazil,(
1616. Pereira CA, Sato T, Rodrigues SC. New reference values for forced
spirometry in white adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(4):397-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
) we found that, for males, the use of the GLI equation results in lower
values both in terms of predicted values and of their lower limits. For females, the
values are quite similar, except for the FEV1/FVC ratio and its lower limit,
for which the values in the Brazilian sample are higher than those generated by the GLI
equation. These findings indicate that the use of the GLI equation will fail to diagnose
reductions in FVC and, therefore, will have lower sensitivity in detecting obstructive
lung disease in males. For both genders, the sensitivity for the diagnosis of
obstructive lung disease will be lower with the use of the GLI equations, given that the
lower limit of the FEV1/FVC ratio as calculated from these equations is
significantly lower, especially in older subjects.
The differences between the predicted values calculated from the GLI equation for the
FEV1/FVC ratio and its lower limits vary because of the regression model
used; however, they are, on average, 0.11 for males and 0.12 for females,(
2121. Global Lung Function Initiative [homepage on the Internet]. Berlin:
the Initiative; [updated 2013 Apr 1; cited 2013 Nov 22]. Manufacturers; [about 11
screens]. Available from:
http://www.lungfunction.org/93-manufacturers.html
http://www.lungfunction.org/93-manufactu...
) which exceeds the values derived in Brazil (0.08 for males and 0.09 for
females).(
1616. Pereira CA, Sato T, Rodrigues SC. New reference values for forced
spirometry in white adults in Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(4):397-406.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007000400008
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1806-37132007...
)
Recent studies have compared spirometric diagnosis by the equation suggested by the GLI
and by other equations. One study compared spirometric diagnosis by three equations in
17,572 tests (subjects aged 18-85 years) performed in laboratories in Australia and
Poland.(
2626. Quanjer PH, Brazzale DJ, Boros PW, Pretto JJ. Implications of
adopting the Global Lungs Initiative 2012 all-age reference equations for spirometry.
Eur Respir J. 2013;42(4):1046-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00195512
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00195...
) The values calculated from the equations derived by the GLI were higher
than those calculated from the equations derived by Quanjer et al.,(
66. Quanjer PhH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Petersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault
JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Eur Respir J. 1993;6 Suppl 16:5-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1693
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09041950.005s1...
) as expected. Differences in the lower limits resulted in a significant
reduction in the diagnosis of restrictive lung disease when the GLI equation was
compared with the NHANES III equation, although the latter was incorporated into the GLI
equation (but comprised less than 4% of the sample). In males, restrictive lung disease
was diagnosed in 22.6% by the NHANES III equation and in 17.1% by the GLI equation. In
females, the proportions were 22.8% and 8.1%, respectively.
In a study conducted in Tunisia, local predicted values and those suggested by the GLI
were used in 1,192 consecutive spirometries in adults aged 18-60 years.(
2727. Ben Saad H, El Attar MN, Hadj Mabrouk K, Abdelaziz AB, Abdelghani A,
Bousarssar M, et al. The recent multi-ethnic global lung initiative 2012 (GLI2012)
reference values don't reflect contemporary adult's North African spirometry. Respir
Med. 2013;107(2):2000-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10...
) Again, the proportion of cases diagnosed with restrictive lung disease by
the use of the local equation (19.0%) was greater than that diagnosed by the GLI
equation (8.4%).
The findings of the aforementioned studies are not surprising, given the wide range for determination of lower limits by the GLI equation, which is the result of the combination of several equations for which quality control and results were different.
In conclusion, the values suggested by the multiethnic reference equation proposed by the GLI, developed for White adults, differ significantly from the values derived for White adult males in Brazil. For females, the values derived are similar for FVC, FEV1, and their lower limits. For both genders, the lower limit of the FEV1/FVC ratio is significantly lower as calculated from the GLI equation.
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27Ben Saad H, El Attar MN, Hadj Mabrouk K, Abdelaziz AB, Abdelghani A, Bousarssar M, et al. The recent multi-ethnic global lung initiative 2012 (GLI2012) reference values don't reflect contemporary adult's North African spirometry. Respir Med. 2013;107(2):2000-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.015
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.015
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Financial support: None.
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*
Study carried out at the Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Centro Diagnóstico Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Jul-Aug 2014
History
-
Received
20 Jan 2014 -
Accepted
23 June 2014