Abstract:
Scaling symmetries arise in different branches of physics, and symmetry-based approaches are powerful tools for studying scaling-invariant models since they can provide conservation laws that are not obvious by inspection. In this framework, the class of variable-coefficients nonlinear dispersive equations vc, which contains several important evolution equations modeling nonlinear phenomena, is considered. For some of its scaling-invariant subclasses, we study its nonlinear self-adjointness and construct eight new local conservation laws associated with scaling symmetries by using a general theorem on conservation laws and the multipliers method. The property of scale invariance of those equations led to five conservation laws with a direct physical interpretation: energy, center of mass, and mass are the conserved quantities obtained in some cases.
Key words
scaling symmetries; variable-coefficients; nonlinear dispersive equations; nonlinear self-adjointness; conservation laws
RESUMO.
Simetrias de escala surgem em diferentes ramos da física e abordagens baseadas em simetria são poderosas ferramentas para estudar modelos invariantes por escala, pois podem fornecer leis de conservação que não são óbvias por inspeção. Nessa perspectiva, a classe de equações dispersivas não-lineares com coeficientes variáveis vc, que contém importantes equações de evolução que modelam fenômenos não-lineares, é considerada. Para algumas de suas subclasses invariantes por simetria de escala, estudamos sua auto-adjunticidade não-linear e construímos oito novas leis de conservação locais associadas a simetrias de escala, usando um teorema geral sobre leis de conservação e o método direto. A propriedade de invariância de escala dessas equações levou a cinco leis de conservação com uma interpretação física direta: energia, centro de massa e massa são as quantidades obtidas em alguns casos.
Palavras-chave:
simetrias de escala; coeficientes variáveis,; equações dispersivas n˜ao-lineares; auto-adjunticidade n˜ao-linear; leis de conservaç˜ao
1 INTRODUCTION
Scaling symmetries have wide applications in science and in engineering and are far from being a special case in physics - they can be found, for instance, in quantum physics, fluid mechanics, turbulence, elasticity, heat diffusion, convection, filtration, gas dynamics, and also in the theory of detonation and combustion (see[12][12] C.J. Budd & M.D. Piggott. The geometric integration of scale-invariant ordinary and partial differential equations. J. Comput. Appl. Math., 128 (2001), 399–422. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(00) 00521-5. and references therein). Besides, scaling invariance is closely related to the theory of fractals as well as to the general theory of dimensional analysis and renormalization[12][12] C.J. Budd & M.D. Piggott. The geometric integration of scale-invariant ordinary and partial differential equations. J. Comput. Appl. Math., 128 (2001), 399–422. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(00) 00521-5.. By having these considerations in mind and motivated by remarkable features of the compacton , introduced by Rosenau and Hyman[35][35] P. Rosenau & J.M. Hyman. Compactons: Solitons with finite wavelength. Phys. Rev. Lett., 70 (1993), 564–567. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.564., Souza and Silva[37][37] W.L. Souza & E.M. Silva. Symmetry approach and the generalized Korteweg-de Vries equation with variable coefficients. Proc. of Sci., ISFTG058 (2009), 1–6., [38][38] W.L. Souza & E.M. Silva. Time-dependent exact solutions for Rosenau-Hyman equations with variable coefficients. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 20 (2015), 668–673. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.06.018. have recently employed the Lie symmetry machinery[9][9] G.W. Bluman & S.C. Anco. “Symmetry and Integration Methods for Differential Equations”. Applied Mathematical Sciences 154. Springer-Verlang, New York (2002)., [32], [39] to build up a generalized Rosenau-Hyman equation invariant under the scaling symmetry of standard KdV and obtained a variable-coefficients (vc hereafter) of the form
where , , and non-zero constants. In[38][38] W.L. Souza & E.M. Silva. Time-dependent exact solutions for Rosenau-Hyman equations with variable coefficients. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 20 (2015), 668–673. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.06.018., the package SADE[34][34] T.M. Rocha Filho & A. Figueiredo. [SADE] a Maple package for the symmetry analysis of differential equations. Comp. Phys. Comm., 182(2) (2011), 467–476. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2010.09.021. for Maple was used to seek for scaling-invariant solutions for vc and vc equations and rational similarity solutions of type were found. The physical relevance of such solutions, also called self-similar solutions, is well known. All rational solutions can be obtained by examining solitonic-type solutions in an appropriate limit[17][17] P.G. Drazin & R.S. Johnson. “Solitons: An Introduction”. Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 5th ed. (1996).. Additionally, self-similar solutions often describe the intermediate asymptotics of a problem, i.e., when a system has evolved into a range of time in which neither the initial data nor the boundary conditions effects dominate the solution[12][12] C.J. Budd & M.D. Piggott. The geometric integration of scale-invariant ordinary and partial differential equations. J. Comput. Appl. Math., 128 (2001), 399–422. doi:10.1016/S0377-0427(00) 00521-5.. From a mathematical point of view, similarity solutions are taken as a standard procedure for reducing partial differential equations to ordinary ones[17][17] P.G. Drazin & R.S. Johnson. “Solitons: An Introduction”. Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 5th ed. (1996).. The vc(1.1) is a class of variable-coefficients scaling-invariant nonlinear dispersive evolution equations which possess physically appealing solutions. Since several of its subclasses are potentially applicable for modeling nonlinear phenomena, it is surely worthy of further investigation.
Conservation laws are not only cornerstones of physics but also a relevant tool for studying the integrability of partial differential equations, as well as the existence, uniqueness, and stability of solutions. Nonlinear partial differential equations have been successfully employed to describe evolution of a sort of physical systems. However, since commonly evolution equations do not have an usual Lagrangian, it is not possible to associate conservation laws with their symmetries through the celebrated Noether’s theorem[32][32] E. Noether. Invariante Variationsprobleme. Nachr. K¨onig. GisselWissen., G¨ottingen Math. -Phys. Kl., 2 (1918), 235–257. (English translation in: Transport Theory Statistical Physics 1(3), (1971), 186-207).. Hence, one needs to seek for other approaches to build up conservation laws if dealing with non-variational problems. As reported in[31][31] R. Naz, F.M. Mahomed & D.P. Mason. Comparison of different approaches to conservation laws for some partial differential equations in fluid mechanics. Appl. Math. Comput., 205 (2008), 212–230. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2008.06.042., there are several available routines to this end. To mention a few, Anco and Bluman proposed a direct algorithm, often referred as multipliers method, for constructing local conservation laws to partial differential equations expressed in a standard Cauchy-Kovalevskaya form[5][5] S.C. Anco & G.W. Bluman. Direct Construction of Conservation Laws from Field Equations. Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (1997), 2869–2873. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2869., [6][6] S.C. Anco & G.W. Bluman. Direct construction method for conservation laws of partial differential equations: part II. General treatment. Eur. J. Appl. Math., 13 (2002), 567–685. doi:10.1017/S0956792501004661.. A partial Noether approach due to Kara and Mahomed has proven to be quite efficient for Euler-Lagrange-type equations[27][27] A.H. Kara & F.M. Mahomed. Noether-type symmetries and conservation laws via partial Lagrangians. Nonlinear Dyn., 5 (2006), 367–383. doi:10.1007/s11071-005-9013-9., and there are also other methods that differ from the Noether’s or the above mentioned ones based on Lax pairs of nonlinear evolution equations (see, e.g., [29][29] X. L¨u & M. Peng. Systematic construction of infinitely many conservation laws for certain nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 18 (2013), 2304–2312. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.11.006. and references therein). Some years ago, Ibragimov presented a general theorem for constructing conservation laws based on the self-adjointness concept [22][22] I˙.B. Giresunlu, Y.S. O¨ zkan & E. Yas¸ar. On the exact solutions, Lie symmetry analysis, and conservation laws of Shamel-Korteweg-de Vries equation. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci., (2017), 1–10. doi:10.1002/mma.4274., [23][23] N.H. Ibragimov. Integrating factors, adjoint equations and Lagrangians. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 318 (2006), 742–757. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.11.012.; later on, it was generalized to nonlinear self-adjointness[25][26] N.H. Ibragimov. Nonlinear self-adjointness in constructing conservation laws. Arch. Alga, 7-8 (2011), 1–90., [26][26] N.H. Ibragimov. Nonlinear self-adjointness in constructing conservation laws. Arch. Alga, 7-8 (2011), 1–90.. Concerning classes of third-order nonlinear evolution equations, there are several works devoted to classify them as nonlinearly self-adjoint and to construct conservation laws via Ibragimov’s theorem[10][10] Bozhkov, I.L. Freire & N.H. Ibragimov. Group analysis of the Novikov equation. Comp. Appl. Math., 33 (2014), 193–202. doi:10.1007/s40314-013-0055-1., [11][11] Y. Bozhkov, S. Dimas & N.H. Ibragimov. Conservation laws for a coupled variable-coefficient modified Korteweg-de Vries system in a two-layer fluid model. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 18 (2013), 1127–1135. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.09.015., [18][18] I.L. Freire. New classes of nonlinearly self-adjoint evolution equations of third- and fifth-order. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 18 (2013), 493–499. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2012.08.022.–[20], [41], [42]. The relations between Ibragimov’s approach and the direct method are well known[3][3] S.C. Anco. Conservation laws of scaling-invariant field equations. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 36 (2003), 8623–8638. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/36/32/305., [46][46] Z.Y. Zhang. On the existence of conservation law multiplier for partial differential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 20 (2015), 338–351. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.05.021., [47][47] Z.Y. Zhang & L. Xie. Adjoint symmetry and conservation law of nonlinear diffusion equations with convection and source terms. Nonlinear Anal. Real World Appl., 32 (2016), 301–313. doi:10.1016/j. nonrwa.2016.05.001., and the latter is also largely employed to build up conservation laws for nonlinearly self-adjoint equations[7][7] S.C. Anco, P.L. Silva & I.L. Freire. A family of wave-breaking equations generalizing the Camassa-Holm and Novikov equations. J. Math. Phys., 56 (2015), 091506. doi:dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929661., [13][13] C. Carvalho & C. Harley. Conservation laws and conserved quantities for (1+1)D linearized Boussinesq equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 46 (2017), 37–48. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns. 2016.10.015., [21], [29], [15][15] R. de la Rosa, M.L. Gandarias & M.S. Bruz´on. Equivalence transformations and conservation laws for a generalized variable-coefficient Gardner equation. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 40 (2016), 71–79. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2016.04.009., [44].
In this paper we seek for conservation laws associated with scaling symmetries for scaling-invariant subclasses of a generalized vc. To this end, we shall consider the expanded form of vc(1.1),
with coefficients , , written in terms of arbitrary and , i.e., We study the nonlinear self-adjointness of the generalized vc(1.2) and illustrate our result with some of its scaling-invariant subclasses, i.e., the time-dependent KdV, cylindrical KdV, time-dependent mKdV, time-dependent Schamel, and vc(1.1). Hereafter, we construct local conservation laws associated with scaling symmetries for particular cases of these equations by employing a general theorem on conservation laws and the multipliers method. We highlight that conservation laws associated with scaling symmetries can be obtained via multipliers method by computing fluxes with no integration involved[4][4] S.C. Anco. Symmetry properties of conservation laws. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 30 (2016), 1640003(1–14). doi:10.1142/S0217979216400038., [8], [14].2 NONLINEAR SELF-ADJOINTNESS CLASSIFICATION
The partial differential equation we consider is the generalized vc(1.2). According to Ibragimov’s theorem[23][23] N.H. Ibragimov. Integrating factors, adjoint equations and Lagrangians. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 318 (2006), 742–757. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.11.012., [24][24] N.H. Ibragimov. A new conservation theorem. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 333 (2007), 311–328. doi:10. 1016/j.jmaa.2006.10.078., we first write its formal Lagrangian as
where and are the independent variables, and the dependent variables, and , , the coefficients given by relations (1.3). The adjoint equation is obtained by wherein is the maximal order of derivatives, denotes the variational derivative, and is the total differentiation with respect to . In order to obtain the adjoint equation of vc (1.2), we write Hence, given (2.1) and (2.5), the adjoint equation reads as wherein and the other coefficients are given by relations (1.3).A partial differential equation is said to be nonlinearly self-adjoint [24], [25][25] N.H. Ibragimov. Nonlinear self-adjointness and conservation laws. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor., 44 (2011), 432002–432009. doi:10.1088/1751-8113/44/43/432002. if the equation obtained from the adjoint equation (2.2), after the substitution of , , is identical to the original equation, i.e.,
with an undetermined coefficient .We assume and consider Eq. (2.6) such as , given by the l.h.s. of vc(1.2), to obtain
Therefore, if system (2.8)-(2.11) is satisfied for coefficients (1.3) and function , the vc(1.2) is nonlinearly self-adjoint. As an illustration of our nonlinear self-adjointness classification, we shall properly express coefficients (1.3) of vc (1.2) in order to obtain some of its subclasses and their corresponding substitution function, .2.1 Time-dependent KdV
Let us consider the following time-dependent KdV
which is very useful for modeling positonic structures[40][40] B. Tian, G.M. Wei, C.Y. Zhang, W.R. Shan & Y.T. Gao. Transformations for a generalized variablecoefficient Korteweg-de Vries model from blood vessels, Bose-Einstein condensates, rods and positons with symbolic computation. Phys. Lett. A, 356 (2006), 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2006.03.080. and for describing the progression of weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive waves in homogeneous media[1][1] H.I. Abdel-Gawad & M. Osman. On shallow water waves in a medium with time-dependent dispersion and nonlinearity coefficients. J. Adv. Res., 6 (2015), 593–599. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.004.. It can be derived from vc(1.2) by defining coefficients (1.3) as From substitution of (2.13) into (2.8)-(2.11), we get where , , and are arbitrary constants.2.2 Cylindrical KdV
If coefficients (1.3) are written as
and if additionally we consider , the vc(1.2) becomes the cylindrical KdV equation which appears, for instance, in plasma physics[1][1] H.I. Abdel-Gawad & M. Osman. On shallow water waves in a medium with time-dependent dispersion and nonlinearity coefficients. J. Adv. Res., 6 (2015), 593–599. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.004.. By substituting coefficients (2.15) and the aforementioned transformation into system (2.8)-(2.11) results in wherein , , and are arbitrary constants.2.3 Time-dependent mKdV
If coefficients (1.3) of vc (1.2) are such that
and if the transformation , , is considered, we obtain the time-dependent mKdV that has appeared in different physical fields, including ocean dynamics, fluid mechanics, and plasma physics[45][45] Y. Zhang, J. Li & Y.N. Lv. The exact solution and integrable properties to the variable-coefficient modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. Ann. Phys., 323 (2008), 3059–3064. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2008.04.012.. The substitution of coefficients (2.18) and the above mentioned transformation into system (2.8)-(2.11) leads to where and are arbitrary constants.2.4 Time-dependent Schamel
The Schamel equation[36][36] H. Schamel. J. Plasma Phys., 9 (1973), 377. wherein is a constant, governs the propagation of ion-acoustic waves in a cold-ion plasma where some of the electrons do not behave isothermally during the passage of the wave but are trapped in it[28][28] A.H. Khater, M.M. Hassan, E.V. Krishnan & Y.Z. Peng. Applications of elliptic functions to ionacoustic plasma waves. Eur. Phys. J. D, 50 (2008), 177–184. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2008-00205-1.. A time-dependent generalization of Schamel equation, i.e.,
is obtained from vc(1.2) if coefficients (1.3) are given by It is important to emphasize that the time-dependent Schamel (2.21), which we have obtained as a subclass of vc (1.2), does not correspond to the well-known time-dependent Schamel-KdV[2][2] H.I. Abdel-Gawad & M. Tantawy. Exact solutions of the Schamel-Korteweg-de Vries equation with time dependent coefficients. Inf. Sci. Lett., 3 (2014), 103–109. doi:10.12785/isl/030303.. To the best of our knowledge, equation (2.21) with coefficients (2.22) was derived for the first time here. Provided that both convection and dispersion inhomogeneities of (2.21) are time-dependent, it might be potentially useful to describe highly nonlinear behavior of electrostatic structures in cold-ion plasmas. Substitution of coefficients (2.22) into system (2.8)-(2.11) leads to wherein and are arbitrary constants.2.5 vc (1.1)
Let us now consider the vc(1.1),
where , , and non-zero constants. We substitute coefficients (1.3), with and of vc(1.1), into system (2.8)-(2.11) to obtain where and are related by the classifying equation The equation (2.24) splits into two cases:-
. We have and . Hence, , constant.
-
. We find , and then
, , and arbitrary constants. We assume that for convenience.
3 CONSERVATION LAWS BY USING A GENERAL THEOREM ON CONSERVATION LAWS
The following theorem was proved by Ibragimov [22], [23][23] N.H. Ibragimov. Integrating factors, adjoint equations and Lagrangians. J. Math. Anal. Appl., 318 (2006), 742–757. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2005.11.012..
[theorem] Let
be any Lie point, Lie-Bäcklund, or nonlocal symmetry of a given differential equation and where is the formal Lagrangian, be the adjoint equation to equation (3.1). Then the combined system (3.1)-(3.2) has the conservation law , where and .In what follows, we employ this general theorem on conservation laws for some particular cases of scaling-invariant nonlinear dispersive subclasses of vc (1.2) we have considered1 1 The results presented in Sections 2 and 3 were obtained directly, by arduous calculations, but it is worth mentioning that symbolic computational packages are available to this end, such as, for instance, SYM[16] for Mathematica. .
3.1 Time-dependent KdV
The time-dependent KdV (2.12), for , is written as
whose formal Lagrangian is .Let us consider the scaling symmetry generator . By adopting and substituing , the components (3.3) of the conserved vector are given by
We have obtained that the conserved functional corresponding to is the energy. is the integral of motion associated with the invariance under time shifts, i.e., .3.2 Cylindrical KdV
Let us now find a conservation law for the cylindrical KdV (2.16). Its formal Lagrangian assumes the form By considering the scaling symmetry generator and substitution into (3.3), we find the conserved vector
We should say that this is a particular case of a conservation law derived for the cylindrical KdV in[46][46] Z.Y. Zhang. On the existence of conservation law multiplier for partial differential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 20 (2015), 338–351. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.05.021. via multipliers method.3.3 Time-dependent mKdV
The time-dependent mKdV (2.19), for and , is given by
and its formal Lagrangian reads as By choosing the scaling symmetry generator and , the corresponding conserved vector is3.4 Time-dependent Schamel
The time-dependent Schamel (2.21), for , reads as
and its formal Lagrangian as Let us consider the scaling symmetry generator and . Therefore, the components of conserved vector of (3.10) are given by In this case, we have also obtained conservation of energy.It is worth noting that a direct and relevant implication of conservation of is that if a solution of either time-dependent KdV (2.12) or time-dependent Schamel (3.10) belongs to the space at time , then for all [43][43] J. Vodová. A complete list of conservation laws for non-integrable compacton equations of K(m;n) type. Nonlinearity, 26 (2013), 757–762. doi:10.1088/0951-7715/26/3/757..
4 CONSERVATION LAWS BY USING THE MULTIPLIERS METHOD
In 2003, Anco[4][4] S.C. Anco. Symmetry properties of conservation laws. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 30 (2016), 1640003(1–14). doi:10.1142/S0217979216400038. showed within the multipliers method[5][6] S.C. Anco & G.W. Bluman. Direct construction method for conservation laws of partial differential equations: part II. General treatment. Eur. J. Appl. Math., 13 (2002), 567–685. doi:10.1017/S0956792501004661., [6][5] S.C. Anco & G.W. Bluman. Direct Construction of Conservation Laws from Field Equations. Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 (1997), 2869–2873. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2869. how to compute fluxes of conservation laws associated with scaling symmetries through a procedure that involves no integration. We follow reference[14][14] A.F. Cheviakov. Computation of fluxes of conservation laws. J. Eng. Math., 66 (2010), 153–173. doi:10.1007/s10665-009-9307-x. to briefly present this scaling-symmetry approach, restricting our notation to the case of partial differential equations with one dependent variable.
Consider a partial differential equation , where is the maximal order of derivatives, written in a solved form2 2 An sth-order evolution equation F(x,u,u(1),…,u(s))=0 is written in a solved form for some leading derivative of u if all other terms in the equation contain neither the leading derivative nor its differential consequences[3]. The subclasses of vcK(m,n)(1.2) we consider are not only expressed in a solved form but also are equations of third-order Cauchy-Kovalevskaya form with respect to x. . Suppose it is scaling-invariant under symmetry
where and are called constant scaling weights of independent and dependent variables, respectively. From now on we adopt the notation “” for meaning a function of one or more independent variables , a dependent variable , and possibly derivatives of up to some fixed order[14][14] A.F. Cheviakov. Computation of fluxes of conservation laws. J. Eng. Math., 66 (2010), 153–173. doi:10.1007/s10665-009-9307-x.. In the evolutionary form, the scaling symmetry generator (4.1) reads as wherein .Let us assume having a conservation law given by
wherein are the multipliers of and the conservation law fluxes. Multipliers are obtained by solving the system of determining equations resulting from the variational derivative of (4.2), i.e., Hence, substitutions of nonlinear self-adjointness condition (2.7) correspond to multipliers derived from (4.3), and vice-versa.Suppose now that is homogeneous under the scaling symmetry (4.1), i.e.,
where constant is the scaling weight of . Assume that conservation law (4.2) is scaling-invariant and homogeneous under the scaling symmetry (4.1), i.e., where is a scaling weight of the conservation law. Then it is possible to show[8][8] G. Bluman, A. Cheviakov & S.C. Anco. “Applications of Symmetry Methods to Partial Differential Equations”, volume 168 of Appl. Math. Sci. Springer, New York (2010). that each multiplier is homogeneous under scaling symmetry (4.1), i.e., where is the scaling weight of each . Therefore, if the following condition holds, the fluxes of homogeneously scaling conservation law of scaling-invariant can be computed through where is the maximal order of derivatives appearing in , and are ordered combinations of indices such that , and is the number of independent variables [4], [8], [14][14] A.F. Cheviakov. Computation of fluxes of conservation laws. J. Eng. Math., 66 (2010), 153–173. doi:10.1007/s10665-009-9307-x..According to[14][14] A.F. Cheviakov. Computation of fluxes of conservation laws. J. Eng. Math., 66 (2010), 153–173. doi:10.1007/s10665-009-9307-x., for scaling-invariant with scaling-homogeneous conservation law, this scaling-symmetry approach should be the preferred one since it demands the simplest computations of fluxes within the multipliers method. Therefore, we used the package GeM[14][14] A.F. Cheviakov. Computation of fluxes of conservation laws. J. Eng. Math., 66 (2010), 153–173. doi:10.1007/s10665-009-9307-x. for Maple to obtain fluxes of non-trivial conservation laws arising from local multipliers for particular cases of vc(1.1), namely vc and vc, which admit rational similarity (self-similar) solutions[38][38] W.L. Souza & E.M. Silva. Time-dependent exact solutions for Rosenau-Hyman equations with variable coefficients. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simulat., 20 (2015), 668–673. doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.06.018..
4.1 vc
The expanded form of this particular case of vc(1.1) is given by
where For vc(4.9), regarding and in coefficients (4.10), we consider the scaling symmetry generator and the following multipliers:-
. The corresponding density and flux are
This is a law of conservation of center of mass, i.e., . -
. The density and flux obtained are
This result describes a law of conservation of mass, i.e., .
4.2 vc
In its expanded form, this particular case of vc(1.1) reads as
where For vc(4.13), regarding and in coefficients (4.14), we construct conservation laws associated to the scaling symmetry and the following multipliers:-
. The density and flux obtained are
-
. The corresponding density and flux are
In this case, we have also obtained a law of conservation of mass.
5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
This work brings together interesting features of nonlinear evolution equations, such as variable coefficients, scale invariance, and conserved quantities. An original nonlinear self-adjointness classification for a class of variable-coefficients nonlinear dispersive vc was carried out. By means of a general theorem on conservation laws and the multipliers method, eight new local conservation laws associated with scaling symmetries for particular cases of scaling-invariant subclasses of vc(1.2) were constructed. Among those eight original conservation laws, there are five with a direct physical interpretation: energy was the conserved quantity obtained for the particular time-dependent KdV (2.12) and time-dependent Schamel (3.10); for vc(4.9), a law of conservation of center of mass and a law of conservation of mass were computed; for vc(4.13), a law of conservation of mass was stablished. Additionally to the aforementioned results, it is worth noting that, to the best of our knowledge, the time-dependent Schamel (2.21), potentially useful to describe highly nonlinear behavior of electrostatic structures in cold-ion plasmas, was derived here for the first time as a subclass of vc(1.2). In forthcoming studies, fractional vc with noninteger indices can be investigated.
Acknowledgements
EM Silva gratefully thanks the financial support from Brazilian Agency CNPq (Grant No. 450241/2016-5).
Notes
-
1
The results presented in Sections 2 and 3 were obtained directly, by arduous calculations, but it is worth mentioning that symbolic computational packages are available to this end, such as, for instance, SYM[16][16] S. Dimas & D. Tsoubelis. SYM: A new symmetry-finding package for Mathematica. In N. Ibragimov, C. Sophocleous & P. Damianou (editors), “The 10th International Conference in MOdern GRoup ANalysis” (2005), pp. 64–70. for Mathematica.
-
2
An th-order evolution equation is written in a solved form for some leading derivative of if all other terms in the equation contain neither the leading derivative nor its differential consequences[3][3] S.C. Anco. Conservation laws of scaling-invariant field equations. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 36 (2003), 8623–8638. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/36/32/305.. The subclasses of vc(1.2) we consider are not only expressed in a solved form but also are equations of third-order Cauchy-Kovalevskaya form with respect to .
References
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[1]H.I. Abdel-Gawad & M. Osman. On shallow water waves in a medium with time-dependent dispersion and nonlinearity coefficients. J. Adv. Res., 6 (2015), 593–599. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.004.
-
[2]H.I. Abdel-Gawad & M. Tantawy. Exact solutions of the Schamel-Korteweg-de Vries equation with time dependent coefficients. Inf. Sci. Lett., 3 (2014), 103–109. doi:10.12785/isl/030303.
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[3]S.C. Anco. Conservation laws of scaling-invariant field equations. J. Phys. A: Math. Gen., 36 (2003), 8623–8638. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/36/32/305.
-
[4]S.C. Anco. Symmetry properties of conservation laws. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 30 (2016), 1640003(1–14). doi:10.1142/S0217979216400038.
-
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Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
13 Dec 2019 -
Date of issue
Sep-Dec 2019
History
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Received
09 Feb 2019 -
Accepted
27 Feb 2019