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Química Nova, Volume: 30, Número: 8, Publicado: 2007
  • Editorial

    Cadore, Solange
  • Potencial de aplicação do processo foto-fenton/solar como pré-tratamento de efluente da indústria de laticínios Artigo

    Villa, Ricardo Dalla; Silva, Milady R. Apolinário da; Nogueira, Raquel F. Pupo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Dairy wastewater is characterized by frequent episodes of drastic increases of organic content, giving rise to bulking filamentous bacteria and compromising the biological treatment process. This study reports the reduction of organic content of such wastewater by the application of the solar photo-Fenton process. For a wastewater containing 335, 2627 or 5400 mg C L-1 between 90% and 50% of the organic carbon content were removed after 3.5 h irradiation. The results show that the solar photo-Fenton process can be a good alternative for the abatement of organic content of dairy wastewater, especially in cases of organic content fluctuation, allowing an efficient biological treatment.
  • Teores de nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) nas águas do aqüífero Barreiras nos bairros do Reduto, Nazaré e Umarizal - Belém/PA Artigo

    Cabral, Natalina Maria Tinôco

    Resumo em Inglês:

    This paper evaluates the occurrence of nitrate and ammonium in the Barreiras aquifer in the metropolitan area of Belém, Pará State, Brazil. The results show that some wells display ammonium and nitrate concentrations above or close to the limits of water potability regulations. The main cause of the pollution of these waters is related the local disposal of domestic effluents and/or leakage from pipes of old sewage systems.
  • Isolamento e avaliação da atividade citotóxica de alguns alcalóides oxaporfínicos obtidos de annonaceae Artigo

    Silva, Denise Brentan da; Matos, Maria de Fátima Cepa; Nakashita, Simone T.; Misu, Carina K.; Yoshida, Nídia Cristiane; Carollo, Carlos Alexandre; Fabri, João Roberto; Miglio, Hércules da Silva; Siqueira, João Máximo de

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A different methodology was used to isolate and purify oxoaporphine alkaloids, as they are difficult to separate by the usual workup when in mixture. Alkaloid extracts from Annonaceae species were obtained by base/acid extraction. The extracts were concentrated and submitted to partition in solutions of acids of different pKa values, followed by separation by preparative TLC using 1 mm thick silica gel impregnated with oxalic acid (11.2% w/w). Liriodenine, lisycamine, lanuginosine, and O-methylmoschatoline were obtained and tested against tumoral cells (line Hep2, ATCC-CCL 23, larynx carcinoma). Only O-methylmoschatoline (IC50 12.4 µM) was more active than cisplatin (18.0 µM).
  • Cinética de redução do catalisador CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 Artigo

    Nele, Marcio; Moreno, Esteban Lopez; Andrade, Heloysa Martins Carvalho

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The reduction kinetics of a CuO/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst by hydrogen was investigated isothermally and by temperature programmed reduction (TPR). Two reducible Cu2+ species were detected; the first one was identified as CuO bulk and the other as Cu2+ strongly interacting with alumina, possibly in the form of copper aluminate. The activation energies for the reduction of these two species were 60 and 90 kJ mol-1, respectively, and the reaction order with respect to hydrogen was one. The isothermal reduction data showed that the isotropic growth model is the most appropriate to describe the reaction rate data for both Cu2+ species.
  • O enfoque da metrologia química em análises toxicológicas na atividade turfística: validação de método analítico para determinação de cafeína em matrizes biológicas Artigo

    Lima, India Maria H. de; Frota, Maurício N.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    This paper proposes an alternate method to detect forbidden doping substances present in biological matrices of horseracing. The method was fully validated for caffeine, identified as the most frequent forbidden substance in the analysis conducted by the Antidoping Laboratory of the Brazilian Jockey Club, which adopts a zero threshold limit according to national and international horseracing practices. The metrological reliability of the method applied to toxicological analysis in biological matrices is discussed. Although the analytical method proposed for detection of a zero threshold level of the doping substance is qualitative, it was validated for the determination of the limiting value (also known as quantification limit value) introducing a criterion that prevents the issuing of incorrect results ("false-positives" and "false-negatives").
  • Degradação do pesticida Padron® por processos fotoquímicos utilizando luz artificial e solar Artigo

    Teixeira, Silvio César Godinho; Canela, Maria Cristina

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Destruction of Padron® (dye and picloram) was evaluated using a photoreactor and a solar reactor. Photolysis was observed using only a germicide lamp (GL). Black light (BL) and H2O2 (172 mmol L-1) promoted a conversion of 49% and 6% of dye and picloram, respectively. Photocatalytic processes were more efficient using TiO2/GL (96%-dye; 60%-picloram) than TiO2/BL (44%-dye; 40%-picloram). Photolysis using sunlight was not observed during PadronÒ recirculation in the reactor constructed with four borosilicate tubes. Meanwhile, adding H2O2 resulted in 12% conversion of dissolved organic compounds. Finally, the most efficient mineralization (60%) was obtained using the Fenton reaction ( H2O2-176 mmol L-1; FeSO4x6H2O-90 mmol L-1) and sunlight.
  • Avaliação do efeito da piscicultura em sistemas aquáticos em Assis e Cândido Mota, São Paulo, por indicador de qualidade da água e análise estatítica multivariada Artigo

    Simões, Fabiano dos Santos; Yabe, Maria Josefa dos Santos; Moreira, Altair B.; Bisinoti, Márcia Cristina

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this work, the impact of fish farming activities on the Queixada, Macuco and Pari-Veado Rivers in the Paranapanema watershed was evaluated. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were quantified in these aquatic systems followed by application of multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and water quality index (WQI) tools. Watersheds where fish farming activities are predominant presented WQI > 52 indicating good quality, whereas MSA demonstrated bad quality for these aquatic bodies. The results showed that the degradation in this watershed follows the fish farming activity. The MSA index is more restricted than the "National Foundation Sanitation" (NFS) index routinely used to infer water quality.
  • Aporte atmosférico de amônio, nitrato e sulfato em área de floresta ombrófila densa montana na Serra dos Órgãos, RJ Artigo

    Rodrigues, Renato de Aragão Ribeiro; Mello, William Zamboni de; Souza, Patricia Alexandre de

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Wet and dry (dust) deposition was measured in the Serra dos Órgãos National Park. VWM pH was 5.3. Non-sea-salt (nss) SO4(2-) comprised 97% of total SO4(2-). The molar ratio [2(nss-SO4(2-)) + NO3-]/[NH4+ + H+] was 1.1, suggesting that pH is predominantly controlled by H2SO4, HNO3, and NH3. Wet deposition of NH4+, NO3-, and nss-SO4(2-) was respectively 0.59, 0.25, and 0.30 kmol ha-1 yr-1. Assuming that dry deposition of N can comprise 30-50% of its total (dry + wet) deposition, the latter is estimated to be 1.2-1.7 kmol ha-1 yr-1 (17-24 kg N ha-1 yr-1).
  • Enhanced triterpene production in Tabernaemontana catharinensis cell suspension cultures in response to biotic elicitors

    Pereira, Paulo Sérgio; Ticli, Fábio Kiss; França, Suzelei de Castro; Breves, Camila Moniz de Souza; Lourenço, Miriam Verginia

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Cell suspension cultures of Tabernaemontana catharinensis were treated with autoclaved homogenates of Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium avelanium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effects caused by the concentration, exposure time and the type of elicitor on the accumulation of pentacyclic triterpenes were monitored. When exposed to biotic elicitors for longer periods, some cell lines redoubled the production of those triterpenes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae homogenate was the best elicitor of triterpenes in all cell lines investigated.
  • Síntese da hidroxiapatita e refinamento estrutural por difração de raios-x Artigo

    Araújo, Jorge Correa de; Sena, Lídia; Bastos, Ivan Napoleão; Soares, Glória Dulce de Almeida

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A sample of hydroxyapatite was synthesized and its crystalline structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction by means of the Rietveld method. Two functions were used to fit the peak profiles, modified Voigt (TCHZ) and Pearson VII. The occupational factors and lattice parameters obtained by both models show that the sample does not contain relevant cationic substitutions. The interatomic distances from Ca1 to oxygens O1, O2 and O3 were adequate for a pure hydroxyapatite without defect at site Ca1. Besides, the use of multiple lines in planes (300) and (002) associated with the model Pearson VII resulted in good agreement with the TCHZ model with respect to the size-strain effectswith an ellipsoidal shape of crystallites. In conclusion, the procedures adopted in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite produced a pure and crystalline material. The experimental results of transmission electron microscopy confirmed the predicted shape of crystals.
  • Pré-tratamentos de melaço de cana-de-açúcar e água de maceração de milho para a bioprodução de carotenóides Artigo

    Valduga, Eunice; Valério, Alexsandra; Treichel, Helen; Luccio, Marco Di; Jacques, Rosângela Assis; Fúrigo Júnior, Agenor

    Resumo em Inglês:

    This work studied the pretreatment of sugarcane molasses (CM) and corn steep liquor (CS) for the production of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636). The acid pretreatment removed less micronutrients than that with activated carbon and led to high removals of Cu and Mn. Reduction in optical density of the prepared medium and removal of glucose from it were 22% and 7% for CM and 95% and 38% for CS, respectively. Total carotenoids obtained with substrates pretreated with acids (541 mg/L) were higher than the results obtained when the medium was treated with activated carbon (208 mg/L).
  • Diversidade de policetídeos produzidos por espécies de Penicillium isoladas de Melia azedarach e murraya paniculata Artigo

    Pastre, Renata; Marinho, Andrey M. R.; Rodrigues-Filho, Edson; Souza, Antônia Q. L.; Pereira, José Odair

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Eight compounds comprising four groups of polyketides, the xanthone fusarindin, the mixed peptide alkaloid-polyketide GKK1032, the anthraquinones crisophanol, citreoveridin and janthinone, and the azaphylones dihydrocitrinone, citrinin and citrinin H-1, were identified in Penicillium species isolated as endophytic fungi from Melia azedarach and Murraya paniculata. The antibacterial activity of the azaphylones was tested and showed that citrinin H-1 is more active than citrinin.
  • Artigo

    Bortoluzzi, Edson C.; Rheinheimer, Danilo S.; Gonçalves, Celso S.; Pellegrini, João B. R.; Maroneze, Aline M.; Kurz, Márcia H. S.; Bacar, Nádia M.; Zanella, Renato

    Resumo em Inglês:

    In this work the exposure of wells and surface water to pesticides, commonly used for tobacco cropping, was assessed. Water consumption wells and surface water flows were sampled at different times. After a preconcentration step with solid phase extraction (SPE), the selected pesticides were determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) or high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). No pesticides were detected in the well water samples and surface water flow in the winter season. However, in the spring and summer higher concentrations of chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were found in the water source samples. Atrazine, simazine and clomazone were also found. The occurrence of pesticides in collected water samples was related with the application to tobacco.
  • Constituintes químicos das cascas do caule de Cenostigma macrophyllum: ocorrência de colesterol Artigo

    Rocha e Silva, Hilris; Silva, Carmem Cícera Maria da; Neto, Laurentino Batista Caland; Lopes, José Arimatéia Dantas; Citó, Antonia Maria das Graças Lopes; Chaves, Mariana H.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Phytochemical investigation of the bark of Cenostigma macrophyllum (Leguminosae-Caesapinioideae) resulted in the isolation and identification of valoneic acid dilactone, ellagic acid, lupeol, alkyl ferulate, four free sterols (cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol), a mixture of sitosteryl ester derivatives of fatty acids, sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by ¹H and 13C NMR spectral analysis and comparison with literature data. The mixtures of 3-beta-hydroxysterols and fatty acids were analysed by GC/MS.
  • Diterpenos tipo abietano isolados de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Artigo

    Albuquerque, Roberto L. de; Kentopff, Marta R.; Machado, Maria Iracema L.; Silva, Maria Goretti V.; Matos, Francisco José de A.; Morais, Selene M.; Braz-Filho, Raimundo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Plectranthus barbatus is largely used in the Northeast region of Brazil by the local population for treatment of digestive problems as substitute of boldo (Pneumus boldus). Phytochemical analysis of the leaf extracts of Plectranthus barbatus (Labiatae) cultivated in this region yielded two abietane diterpenoids, cyclobubatusin (1) and barbatusin (2) and a new one named 7beta-acetyl-12-deacetoxycyclobutatusin (3). The structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectral analysis, using mainly mass spectra and ¹H and 13CNMR (1D and 2D). These procedures permitted the assignment of all chemical shifts in the diterpenoids.
  • Novos constituintes químicos das cascas do caule de Tabebuia heptaphylla Artigo

    Garcez, Fernanda Rodrigues; Garcez, Walmir Silva; Mahmoud, Talal Suleiman; Figueiredo, Patrícia de Oliveira; Resende, Ubirazilda Maria

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A new triterpene, 3beta,6beta,21beta-trihydroxyolean-12-ene and a new iridoid, 8alpha-methyl-8beta-hydroxy-6beta-(3',4'-dimethoxy)benzoyloxy-1 alpha,3alpha-dimethoxy-octahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyran were isolated from the trunk bark of a specimen of Tabebuia heptaphylla (Bignoniaceae) collected in the "Pantanal" of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Twelve known compounds were also obtained in this work, comprising four iridoids, 6-O-p-hydroxybenzoylajugol, 6-O-p-methoxybenzoylajugol, 6-O-3",4"-dimethoxybenzoylajugol, 8alpha-methyl-8beta-hydroxy-6beta-(4'-hydroxy)benzoyloxy-1alpha,3 alpha-dimethoxy-octahydro-cyclopenta[c]pyran, a cyclopentene dialdehyde, 2-formyl-5-(3',4'-dimethoxybenzoyloxy)-3-methyl-2-cyclopentene-1-acetaldehyde, a phenylethanoid glycoside, verbascoside and three benzoic acid derivatives, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-methoxybenzoic and 3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acids, in addition to squalene, sitostenone and sitosterol. The antioxidant properties of the isolated compounds were also evaluated in this work.
  • Desenvolvimento de abordagem objetivando a síntese da 3-desidroxi-4-metoxi-tubastrina Artigo

    Santos, Kelly de Oliveira; Craveiro, Marcus Vinícius; Berlinck, Roberto G. S.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    We report the synthesis of amino(2-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethylamino)methaniminium (14) as a direct precursor of a tubastrine derivative (3-dehydroxy-4-methoxytubastrine). The synthetic steps involved functional group interconversions starting from 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanone to obtain the guanidine-protected derivative 13. Tentative dehydration of 13 with SiOH-adsorbed CuSO4 resulted in guanidine deprotection only. This was an unexpected result, since there are no reports of CuSO4.SiOH as Boc-deprotecting of guanidines. The product 14 was obtained in five steps and 5.4 % overall yield, and constitutes a direct precursor of 3-dehydroxy-4-methoxytubastrine.
  • Efeitos dos parâmetros operacionais na fotodegradação do azo corante direct red 23 na interface dióxido de titânio/água Artigo

    Clausen, Débora Nobile; Takashima, Keiko

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The decolorization and degradation of direct red 23 azo dye have been investigated in aqueous suspension of titanium dioxide under artificial irradiation. The effects of some operational parameters such as azo dye concentration, catalyst loading, and solution pH were investigated at 30.0 ºC and optimized values were obtained. The first-order kinetic model was used to discuss the results. The UV-Vis spectra changes showed that the azo dye sample, collected after 6 h irradiation, was 98% decolorized while the residual total carbon was 97.9% degraded, indicating simultaneous photodecolorization and degradation.
  • Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia de análise de misturas biodiesel: diesel utilizando cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas Artigo

    Faria, Rita C. M.; Rezende, Michelle J. C.; Rezende, Claudia M.; Pinto, Angelo C.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The aim of this work was to develop and validate a method of analysis of biodiesel:diesel blends using HRGC-MS in SIM mode. The proposed method is applicable to biodiesel from linoleic oils, such as soybean oil. The following results were obtained: linearity over the methyl linoleate concentration range of 250-2500 mg L-1 (R² > 0.999); limits of detection and quantification of 2 and 5 mg L-1, respectively; recovery from 82 to 96% of biodiesel in diesel and repeatability < 2% (RSD). Comparison between two operators showed that it is not necessary the same operator to do the analysis.
  • Plant sources of amazon rosewood oil

    Maia, José Guilherme S.; Andrade, Eloisa Helena A.; Couto, Hilma Alessandra R.; Silva, Ana Carla M. da; Marx, Friedhelm; Henke, Christoph

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The aim of this study is to reevaluate the plant sources of the Amazon rosewood oil which have been named Aniba rosaeodora Ducke and Aniba duckei Kosterm. There is some disagreement on the exact botanical status of these species. Some Lauraceae specialists analyzing available material from both species concluded that there is no basis for regarding them as different. Based on our results we are confirming that the chemical composition of both species is quite different from that previously reported. So we are suggesting to bring back the previous botanical rosewood status as proposed by Adolph Ducke.
  • Remoção de chumbo(II) em sistemas descontínuos por carvões ativados com ácido fosfórico e com vapor Artigo

    Bueno, Cristiane Imenes de Campos; Carvalho, Wagner Alves

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Adsorption of heavy metal cations by activated carbon is dependent on the capacity of the material in promoting adsorption and the time needed to reach equilibrium. Carbon samples were previously activated either by phosphoric acid treatment at 400 ºC or by steam at 800 ºC. The results of Pb(II) adsorption by these activated carbons have shown that equilibrium was typically reached within the first 5 min of contact between carbon and metal solution, with a maximum adsorption capacity higher than 69 mg g-1 for the vapor-activated sample. Temperature influences the sorption capacity, which corresponds to an endothermic process. Lead(II) retention is more pronounced at high temperature and low pH.
  • High performance liquid chromatography method for quantification of the N-phenylpiperazine derivative LASSBio-579 in rat plasma

    Conrado, Daniela J.; Rates, Stela Maris Kuze; Costa, Teresa Dalla; Fraga, Carlos Alberto Manssour; Barreiro, Eliezer J.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A rapid HPLC analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of the N-phenylpiperazine derivative LASSBio-579in plasma rat. Analyses were performed using a C18 column and elution with 20 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate - methanol. The analyte was monitored using a photodiode array detector (257 nm). Calibration curves in spiked plasma were linear over the concentration range of 0.3-8 mg/mL with determination coefficient > 0.99. The lower limit of quantification was 0.3 mg/mL. The applicability of the HPLC method for pharmacokinetic studies was tested using plasma samples obtained after administration of LASSBio-579 to Wistar rats, showing the specificity of the method.
  • Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Aeolanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng

    Simionatto, Euclésio; Porto, Carla; Stüker, Caroline Z.; Dalcol, Ionara I.; Silva, Ubiratan F. da

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The essential oils from leaves (sample A) and flowers (sample B) of Aeolanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC, GC-MS, and chiral phase gas chromatography (CPGC). Six compounds have been identified from the essential oils, representing ca 94.3 and 93% of the oils corresponding to samples A and B, respectively. The major constituents of samples A and B essential oils were respectively, linalool (34.2%/34.9%), (-)-massoialactone (25.9%/17.0%) and (E)-beta-farnesene (25.4%/29.1%). The enantiomeric distribution of the monoterpene linalool was established by analysis on heptakis- (6-O-methyl-2,3-di-O-pentyl)-beta-cyclodextrin capillary column. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from leaves and isolated compounds was also evaluated.
  • Compostos polifenólicos do kino de Eucalyptus citriodora Artigo

    Freitas, Marinalva Oliveira; Lima, Mary Anne S.; Silveira, Edilberto R.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Phytochemical analysis of the kino of Eucalyptus citriodora led to the isolation of 1-O,2-O-digaloil-6-O-trans -p-cumaroil-beta-D-glucopyranoside, 1-O-trans-p-cumaroil-6-O -cinamoil-beta-D-glucopyranoside, alpha and beta 6-O-trans-p-cumaroil-D-glucopyranoside, 7-methylaromadendrin-4'-O-6''- trans-p-cumaroil-beta-D-glucopyranoside, aromadendrin, aromadendrin-7-methyl-ether, naringenin, sakuranetin, kaempferol-7-methyl-ether and galic acid. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was established on the basis of spectral data, particularly by the use of 1D NMR and several 2D shift correlated NMR pulse sequences (¹H,¹H-COSY, HMQC, HMBC).
  • Dinâmica complexa no sistema bromato/hipofosfito/acetona/manganês e ferroína Artigo

    Tokoro, Gustavo; Oliveira, Hyrla C. L.; Varela, Hamilton

    Resumo em Inglês:

    New chemical systems have been recently designed for the study of complex phenomena such as oscillatory dynamics in the temporal domain and spatiotemporal pattern formation. Systems derived from oscillators based on the chemistry of bromate are the most extensively studied, with the celebrated Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction being the most popular example. Problems such as the formation of bubbles (CO2) and solid precipitate in the course of the reaction and the occurrence of simply short-lived oscillations under batch conditions are very common and, in some cases, compromise the use of some of these systems. It is investigated in this paper the dynamic behavior of the bromate/hypophosphite/acetone/dual catalyst system, which has been sugested as an interesting alternative to circumvent those inconvenients. In this work, manganese and ferroin are employed as catalysts and the complete system (BrO3-/H2PO2-/acetone/Mn(II)-ferroin) is studied under batch conditions. Temporal symmetry breaking was studied in a reactor under agitation by means of simultaneous records of the potential changes of platinum and Ag/AgBr electrodes, both measured versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. Additionally, spatio-temporal formation of target patterns and spiral waves were obtained when the oscillating mixture was placed in a quasi two-dimensional reactor.
  • Size distribution of atmospheric particulate ionic species at a coastal site in Portugal

    Alves, Célia; Pio, Casimiro; Campos, Eduarda; Barbedo, Patrícia

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A Berner impactor was used to collect size-differentiated aerosol samples from March to August 2003 in the city of Aveiro, on the Portuguese west coast. The samples were analysed for the main water-soluble ion species. The average concentration of sulphate, nitrate, chloride and ammonium was 6.38, 3.09, 1.67 and 1.27 µg m-3, respectively. The results show that SO4(2-) and NH4+ were consistently present in the fine fraction < 1 µm, which represents, on average, 72 and 89% of their total atmospheric concentrations, respectively. The NO3-particles were concentrated in the coarse size. Chloride presented the characteristic coarse mode for marine aerosols. During some spring/summer events, an ammonium surplus was observed (NH4+/SO4(2-) molar ratios > 2), possibly due to greater availability of ammonia coming from agricultural activities or from the neighbouring chemical industrial complex. During the remaining periods, the aerosol was found to be somewhat acidic and predominantly in the form of ammonium bisulphate (NH4+/SO4(2-) molar ratios = 0.5-1.25). Samples collected under a major or exclusive influence of maritime air masses were essentially constituted by coarse particles with enrichment in sea salt, while for air masses of continental origin the contribution of water-soluble ionic species in the fine mode was more pronounced.
  • Desviaciones al modelo logarítmico-lineal en la solubilidad de ibuprofén y naproxén en mezclas cosolventes propilenoglicol-agua

    Vargas, Edgar F.; Manrique, Yady J.; Pacheco, Diana P.; Torres, Norma S.; Martínez, Fleming

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The deviations observed in the solubility of ibuprofen (IBP) and naproxen (NAP) in propylene glycol (PG) + water (W) cosolvent mixtures with respect to the logarithmic-linear model proposed by Yalkowsky have been analyzed at 25.00 ± 0.05 ºC. Negative deviations were obtained in all cosolvent compositions for both drugs; they were greater for IBP. Another treatment, based on Gibbs free energy relationships, was also employed showing an apparent hydrophobicity chameleonic effect, because at low PG proportions NAP is more hydrophobic, whereas at high PG proportions IBP is more hydrophobic. The results are discussed in terms of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions.
  • Estudo de coprólito da bacia sedimentar do Araripe por meios de espectroscopia FT-IR e difração de Raios-X Artigo

    Lima, Ricardo Jorge Cruz; Freire, Paulo de Tarso Cavalcante; Sasaki, José Marcos; Saraiva, Antonio Álamo Feitosa; Lanfredi, Silvania; Nobre, Marcos Augusto de Lima

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Coprolites are fossilized faeces that constitute an important source of palaeobiological informations. This paper describes the characterization of some coprolite materials originated from the Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation (Araripe Basin, south of Ceará State in Brazil) by means of two techniques: X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). This characterization allowed us to determine the main composition of the coprolites, of the nodulus (where the coprolites were extracted) and of the sediment (where the nodulus was found) suggesting that the material was produced by a carnivorous fish of the Lower Cretaceous.
  • Seasonal variation in the composition of volatile oils from Schinus terebinthifolius raddi

    Barbosa, Luiz Cláudio Almeida; Demuner, Antônio Jacinto; Clemente, Alan Dumont; Paula, Vanderlúcia Fonseca de; Ismail, Faiz M. D.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Essential oils from leaves, ripe and unripe fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius growing in Brazil were investigated. Oil content from either ripe or unripe fruits was similar (4.65% and 3.98%, respectively). Sesquiterpenes (from 78.0% to 90.4%) dominated the oil content of both leaves and unripe fruit. The essential oils were tested in vitro for their allelopathic activity on germination and radicle growth of Lactuca sativa and Cucumis sativus at 1,000 and 10,000 µg mL-1concentrations. The three samples tested were more active in inhibiting the radicle growth for L. sativa (88.6-92.4%) than for C. sativus (50.5-84.5%) at 10,000 µg mL-1 concentration.
  • Determination of cocaine in brazilian paper currency by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

    Donato, Enrico Di; Martin, Carmen Cinira Santos; Martinis, Bruno Spinosa De

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The presence of illicit drugs such as cocaine and marijuana in US paper currency is very well demonstrated. However, there is no published study describing the presence of cocaine and/or other illicit drugs in Brazilian paper currency. In this study, Brazilian banknotes were collected from nine cities, extracted and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in order to investigate the presence of cocaine. Bills were extracted with deionized water followed by ethyl acetate. Results showed that 93% of the bills presented cocaine in a concentration range of 2.38-275.10 µg/bill.
  • Efeito da presença e concentração de compostos carbonílicos na qualidade de vinhos Revisão

    Azevêdo, Luciana C. de; Reis, Marina M.; Silva, Luciana A. da; Andrade, Jailson B. de

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Studies on identification of compounds that make up the aroma and flavor in wines involve research evaluating mainly the influence of terpenes, esters, lactones and alcohols upon these sensory characteristics. However, carbonylic compounds (CC) play an important role concerning the substances that impact aroma to these drinks. Their origin is reported to be linked to the grape's chemical composition, must fermentation or micro-oxidation occurring during storage in barrels. Some CCs, like E-ionone, E-damascenone, siryngaldehyde, can contribute a pleasant aroma and improve the wine quality whereas others are responsible for unpleasant characteristics (acetaldehyde, furfural, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural, diacetil, E-non-2-enal, etc). A fraction of CCs present is associated with bisulfite ions in the form of hydroxyalkylsulfonic acids. Some of them are stable and play an important role in determining wine quality. The reaction involving the formation of this aduct commonly occurs with CCs of low molar mass, such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. The reaction involving CCs with more than three carbon atoms demands further studies.
  • Substâncias tóxicas persistentes (STP) no Brasil Revisão

    Almeida, Fernanda V.; Centeno, Alberto J.; Bisinoti, Márcia Cristina; Jardim, Wilson F.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The present article presents an assessment of PTS in Brazil including polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene hexachloride, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, p,p,-DDT, p,p,DDE, p,p,-DDD, hexachlorocyclohexanes (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH and delta-HCH), endossulfan, heptachlor and pentachlorophenol. The data presented here are related to a survey of PTS levels in different environmental matrixes (soil, sediment, water, air, biota) and human tissues (milk, blood, human hair), according to the scope of the UNEP-GEF Regionally Based Assessment of PTSs. Potential sources were evaluated considering national products and imports, since most of the literature does not allow source identification. Finally, Brazilian legislation was updated.
  • Microssistemas de análises químicas: introdução, tecnologias de fabricação, instrumentação e aplicações Revisão

    Coltro, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli; Piccin, Evandro; Carrilho, Emanuel; Jesus, Dosil Pereira de; Silva, José Alberto Fracassi da; Silva, Heron Domingues Torres da; Lago, Claudimir Lúcio do

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The amazing world of micro total analysis systems has provided a true revolution in analytical chemistry in recent years. The application of the microfluidic devices for chemical and biochemical processing has attracted considerable interest due to its advantages such as reduced sample and reagent consumption, processing time, energy, waste, cost, and portability. The aim of the present report is to disseminate the state of the art related to the miniaturization science in Analytical Chemistry. Historical progress, microfabrication technologies, required instrumentation and applications of the mTAS are presented in the current article, with special attention to the Brazilian contributions.
  • Cério: propriedades catalíticas, aplicações tecnológicas e ambientais Revisão

    Martins, Tereza S.; Hewer, Thiago L. R.; Freire, Renato S.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Cerium based-compounds have great importance in a wide range of technological applications, such as: fuel cell devices development; metallurgic processes, petroleum refining; glass and ceramic production. Recently, its catalytic properties have been also explored for environmental applications, especially those to prevent or to control atmospheric and water pollution. Subjects covered in this work include a brief description of the fundaments of cerium catalytic properties and some relevant technological applications. Special attention is given to its photocatalytic activity and its ability to degrade pollutants. Recent results and future prospect about these applications are also evaluated.
  • Indução assimétrica 1,5-Anti na adição de enolatos de boro de metilcetonas beta-oxigenadas a aldeídos Revisão

    Dias, Luiz C.; Aguilar, Andrea M.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    High levels of substrate-based 1,5-stereoinduction are obtained in the boron-mediated aldol reactions of beta-oxygenated methyl ketones with achiral and chiral aldehydes. Remote induction from the boron enolates gives the 1,5-anti adducts, with the enolate pi-facial selectivity critically dependent upon the nature of the beta-alkoxy protecting group. This 1,5-anti aldol methodology has been strategically employed in the total synthesis of several natural products. At present, the origin of the high level of 1,5-anti induction obtained with the boron enolates is unclear, although a model based on a hydrogen bonding between the alkoxy oxygen and the formyl hydrogen has been recently proposed.
  • Transesterificação de óleos vegetais: caracterização por cromatografia em camada delgada e densidade Nota Técnica

    Froehner, Sandro; Leithold, Juliana; Lima Júnior, Luiz Fernando

    Resumo em Inglês:

    We studied the transesterification of two vegetable oils: soybean and waste frying oil. The main problem of transesterification is related to the measurement of the ethyl ester content. In this work we used a quick analytical method for assessing the ethyl ester fraction of the purified fuel-grade transesterification products by applying a simple correlation with density. If the ester content is higher than 85% by weight the correlation allows the determination by a single density measurement. This method is suitable for control and determines the ethyl ester quickly and simply.
  • Un método de bajo costo para la determinación de cobre a nivel de vestigios en matrices de interés ambiental por espectrofotometría en fase sólida (EFS)

    Pellerano, Roberto Gerardo; Romero, Cesar Hamilton; Acevedo, Hugo Arnoldo; Vazquez, Francisco Antonio

    Resumo em Inglês:

    A method for determining copper by solid phase spectrophotometry (SPS) was optimized using the Doehlert design. Copper(II) was sorbed on a styrene-divinylbenzene anion-exchange resin as a Cu(II)-1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) complex, at pH 7.0. Resin phase absorbances at 560 and 800 nm were measured directly. The detection limit was found to be 2.5 µg L-1. The relative standard deviation on ten replicate determinations of 10 µg Cu(II) in 1000 mL samples was 1.1%. The linear range of the determination was 5.0-100 µg L-1. The method was applied successfully to the determination of Cu(II) in natural water and vegetable samples.
  • Metodologias eletroanalíticas para a determinação de herbicidas triazínicos por voltametria de onda quadrada e técnicas de deconvolução Nota Técnica

    Garbellini, Gustavo S.; Pedrosa, Valber A.; Salazar-Banda, Giancarlo R.; Avaca, Luis A.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    This work describes the development of electroanalytical methodologies for the determination of atrazine, ametrine and simazine by square wave voltammetry on a mercury electrode. For pure atrazine and pure ametrine, the detection limits (DL) were 3.7 and 4.3 µg L-1, respectively, while they increased to 4.8 and 6.5 µg L-1 in the presence of 3.0 x 10-6 mol L-1 of the other component (a mathematical deconvolution program was used in the mixture cases). The voltammetric response for simazine could not be separated from that of atrazine and measurements were carried out only in pure simazine solutions (DL: 7.5 µg L-1).
  • Utilização do índice de retenção linear para caracterização de compostos voláteis em café solúvel utilizando GC-MS e coluna HP-Innowax Nota Técnica

    Viegas, Marcelo Caldeira; Bassoli, Denisley Gentil

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is widely used for the characterization of volatile compounds. However, due to the complexity of the soluble coffee matrix, a complete identification of the components should not be based on mass spectra interpretation only. The linear index of retention (LRI) is frequently used to give support to mass spectra. The aim of this work is to investigate the characterization of the volatile compounds in soluble coffee samples by GC-MS using LRI values found with a HP-INNOWAX column. The method used allows a significant increase of the reliability of identifying compounds.
  • Promovendo a argumentação no ensino superior de química Educação

    Sá, Luciana Passos; Queiroz, Salete Linhares

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Studies have demonstrated the importance of argumentation in science education. Based on this assertion, we have tried to develop argumentative abilities in chemistry undergraduate students through a teaching methodology based on case studies. The process culminated with class presentations by student groups about possible solutions for the cases. To assess the quality of students' argumentation, videotapes of group presentations were collected and analyzed using Toulmin's Argument Pattern (TAP). TAP illustrates the nature of an argument in terms of claims, data, warrants, backings, and rebuttals. The findings of this work support the idea that the case study approach is an effective strategy for enhancing students' ability to argument.
  • Visões de meio ambiente e suas implicações pedagógicas no ensino de química na escola média Educação

    Marques, Carlos Alberto; Gonçalves, Fábio Peres; Zampiron, Eduardo; Coelho, Juliana Cardoso; Mello, Ligia Catarina; Oliveira, Paulo Roberto Silva; Lindemann, Renata Hernandez

    Resumo em Inglês:

    This study was realized with high school Chemistry teachers from the region of and around Florianópolis (SC). It examines the pedagogical implications of these teachers' views on environmental issues, and discusses the possibilities and difficulties of bringing these issues into the Chemistry classroom. The semi-structured interviews were analyzed using Textual Discourse Analysis principles. The dominance of content-based teaching and traditional pedagogical approaches appears to hinder curricular changes. Most subjects pay little heed to environmental issues and their relation to Chemistry, and endorse a view of science as neutral, and the environment as anthropocentric - views far from Green Chemistry principles.
  • Cânfora: um bom modelo para ilustrar técnicas de RMN Educação

    Yoneda, Julliane Diniz; Leal, Kátia Zaccur; Seidl, Peter Rudolf; Azeredo, Rodrigo Bagueira de V.; Kleinpeter, Erich

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy to establish the three-dimensional structures of molecules is an important component of modern Chemistry courses. The combination of techniques that can be used for this purpose is conveniently illustrated by their application to the camphor molecule. This paper presents applications of several techniques used in NMR spectral interpretation in an increasing order of complexity. The result of individual experiments is illustrated in order to familiarize the user with the way connectivity through bonds and through space is established from 1D/2D-NMR spectra and molecular stereochemistry is determined from different NMR experiments.
  • Uma introdução à espectroscopia atômica: II - o espectro do sódio Educação

    Sala, Oswaldo

    Resumo em Inglês:

    The present article is devoted to Chemistry or Physics undergraduate students, given their difficulty to understand fundamental concepts and technical language used in atomic spectroscopy and quantum mechanics. An easy approach is shown in the treatment of the emission spectrum of the sodium atom without any involved calculations. In a previous article, the hydrogen spectrum was considered and the energy degeneracy of the angular momentum quantum number was observed. For the sodium spectrum, due to the valence electron penetration into internal shells, a breakdown of this degeneracy occurs and a dependence of this penetration on the angular momentum quantum number is observed. The eigenvalues are determined introducing the quantum defect correction (Rydberg correction) in the denominator of the Balmer equation, and the energy diagram is obtained. The intensity ratio for the observed doublets is explained by introducing new wave functions, containing the magnetic quantum number of the total angular momentum.
  • Uma visão da química bioinorgânica medicinal Assuntos Gerais

    Benite, Anna Maria Canavarro; Machado, Sérgio de Paula; Barreiro, Eliezer J.

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Metals play a vital role in human and plant physiology and important research is directed towards exploring the interrelated mechanisms that govern their interactions with biomolecules. Bioinorganic medicinal chemistry studies the functions, processing, storage and applications of metal ions and their complexes in biological systems. This paper presents a brief discussion about on interactions of metals with biomolecules that determine their intracellular accumulation, where metal ions may fulfill essential functions in cellular metabolism or, in certain cases, exert toxic effects towards cells.
  • 70º aniversário do biodiesel em 2007: evolução histórica e situação atual no brasil Assuntos Gerais

    Suarez, Paulo A. Z.; Meneghetti, Simoni M. Plentz

    Resumo em Inglês:

    Periodically, during petroleum shortages, vegetable oils and their derivatives have been proposed as alternatives to petroleum diesel fuel. Different approaches have been proposed, including the use of pure vegetable oils (or blends) or their derivatives. Indeed, the use of fatty-acid methyl or ethyl esters (usually known as "biodiesel") produced by alcoholysis of triacylglycerides or esterification of fatty acids was initially proposed in Belgium 70 years ago, when the first world patent was deposited. Recently, foreign dependence on diesel fuel and the petroleum crisis have increased the discussion in Brazil on starting to use alternatives to diesel fuel, being biodiesel the alternative of choice for a large petroleum diesel substitution program.
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