Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to evaluate the development and productive traits of palisadegrass single cultivated or intercropped with corn, in addition to corn intercropped with pasture, under water deficit at different development stages of the plants. It was used a complete block experimental design with split plots and three replicates. Periods of water deficit were placed in the plots and types of cultivation were placed in the subplots. Irrigation was stopped at germination and initial tillering of palisadegrass and at V4 and V15 stages of corn and returned when soil moisture was 40% of available water capacity. Tiller density and palisadegrass height were evaluated weekly. Dry matter (DM) of fractions of herbage mass as well as leaf area of the plants were evaluated at corn tasseling and when grains reached physiological maturity. Components of corn production were determined in the second sampling. In palisadegrass, water influenced only tillering, which was reduced in the plots in which water defict was forced at the moment of germination or at the beginning of tilering, in both cultivation systems. Plant height and DM production were affected only by cultivation, reducing when intercropped with corn. Evaluated production components did not influence corn grain productivity, which was similar in all treatments (average of 10,145 kg/ha). Palisadegrass plants produce more DM in single cultivation than intercropped with corn. Water deficit during germination and initial tillering reduces tillering of palisadegrass during establishment phase. Water deficit, applied in this trial, does not reduce DM yield in palisadegrass or corn.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to evaluate yield traits and development of palisadegrass under the influence of water deficit during the establishment period. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely random block statistical design in a factorial arrangement and additional treatment (3 × 3 + 1). The treatments referred to the suppression of irrigation at different phases of the establishment (sowing, germination and initial tillerring) until the soil presented water content of 75%, 50%, and 25% of the moisture related to field capacity (qFC), besides control treatment with no water restriction. Evaluations of number of grown tillers per vase, green leaves per tiller and plant height were carried out weekly, for five weeks after the first tillers appeared. Biomass sampling was carried out approximately 30 days after the end of the last applied treatment, when the soil was kept close to 100% of field capacity relative moisture. Tillering and biomass yield of palisadegrass during establishment phase are reduced when water deficit is sufficient to make soil content water reach 25% of relative moisture field capacity, regardless to the season when water shortage takes place.

Resumo em Português:

O estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a produção forrageira e o desempenho de bovinos de corte pastejando sub-bosque de um sistema silvipastoril com eucalipto, adubado com fertilizante nitrogenado e duas ofertas de forragem. Os tratamentos consistiram de três doses de fertilizante nitrogenado (0, 75 e 150 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de ureia), e duas ofertas de forragem (10 e 15% PV). O estudo foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e três períodos de avaliação. Foi observado aumento no ganho de peso, apenas no primeiro período de avaliação, à medida que se elevaram as doses de fertilizante nitrogenado. A variação na oferta de forragem não influenciou os ganhos médios individuais. O ganho por unidade de área aumentou à medida que foram adicionadas doses crescentes de fertilizante nitrogenado. A oferta de forragem de 15% é mais adequada quando se utilizam menores doses de nitrogênio na pastagem. Para doses mais elevadas, a intensificação da utilização resulta em maiores ganhos por unidade de área. A fertilização do sub-bosque é eficiente e necessária para a intensificação do uso de sistemas integrados eucalipto-pastagem.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this study was to evaluate forage yield and performance of beef cattle grazing understory of a silvopastoral system with eucalyptus, fertilized with nitrogen and two forage offers. Treatments consisted of three doses of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 75 and 150 kg.ha-1N as urea) and two forage offers (10 and 15% of BW). The study was carried out in a complete randomized design with four replications and three evaluation periods. It was observed an increment in weight gain only the first period of evaluation as doses of nitrogen fertilizer were increased. Variation on forage offer did not influence individual average gains. Values of gain per area unit increased as increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer were added. Forage offer of 15% is more properly when lower doses of N were used in pastures. For higher doses, intensification of use results in greater gains per area unit. Understory fertilization is efficient and necessary for intensification of the use of eucalyptus-pasture integrated systems.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to evaluate effects of nitrogen fertilization and plant density on morphogenesis of Tanzania guinea grass. It was used a random block design with 12 treatments and two replications in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement, with four doses of nitrogen (N) (without N application, 80, 160 or 320 kg/ha.year) and three plant densities (9, 25 or 49 plants/m²). Harvest was performed at 25 cm from the ground when the canopy intercepted 95% of the incident light. Rates of leaf appearance and pseudostem elongation were positively and linearly influenced by nitrogen, whereas phillochron and leaf life span were influenced linearly and negatively. Leaf elongation responded positively to two factors, whereas leaf senescence rate and number of live leaves were not influenced by the factors evaluated. Number of total, basal and aerial tillers were greater at the density of 9 plants/m² and at the nitrogen dose of 320 kg/ha.year. Nitrogen increases production of leaves and tillers in Tanzania guinea grass defoliated at 95% of light interception, but high density of plants reduces the number of tiller per bunch.

Resumo em Inglês:

The development of root system of forage grasses is influenced by the supply of mineral nutrients. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, with the objective of evaluating the effect of nitrogen and magnesium rates on dry mass yield, total length and surface, specific length and surface, and concentrations of nitrogen, magnesium, calcium and potassium in the root system of Brachiaria brizantha Stapf. cv. Marandu. It was studied five rates of nitrogen (2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 mmol L-1) and five rates of magnesium (0.05, 0.70, 1.35, 2.00 and 2.65 mmol L-1) in nutrient solutions in an incomplete 5² factorial arrangement, which resulted in the following combinations: 2/0.05; 2/1.35; 2/2.65; 9/0.70; 9/2.00; 16/0.05; 16/1.35; 16/2.65; 23/0.70; 23/2.00; 30/0.05; 30/1.35 and 30/2.65. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. Plants had two growth periods, and after the second harvest the roots were separated from the plant tops. Combination of the high rates of nitrogen and magnesium resulted in expressive increases in rooty dry matter yield, in the length and in the root surface of marandu palisadegrass. High rates of nitrogen and magnesium resulted in short root specific length and surface. Combinations of high rates of nitrogen and magnesium increased nitrogen concentration or decreased potassium concentration in the roots. Calcium concentration in the roots was increased by nitrogen rates and decreased by magnesium rates. Magnesium rates resulted in increase in magnesium concentration in the roots of marandu palisadegrass.

Resumo em Português:

A área foliar específica e as características anatômicas foliares da braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) e do amendoim-forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) foram avaliadas em resposta a níveis de sombreamento artificial (0, 50 e 70%), com o objetivo de se determinar a aclimatação destas forrageiras às modificações no ambiente luminoso. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos completamente casualizados, com três repetições. Foram realizados três e dois cortes, respectivamente, para avaliação das plantas de braquiária e amendoim-forrageiro. A área foliar específica das duas espécies aumentou linearmente em função do incremento nos níveis de sombra. Na braquiária, o aumento da área foliar específica foi acompanhado por redução linear na espessura da folha, com os níveis crescentes de sombra. Já a espessura das folhas de amendoim-forrageiro não sofreu alteração significativa com o sombreamento crescente. A densidade estomática nas faces adaxial e abaxial das folhas do amendoim-forrageiro e da braquiária diminuiu linearmente com o incremento nos níveis de sombra. Apesar do aumento na proporção de espaços intercelulares nas folhas de amendoim-forrageiro, a área ocupada pelos diferentes tecidos não foi afetada significativamente pelos níveis de sombra. As folhas de braquiária apresentaram aumento quadrático na área ocupada pela bainha do feixe vascular, no primeiro corte. A área ocupada pelos feixes vasculares e pelas células buliformes foi reduzida no segundo e terceiro cortes, respectivamente, com o sombreamento crescente. As espécies estudadas apresentaram boa aclimatação às variações na intensidade luminosa, e são boas alternativas para utilização em ambientes com baixos níveis de irradiância.

Resumo em Inglês:

Specific leaf area and leaf anatomy traits of signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) were evaluated in response to levels of artificial shades (0, 50 and 70%) with the objective of determining the acclimation of these forage species to changes in the luminous environment. It was used a complete random block design, with three replicates. Three and two harvests were performed for evaluation of signalgrass and forage peanut, respectively. Specific leaf blade of the two species increased linearly as a function of the increasing levels of shading. In signalgrass, the increase on specific leaf area was followed by a linear reduction in leaf thickness, with the increasing levels of shade. On the other hand, forage peanut leaf thickness was not significantly altered by shade. Stomatal density on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces decreased linearly with the increase on levels of shade. In spite of increase of the proportion on intercellular spaces in forage peanut leaves, the area occupied by different tissues was not significantly affected by shade levels. Signal grass leaves presented a quadratic increase in the area occupied by the vascular bundle sheath in the first harvest. The area occupied by vascular bundle and by bulliform cells was reduced in the second and third harvest, respectively, with the increasing shade. The forage species evaluated showed a good acclimation to variations on light intensities, and they are good alternatives to use in environments with low solar radiation levels

Resumo em Inglês:

The aim of this study was to evaluate during the dry and rainy seasons the morphogenesis traits of two clones of dwarf elephant grass under different management strategies. The study was conducted in a factorial 2 × 2 × 3 design, using two clones, one green and one purple, two residual heights, 25 and 45 cm, and three frequencies of defoliation according to the light interception of 90, 95 and 100%. The design was a randomized block with three replications. The variables were leaf elongation and leaf senescence rate, stem elongation rate and phyllochron. The leaf lifespan and the number of living leaves per tiller were also estimated. The clones presented low stem elongation rates, showing adaptation for grazing use. In the rainy season, the light interception of 100% promoted the highest stem elongation rate and increased the leaf senescence rate. In the dry season, the leaf elongation rate (LER) was higher for the purple clone than for the green one (23 vs 15 mm.tiller-1.day-1). In the rainy season, the LER of the green clone exceeded that of the purple one by 71% (149 vs. 87 mm.tiller-1.day-1). The phyllochron varied among clones only in the rainy season, when the value was 4.6 days.leaf-1 for the green clone and 8.4 days.leaf-1 for the purple one; both of these values are below the mean value observed during the drought (21,6 days.leaf-1). The residual heights did not affect, in an isolated way, any of the variables. The clones are well adapted to grazing, presenting low stem elongation rates. The interval between defoliations should consider the scope of light interception between 90 and 95%. The green clone, with a greater flow of biomass, requires handling with shorter defoliation intervals.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to define critical periods for sorghum and palisadegrass cultivated on crop-livestock integrated systems under water deficit. An experiment was carried out in a completely random block design with four treatments (control and interruption of water supply in three periods) and three replicates. Water supply was interrupted until soil water humidity was close to permanent wilting point at the phases: germination of palisadegrass seeds; start of tillering of palisadegrass and initiation of panicles of shorghum; start of shorghum flowering. Water deficit starting at palisadegrass germination delayed intital development of the plants because of the reduction in tillering. Water restriction at panicle initiation phase and at sorghum flowering determined reduction of grain production. Critical periods for intercrop of sorghum and palisadegrass correspond to palisadegrass germination phase and flowering and panicle inititation phase of sorghum.

Resumo em Inglês:

Application of calcium silicate (SiCa) as soil acidity corrective was evaluated in a Rhodic Hapludox soil with palisade grass conducted under pasture rotation system with different grazing intensities. Experimental design was complete randomized blocks with four grazing intensities - grazing intensities were imposed by forage supply (50, 100, 150 and 200 kg t-1 of DM per LW) - in experimental plots with four replicates and, in the subplots, with seven doses of calcium silicate combined with lime: 0+0, 2+0, 4+0, 6+0, 2+4, 4+2 and 0+6 t ha-1, respectively. In the soil, it was evaluated the effect of four levels of calcium silicate (0, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1) at 45, 90, and 365 days at three depths (0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm) and at 365 days, it was included one level of lime (6 t ha-1). For determination of leaf chemical composition and silicate content in the soil, four levels of calcium silicate (0, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1) were evaluated at 45 and 365 days and at 45 days only for leaf silicate, whereas for dry matter production, all corrective treatments applied were evaluated in evaluation seasons. Application of calcium silicate was positive for soil chemical traits related to acidity correction (pH(CaCl2), Ca, Mg, K, H+Al and V), but the limestone promoted better results at 365 days. Leaf mineral contents were not influenced by application of calcium silicate, but there was an increase on silicate contents in leaves and in the soil. Dry matter yield and chemical composition of palisade grass improved with the application of correctives.

Resumo em Português:

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o perfil fermentativo das silagens de quatro variedades de mandioca. No estudo do pH, do nitrogênio amoniacal, dos ácidos orgânicos, do índice de recuperação de matéria seca (MS) e da densidade das silagens, utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados com esquema fatorial 4 × 3, com quatro repetições, sendo quatro variedades de mandioca (Amarelinha, Olho Roxo, Periquita e Sabará) e três frações da parte aérea (planta inteira, sobras do plantio e terço superior). No estudo da perda de matéria seca por gases e efluentes, o esquema fatorial utilizado foi 4 × 3 × 7, com quatro repetições, composto de quatro variedades de mandioca, três frações da parte aérea e sete datas de abertura dos silos (1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias após a ensilagem). A ensilagem foi realizada em silos de laboratório confeccionados em tubos de PVC. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e, para comparação das médias, foi realizado o teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de pH, ácidos orgânicos e densidade das silagens das diferentes variedades, entretanto, o pH, o nitrogênio amoniacal e a densidade das silagens das frações da parte aérea diferiram entre as variedades. O nitrogênio amoniacal das silagens também diferiu entre as variedades. Embora a forragem fresca tenha apresentado valores de matéria seca inferiores a 30%, os valores de pH foram satisfatórios. As silagens das frações terço superior e sobras do plantio têm ótima qualidade fermentativa. As silagens deste estudo apresentam baixa perda de matéria seca.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to determine fermentative profile of silage of four cassava varieties. In the study of pH, ammonia nitrogen, organic acid, dry matter (DM) recovery index and silage densities, it was used a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement, with four repetitions, four cassava varieties (Amarelinha, Olho Roxo, Periquita and Sabará) and three aerial part fractions (entire plant, surpluses of the planting and superior third). In the study of dry matter loss by gases and effluents, it was used a 4 × 3 × 7 factorial arrangement, with four replicates, composed of four cassava varieties, three aerial section fractions and seven silo opening dates (1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after ensilage). Ensilage was done in laboratory silos made of PVC pipes. The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance and for average comparison effect, the test of Scott-Knott was performed at the 5% level of significance. There was no significant difference among pH values, organic acid and silage densities of the different varieties but pH, ammonia nitrogen and silage densities of aerial section fractions differed among varieties. Ammonia nitrogen of silages also differed among varieties. Although fresh forage had presented dry matter values lower than 30%, values of pH were satisfactory. Silages of superior-third fractions and plant remains present great fermentative quality. Silages of this study present low dry matter loss.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate dry matter yield and loss of grazing due to animal trampling in response to sowing density and spacing between lines in the planting. Sorghum hybrid 1P400 was submitted to six treatments, composed of three sowing density combinations (12; 16 and 20 kg/ha of seeds) and two spacing between lines (0.40 and 0.80 m). Sorghum hybrid 1P400 was sowed in two seasons, at the end of spring (December 3rd, 2005) and the other at the end of summer (March 20th, 2006). Cultivation strategies influenced plant population in the two experimental seasons. Diameter of the stem in season 1 decreased with density increase, whereas in the second season, interaction between sowing density and spacing was significant. In the first season, 0.40-m spacing promoted greater losses due to grazing stepping, that is, 891 kg/ha of DM, whereas in the second season there was no statistical difference. There was no significant difference in forage dry matter yield in sowing densities among the two studied seasons. Dry mater production of sorghum hybrids 1P400 did not increase with the increase of the sowing density in the two sowing seasons, therefore it is recommended 12 kg/ha of seeds for the sowing. Sorghum IP400 cultivated in 0.80-m spacing resulted in lower forage loss caused by grazing bovine trampling

Resumo em Português:

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a massa de matéria seca forragem e de seus componentes morfológicos, a altura e o índice de tombamento do pasto, a densidade volumétrica e o valor nutritivo da forragem em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens diferidos por 95 dias sob quatro estratégias de adubação nitrogenada. Foram estudadas quatro estratégias de aplicação de nitrogênio no início e no final do período chuvoso, respectivamente (0-0, 100-0, 50-50, 0-100 kg de N.ha-1), avaliados em três estratos verticais a cada 20 cm, num delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições. Os pastos adubados com 100 kg de N no final do período chuvoso apresentaram maiores massas de matéria seca de forragem total, lâmina de folha e de colmo verde, bem como altura, altura estendida e densidade volumétrica da forragem total, lâmina de folha e de colmo verde em todos os estratos estudados. Os índices de tombamento foram maiores para os pastos adubados no final do período chuvoso (0-100 e 50-50). Os percentuais de fibra em detergente neutro foram menores no estrato A (acima de 40 cm do solo) e os teores proteína bruta (PB) maiores em todos os estratos para os tratamentos 0-100 e 50-50. Embora a adubação com 100 kg de N no final do período chuvoso permita aumentar a massa de forragem total e de lâminas de folhas e melhorar a qualidade desta forragem, a maior densidade de colmos nos estratos superiores e o elevado índice de tombamento podem caracterizar dificuldades na seleção da forragem e redução no consumo e desempenho animal.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this research was to evaluate the forage dry matter yield and its morphological components, height and pasture falling index, bulk density and forage nutritional value in Brachiaria decumbens pastures deferred for 95 days under four strategies of nitrogen fertilization. It was studied four strategies of nitrogen application at the beginning and at the end of the rainy season, respectively (0-0, 100-0, 50-50, 0-100 kg N/ha) evaluated in three vertical strata at every 20 cm in a randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Pastures fertilized with 100 kg N at the end of the rainy season showed greater weights of total forage dry matter, leaf blade and green stem as well as height, extended height and total forage bulk density, leaf blade and green stem in all strata studied. Falling indexes were greater for pastures fertilized at the end of the rainy season (0-100 and 50-50). The percentage of neutral detergent fiber were lower in stratum A (40 cm above ground), and contents of crude protein (CP) were greater in all strata for the treatments 0-100 and 50-50. Although fertilization with 100 kg N at the end of the rainy season allows an increase in the mass of total forage and leaf blades and improvement in the quality of this forage, greater density of stems in the upper strata and the high falling index can characterize difficulties in forage selection and reduction in intake and animal performance.

Resumo em Português:

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o padrão de deslocamento e a permanência de bovinos em pastos de Brachiaria decumbens diferidos por 95 dias sob quatro estratégias de aplicação de nitrogênio (0-0, 100-0, 50-50, 0-100 kg de N.ha-1) no início e no final do período chuvoso. Durante o período de utilização dos pastos diferidos, na estação seca, foram avaliadas a produção, algumas características estruturais da forragem e o padrão de deslocamento. Para avaliação dessas variáveis, foram aplicados dez testes de pastejo de 45 minutos utilizando-se quatro novilhos e, para avaliação de tempo de permanência, foram utilizados 14 novilhas da raça Girolanda, monitoradas a cada 10 minutos durante 24 horas. Pastos adubados com 100 kg de nitrogênio no final do período chuvoso apresentaram maiores massas de forragem total e de lâmina de folha, altura estendida, densidade volumétrica da forragem total, lâmina de folha e de colmo verde em todos os estratos estudados. Os índices de acamamento foram maiores para os pastos adubados no final do período chuvoso (0-100 e 50-50). As estratégias de adubação de 0-100 e 50-50 resultaram em maior número de estações alimentares e de passos por minuto, como consequência da maior dificuldade de seleção da forragem em maior grau de acamamento. Em contrapartida, o número de bocados por estação e por minuto foi menor nessas estratégias de adubação. O tempo de permanência foi maior para os pastos cuja estratégia de adubação foi a aplicação de 100 kg de N.ha-1 no final do período chuvoso (0-100). Pastos adubados próximo ao período de vedação alteram os padrões de deslocamento dos animais, em razão do maior acamamento das plantas, e isso faz com que os animais dediquem mais tempo a essa estrutura de maior densidade de lâminas de folhas.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study was conducted to evaluate the displacement and permanency patterns of grazing cattle on Brachiaria decumbens deferred during 95 days under four strategies of nitrogen application (0-0, 0-100, 50-50, 100-0 kg N.ha-1), at the beginning and at the end of the rainy season. During the deferred period, in the dry season, forage yield, canopy structural characteristics, and displacement pattern were evaluated. Four steers were used in Ten grazing tests of 45 minutes and 14 heifers Girolanda, monitored every 10 minutes during 24 hours, were used to evaluate the permanency time. Pastures fertilized with 100 kg N at the end of the rainy season had higher herbage and leaf blade, sward surface height, extended leaf height, sward leaf blade bulk density and stem mass in all canopy layers. The lodging rates were higher for pastures fertilized at the end of the rainy season (0-100 and 50-50). More feeding stations and steps per minute were found in 0-100 and 50-50 fertilization strategies, due to greater difficulty in forage selection with higher degree of lodging. On the other hand, the numbers of bites per feeding station and per minute were lower for these strategies. The permanency time was greater on pastures where the fertilization was 100 kg N.ha-1 at the end of the rainy season (0-100). Fertilization close to sealing period modify the displacement pattern of animals because the higher plants lodging making the animals to spend more time on pasture with greater density of leaf blade.

Resumo em Português:

A produção de forragem de melhor qualidade pode ser obtida pela mudança no método de pastejo, de contínuo para rotacionado, associada à prática da adubação, especialmente a nitrogenada. Avaliou-se nas estações chuvosas dos anos 2002/2003 e 2003/2004 o efeito de doses de nitrogênio, N (0, 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1), na produção de matéria seca e na composição bromatológica (FDA, FDN, hemicelulose, celulose, lignina e proteína bruta) de uma pastagem de capim-braquiária (Urochroa decumbens cv. Basilisk) manejada em pastejo rotacionado. Além disso, foram avaliadas as eficiências de duas fontes de nitrogênio (sulfato de amônio e ureia) e de recuperação do nitrogênio pela pastagem. As doses de nitrogênio, como ureia no primeiro ano e ureia e sulfato de amônio no segundo ano, foram parceladas em aplicações iguais durante a estação chuvosa. Efeitos lineares foram observados para a produção de matéria seca (MS) e o teor de proteína bruta em resposta ao nitrogênio aplicado. Valores da ordem de 18 e 14 kg MS/kg N aplicado foram obtidos no primeiro e segundo ano respectivamente. Para proteína bruta, teores de 9,1 e 11,7% foram observados com a aplicação de 300 kg ha-1 de N, no primeiro e segundo ano, respectivamente, enquanto para a testemunha (0 kg ha-1 de N), os teores encontrados foram 6,6 para o primeiro ano e 7,1% para o segundo ano. Por sua vez, os teores de FDN, FDA, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina não foram afetados pelas doses de nitrogênio. As fontes ureia e sulfato de amônio não diferiram entre si. As eficiências de recuperação de nitrogênio na matéria seca disponível foram de 33,1; 41,7; e 42,2% em resposta às doses 100, 200 e 300 kg ha-1 N, respectivamente, que podem ser consideradas relativamente baixas.

Resumo em Inglês:

Production of better quality forage can be achieved by changing grazing method, from continuous grazing by rotational grazing, associated with fertilization practices, especially nitrogen fertilization. It was evaluated during the rainy seasons of 2002/03 and 2003/04 the effect of nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1) on dry matter yield and on chemical composition (crude protein, ADF, NDF, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) of a Urochroa decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture, managed under rotational grazing. In addition, it was evaluated the efficiencies of two nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate and urea) and recovery of nitrogen by the pastures. The nitrogen doses, as urea in the first year and ammonium sulfate and urea in the second year, were split in equal applications during the rainy season. Linear effects were found to dry matter (DM) yield and crude protein content in response to the nitrogen applied. Values of 18 and 14 kg DM/kg N applied were obtained in the first and second year, respectively. For crude protein, contents of 9.1 and 11.7% were noted with the application of 300 kg ha-1 N, in the first and second year respectively, whereas in the control treatment (0 kg ha-1 N), the contents found were 6.6% for the first year and 7.1% for the second year. In turn, contents of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were not affected by nitrogen doses. Sources of urea and ammonium sulfate did not differ from each other. Efficiencies of nitrogen recovery in available dry matter were 33.1, 41.7 and 42.2% in response to 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1 N, respectively, which can be considered relatively low

Resumo em Português:

O objetivo neste trabalho foi verificar o efeito do estrógeno exógeno em fase precoce do ciclo estral na indução do estro e na dinâmica ovariana de vacas leiteiras. Considerando que a PGF2α não regride o corpo lúteo com menos de cinco dias após o estro, uma das alternativas para a redução do intervalo estral no início do ciclo seria o uso do estrógeno. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas mestiças Holandês-Zebu ciclando regularmente, sem qualquer alteração clínica ou reprodutiva. As vacas foram incluídas ao acaso nos respectivos tratamentos. Oito delas receberam 2,5 mL de cipionato de estradiol no primeiro dia do ciclo estral e oito não receberam (controle). A manifestação de estro foi monitorada visualmente. Os exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados diariamente pela manhã, iniciando no dia do estro. As coletas de sangue para as dosagens de progesterona tiveram início no dia do estro. Os animais que receberam estrógeno no primeiro dia após o estro natural manifestaram os sinais característicos de estro (psíquicos, útero túrgido e muco abundante) um dia após a aplicação. Essa redução do intervalo de estro para apenas dois dias pode favorecer a eliminação de bactérias do útero (quando presentes), aumentando a eficiência reprodutiva. Excetuando o dia da emergência da primeira onda folicular, todas as outras variáveis estudadas (número e comprimento de ondas, características dos folículos dominantes e subordinados, assim como os parâmetros relacionados ao corpo lúteo) não foram afetadas pela aplicação de estrógeno um dia após o estro. A aplicação de cipionato de estradiol em vacas mestiças um dia após o estro natural promove o aparecimento de sinais de estro dois dias após o estro natural mas não afeta as características do ciclo estral subsequente.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to check the effect of exogenous estrogen, in early phase of estrus cycle on the induction of estrus and on ovarian dynamics of dairy cows. By considering that PGF2α does not regress the corpus luteum in less than five days after the estrus, an alternative for the reduction of the estrus interval in the beginning of the cycle would be the use of estrogen. It was used 16 Holstein-zebu crossbred cows cycling regularly, without any clinical or reproductive alterations. Cows were randomly included in their respective treatments. Eight cows received 2.5 mL of estradiol cipionate on the first day of the estrous cycle and eight cows did not receive anything (control). The expression of estrus was monitored visually. The ultrasound scans were conducted daily in the morning, starting on the estrus day. The blood collections for the measurements of the levels of progesterone began on the estrus day. All the animals that received estrogen on the first day after natural estrus showed the estrus characteristical signals (psychics, turgid uterus and abundant mucus) one day after application. This reduction of estrus interval to only two days can promote the elimination of uterus bacteria (if present), consequently enhancing the reproductive efficiency. Except for the the day of the first follicular wave emergence, all the other studied variables (wave number and length, characteristics of dominant and subordinate follicles and the parameters related to the corpus luteum) were not affected by the application of estrogen on the day after the estrus. The application of estradiol cipionate in crossbred cows one day after the natural estrus promote the emergence of estrus sign two days after the natural estrus, without affecting the characteristics of the next estrous cycle.

Resumo em Inglês:

To evaluate the effect of using urea in the diet on ovarian follicular dynamics and plasma urea and progesterone concentration, an experiment was carried out with 29 Alpine goats randomly distributed into four diets, each one containing 0%; 0.73%; 1.46% or 2.24% of urea on total dry matter. The follicular dynamics was monitored daily by ultrasonography. The estrous cycles were characterized by occurrence of two, three, four or five follicular waves. The emergence day of the first follicular wave in cycles with two waves, the length of the third wave and the maximum diameter of the largest follicle of the third wave in cycles with three waves presented a quadratic behavior according to the percentage of urea in the diets. In cycles with four waves, the urea intake did not influence the follicular dynamics. The interestrus and interovulatory periods and the luteal and follicular phases length did not differ among treatments. The plasma urea concentration did not differ among diets neither among collection weeks. Plasma progesterone concentration on the estrus day and on the 11th day after estrus presented quadratic behavior, and on the 15th day after estrus, it linearly reduced acording to the percentage of urea in the diets. The supply of urea in diets at levels up to 2.24% in dietary dry matter did not influence the dry matter intake and the urea plasma concentration. For goats, the emergence day and the length of the waves, the follicular diameter and the plasma progesterone concentration on the estrus day and in the latter stages of diestrus were altered when there was supply of urea in the diet.

Resumo em Português:

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar diferentes osmolaridades e tempos de incubação durante o teste hiposmótico e suas correlações com a congelabilidade do sêmen de touros zebuínos. Foram utilizados 30 ejaculados de seis touros adultos da raça Nelore. No sêmen in natura foi feita avaliação física e morfológica, classificação quanto à coloração supravital e o teste hiposmótico. No teste hiposmótico foram utilizadas soluções com osmolaridades de 60, 100, 150 mOsm/kg e água destililada (19 mOsm/kg) om 15, 30 e 60 minutos de período de incubação a 37ºC. Após a criopreservação, as amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas quanto aos testes hiposmótico, à coloração supravital, ao teste de termorresistência lento e à coloração fluorescente. Não foram detectadas interações entre os tempos e as osmolaridades. Não houve diferenças para os valores médios de espermatozoides reativos incubados nas soluções com diferentes osmolaridades para o sêmen congelado/ descongelado. Apenas a utilização de água destilada determinou diferença nos valores médios obtidos no teste hiposmótico realizado no sêmen in natura. Não houve diferença entre os valores médios de espermatozoides reativos incubados com diferentes tempos de incubação, tanto no sêmen in natura como no sêmen congelado/descongelado. O teste hiposmótico pode ser realizado com 15 minutos de incubação, e com uma solução que varie a osmolaridade de 60 a 150 mOsm/kg, tanto no sêmen in natura como no sêmen congelado/descongelado.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this study was to evaluate different osmolarities and incubation times during the hiposmotic test and its correlation with cryopreservation of semen of Zebu bulls. It was used 30 ejaculates from six mature Nelore bulls. It was performed physical and morphological evaluation, supravital staining classification and hiposmotic test in the fresh semen. In the hiposmotic test, solutions with osmolarities of 60, 100, 150 mOsm/kg and distilled water (19 mOsm/kg) were used at 15, 30 and 60 minutes of incubation at 37ºC. After cryopreservation, the samples were thawed and evaluated for hiposmotic test, supravital staining, slow termoresistance test and for fluorescent stain. No interactions were detected between incubation times and solution osmolarities. There were no differences in average values of reactive sperm incubated in different solutions with different osmolarities for frozen/thawed semen. Only the use of distilled water determined differences in the average values obtained in the hiposmotic test performed in fresh semen. There was no difference between the mean values of reactive spermatozoa incubated with different incubation time in both fresh and frozen/thawed semen. Hiposmotic test can be accomplished in 15 minutes of incubation time and with a solution which varies osmolarity from 60 to 150 mOsm/kg in both fresh and frozen/thawed semen.

Resumo em Português:

Foram utilizados 10.238 registros semanais de produção de leite no dia do controle leiteiro provenientes de 388 primeiras lactações de cabras da raça Saanen visando comparar diferentes modelos de regressão aleatória (MRA). Primeiramente, foram comparados cinco modelos, cujos termos exponenciais da função de Wilmink assumiram os seguintes valores -0,0350; -0,0500; -0,0565; -0,0680 e -0,1000 (W0350, W0500, W0565, W0680 e W1000, respectivamente), considerando-se homogeneidade de variância residual ao longo da lactação. No modelo W0500, o valor -0,0500 foi mantido, enquanto nos modelos W0350, W0565, W0680 e W1000 foram usados os valores -0,0350; -0,0565; -0,0680; e -0,1000, respectivamente, em substituição ao valor -0,0500, proposto no modelo original utilizado para bovinos de leite. Escolhido o melhor modelo, segundo o ln L, foram avaliadas, pelos critérios AIC, BIC e ln L, a homogeneidade e heterogeneidade da variância residual: homogeneidade, duas, três, quatro, cinco e seis classes ao longo da lactação. De acordo com o critério usado, o modelo W0350 apresenta o melhor ajuste dentre os avaliados. Com relação à variância residual, a utilização de seis classes ao longo da lactação é indicada pelos critérios AIC, BIC, ln L e teste de razão de verossimilhança. As estimativas de herdabilidade ao longo da lactação, para o melhor modelo, variam de 0,07 (2ª semana de lactação) a 0,25 (20ª semana de lactação).

Resumo em Inglês:

It was used 10,238 weekly test day records from 388 first lactations of Saanen goats with the objective of comparing random regression models (RRM). Firstly, it was compared five models, whose exponential terms of Wilmink function assumed the following values: -0.0350; -0.0500; -0.0565; -0.0680 and -0.1000 (W0350, W0500, W0565, W0680 and W1000, respectively) by considering homogeneity of residual variance over the lactation period. The value -0.0500 was kept in the model W0500 whereas models W0350, W0565, W0680 and W1000 used values -0.0350; -0.0565; -0.0680 and -0.1000, respectively, replacing the value -0.0500, proposed by the original model used in dairy cattle. After choosing the best model according to ln L, homogeneity and heterogeneity for residual variance: homogeneity, two classes, three classes, four classes, five classes and six classes along the lactation were evaluated by using AIC, BIC and ln L criteria. According to criterion used, W0350 presents the best fit among the evaluated models. With regard to residual variance, the use of six classes over lactation is indicated by AIC, BIC, ln L and likelihood ratio test. Heritability estimates over lactation, for the best model, ranges from 0.07 (2nd lactation week) to 0.25 (20th lactation week).

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this study was to characterize the sexual development in Anglo-Nubian male goats raised in semi-intensive system. Eight animals were monitored every fifteen days, from the 12th to the 44th week for age at penis detachment, live weight, scrotal circumference, seminal parameters (volume, aspect, concentration, wave motion, progressive individual motility, vigor and spermatic abnormalities) and serum testosterone levels. Serum testosterone levels were determined in blood samples collected at the 20th, 28th and 38th weeks of age. Penis detachment occurred at 102.9 ± 15.4 days of age. Live weight and scrotal circumference at 20th and 44th weeks of age ranged from 25.9 ± 3.5 to 44.7 ± 4.7 kg and from 21.2 ± 1.6 cm to 26.0 ± 1.5 cm, respectively. The ejaculate volume ranged from 0.38 ± 0.05 to 0.96 ± 0.04 mL, concentration ranged from 1.33 ± 0.64 to 3.54 ± 0.14.10(9) mL-1 and the progressive individual motility varied from 48.0 ± 10.52% to 82.0 ± 3.74%, at the same age. The number of defective spermatozoa (major and minor) was 32.2 ± 5.8% vs. 8.80 ± 2.9% at the 20th and the 44th week of age, respectively. Serum testosterone level was 2.70 ± 1.40 ng.mL-1 at the 20th week, 8.50 ± 4.66 ng.mL-1 at the 28th week and 2.21 ± 2.28 ng.mL-1 at the 38th week of age. Age showed a correlation with live weight, scrotal circumference, and all the qualitative parameters of semen except for volume, with all other qualitative parameters of semen, and the correlation among sperm abnormalities and the other traits was negative. Serum testosterone levels and andrological parameters of Anglo-Nubian goats raised in semi-intensive system are closely related to age. In those animals, puberty is reached at the 20th week and sexual maturity is reached at the 38th week of age.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this experiment was to study yolk pigmentation stability in omega 3 (ω-3) enriched eggs stored under different temperatures in zeaxanthin equivalent (by using visible light spectrophotometer) and visual score (with values obtained by yolk color fan) and to verify the correlation among those methodologies. Three hundred big eggs from Isa Brown hens were distributed into two lots each one containing 150 eggs, stored at room temperature (26.5ºC) or under refrigeration (7.9ºC) for 35 days. It was used a completely randomized design in a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement (storage temperature × storage period). Pigmentation observed with the yolk color fan was steady during the experiment period when eggs were kept under refrigeration and it reduced when stored at room temperature. At spectrophotometric quantification, carotenoids decreased in both temperatures studied. There is a high correlation between the methods of analysis for eggs stored at room temperature and for eggs stored under refrigeration as well, but this correlation is sharper when eggs are stored under refrigeration.

Resumo em Português:

Objetivou-se determinar níveis de inclusão de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) em rações para aves machos e fêmeas da linhagem Colonial nas fases inicial (1 a 28 dias), de crescimento (28 a 56 dias) e final (56 a 84 dias) criadas em semiconfinamento. Em cada ensaio, 480 aves com idade correspondente à fase de criação foram alojadas em 24 unidades experimentais contendo áreas de abrigo e de pastejo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2 (níveis de NaCl e sexos), totalizando oito tratamentos e três repetições de 20 aves. Os níveis de NaCl avaliados foram: 0,20; 0,40; 0,60 e 0,80% na fase inicial; 0,10; 0,30; 0,50 e 0,70% na fase de crescimento e 0,10; 0,25; 0,40 e 0,55% na fase final. Foram avaliados o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração, a ingestão de água, a conversão alimentar, o potencial hidrogeniônico, a pressão parcial de gás carbônico no sangue, a concentração de hematócritos e os teores de sódio e cloro no sangue. Para a fase inicial, o nível recomendado é de 0,53% de NaCl na ração para aves de ambos os sexos. Para a fase de crescimento, os níveis de 0,40 e 0,43% de NaCl, respectivamente, para machos e fêmeas e, para a fase final, de 0,25% para aves de ambos os sexos, atendem às exigências nutricionais.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to determine inclusion levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) in diets for male and female Colonial strain birds in the starter (from one to 28 days of age), growing (from 28 to 56 days of age) and finisher (from 56 to 84 days of age) phases reared in free-range system. In each trial, 480 birds at age corresponding to the rearing phase were housed in 24 experimental units containing areas of shelter and pasture. The experimental design used was a completely randomized in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement (NaCl levels × sex), totaling eight treatments and three replications of 20 birds. Levels of NaCl evaluated were: 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80% in the starter phase; 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 and 0.70% in the growing phase and 0.10, 0.25, 0.40 and 0.55% in the finisher phase. It was evaluated weight gain, feed intake, water intake, feed conversion, pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood, hematocrit concentration and sodium and chlorine blood levels. For the starter phase it is recommended 0.53% of NaCl level in diet for birds of both sexes. For the growing phase, the levels were 0.40 and 0.43% of NaCl, respectively, for males and females, and for the finisher phase, the level of 0.25% for birds of both sexes meets the nutritional requirements.

Resumo em Português:

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os valores nutricionais de milhos de quatro qualidades, obtidos por meio de estratificação em mesa densimétrica, para frangos de corte em diferentes idades. Os milhos foram designados como: MDA - milho de densidade alta; MDI - milho de densidade intermediária; MDB - milho de densidade baixa; e MDO milho de densidade original, composto de 25% de MDA, 50% de MDI e 25% de MDB. Três ensaios biológicos foram conduzidos utilizando-se o método tradicional de coleta total de excretas para determinação da energia metabolizável aparente corrigida (EMAn). O primeiro ensaio metabólico foi conduzido com pintos Cobb de 14 a 17 dias, o segundo, com pintos de 25 a 28 dias e o terceiro de 38 a 41 dias de idade. Foram realizadas análises químicas para determinação do perfil nutricional, classificação de grãos segundo a densidade e comparação por meio das estimativas de equações de predição do valor energético. Os valores da EMAn dos milhos de diferentes qualidades (MDA, MDI, MDB e MDO) determinados com frangos na fase inicial foram: 3562, 3382, 3198 e 3357 kcal/kg, para a fase de crescimento: 3576, 3555, 3229 e 3416 kcal/kg e, para a fase final 3610, 3554, 3354 e 3585 kcal/kg, respectivamente. Esses valores comprovam as significativas perdas energéticas dos milhos de mais baixa qualidade e a eficiência da mesa densimétrica em estratificar os grãos. A diferença da EMAn entre as idades das aves sugere melhor eficiência de utilização da energia com o avanço da idade. As equações de predição podem ser utilizadas para estimar o valor energético de milhos, tanto por sua classificação como pelas análises bromatológicas. Entretanto, o erro sistemático associado a cada equação de predição pode comprometer a exatidão de seu valor nutricional.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to determine the nutritional value of corn of four different qualities, obtained by stratification in densimetric table, for broilers at different ages. The corns were designed as: MDA - high density corn; MDI - medium density corn; MDB - low density corn and MDO - original density corn, composed of 25% MDA, 50% MDI and 25% MDB. Three biological assays were carried out by using the traditional total excreta collection method for determination of nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn). The first metabolism assay was carried out with Cobb chicks at 14 to 17 days of age, the second assay with chicks at 25 to 28 days of age and the third with chicks at 38 to 41 days of age. Chemical analyses were made for determination of the nutritional profile, classification of the grains according to density and comparison by estimates of energy value prediction equations. The values of AMEn of corns of different qualities (MDA, MDI, MDB and MDO) determined in broilers in initial phase were: 3562, 3382, 3198 and 3357 kcal/kg for growth phase and for final phase they were 3576, 3555, 3229 and 3416 kcal/kg and for the finish phase they were 3610, 3554, 3354 and 3585 kcal/kg, respectively. These results prove that significant energy losses of the lowest quality corns and the efficiency of the densimetric table to stratify the grains. The different AMEN values among ages of the birds suggest better energy use efficiency as age increases. The prediction equations can be used to estimate energy value of corn by its classification and by chemical analyses as well. However, the systematic error associated to each prediction equation can compromise the accuracy of the nutritional value.

Resumo em Português:

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho em confinamento de animais puros das raças Tabapuã (T), Bonsmara (B), mestiços ½ Bonsmara + ½ Nelore (B1) e mestiços ½ Bonsmara + ¼ Red Angus + ¼ Nelore (B2). Foram utilizados cinco bovinos castrados de cada grupo genético, com idade média de 22 meses e peso vivo de 394 ± 21 kg, ao início do experimento. A dieta para todos os animais continha silagem de cana-de-açúcar e ração comercial na proporção de 55 e 45% (base seca), respectivamente, com 14,99% de PB e 59,84% de NDT. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram escore visual de acabamento de 3, numa escala de 1 = magros a 5 = obesos. Houve efeito significativo dos grupos genéticos sobre o consumo de matéria seca, cujas médias foram de 1,9; 2,1; 2,2 e 2,2% do PV, respectivamente, para os animais Tabapuã, Bonsmara, B1 e B2. O ganho médio diário em peso vivo dos animais cruzados B1 (0,925 kg) e B2 (1,122 kg) e puros Bonsmara (1,035 kg) foi superior ao dos animais da raça Tabapuã (0,630 kg), que foram mais tardios para atingir escore corporal de abate. O consumo de nutrientes, como porcentagem do peso vivo ou por unidade de peso metabólico, não diferiu entre grupos genéticos. Carcaças de animais Bonsmara apresentaram melhor escore de conformação, porém as carcaças dos animais da raça Tabapuã tiveram melhores médias para rendimento de carcaça quente (56,2%) e fria (55,2%). Não houve diferença no peso de carcaça fria entre os grupos genéticos. Animais Bonsmara puros, B1 e B2, apresentam melhor desempenho em confinamento em comparação aos Tabapuã.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to evaluate feedlot performance of Tabapuã (T) and Bonsmara (B) purebreed animals, and ½ Bonsmara + ½ Nelore (B1) and ½ Bonsmara + ¼ Red Angus + ¼ Nelore (B2) crossbred animals. It was used five castrated bovines from each genetic group at average age of 22 months and live weight of 394 ± 21 kg at the beginning of the experiment. The diet for all the animals contained sugar cane silage and commercial ration at the proportion of 55 and 45% (dry matter basis), respectively, with 14.99% CP and 59.84% TDN. Animals were slaughtered when they reached a visual finishing body score of 3, in a scale from 1 = thin to 5 = obese. There was a significant effect of genetic groups on dry matter intake, whose averages were 1.9, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.2% BW for Tabapuã, Bonsmara, B1 and B2 animals, respectively. Average daily gain in live weight of crossbred animals B1 (0.925 kg) and B2 (1.122 kg) and purebred Bonsmara (1.035 kg) were greater than the ones of Tabapuã (0.630 kg), which were the latest to reach body condition score for slaughtering. Nutrient intake, as percentage of the body weight or per unit of metabolic weight, did not differ among genetic groups. Carcasses of Bonsmara animals presented the best conformation score, but carcasses of Tabapuã animals obtained the best means for hot (56.2%) and for cold (55.2%) dressing percentages. There was no difference for cold carcass weight among the genetic groups. Purebred Bonsmara steers, B1 and B2, presented better fedlot performances in comparison to Tabapuã steers.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to study the effect of grazing systems: rotational, continuous and the absence of cattle, in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha on microbial activity (respiratory, potential nitrification, solubilizing, and enzymatic) and on the chemical attributes (contents of organic carbon, total nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and moisture) of Eutrustox soil over one year. Eight Canchim breed animals were used. The samples were collected in the four seasons from 2005 to 2006. The average of organic C, organic P, and moisture contents, as well as potential nitrification and solubilizing activity and urease and acid phosphatase activities were significantly higher in the spring and/or summer than in autumn and/or winter. The total nitrogen amounts did not vary among seasons. While the respiratory activity was larger during winter and summer, cellulase activity was smaller during spring than in the other seasons. Except for organic P, higher values of the variables studied were observed in the rotational grazing. The results indicate that the hot and rainy season and the rotational grazing system cause increases in the soil microbiological and chemical attributes.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study examined the effects of crossbreeding low genetic potential cows of Bos indicus origin characterized by Gyr crossed with Holstein-Friesian and Simmental bulls to produce animals in a low input dual purpose system. The farm is situated near Brasilia, in the savannah region of Brazil. The climate of the region is classified as Aw by Köppen. Data was available on 1580 calvings and completed lactations of cows with three genetic types: Gyr, Holstein-Friesian × Gyr and Simmental × Gyr. The bulls ran with the cows all year round and the diet comprised of pasture (mainly Brachiaria and Andropogon) during the summer (rainy season) and milled sugar cane with added urea during the winter (dry season). A mineral salt mixture was available ad libitum. Data was analysed using Statistical Analysis System. The results show that, under low input management conditions, the crossbred cows produce approximately twice the volume of milk per lactation, calve at a younger age and have a shorter open period, but there are no significant differences between crosses for growth rates of the calves or body condition of the cows. In this system, crossbred cows had production higher indices than zebu cattle. The best indices were found for cows calving in the rainy season (September to December) and thinner cows (with body condition 3-5 on a scale of 9).

Resumo em Português:

Avaliaram-se os efeitos das características químicas e da digestibilidade in vivo da FDN (DFDN) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras em confinamento utilizando-se meta-análise a partir de 285 observações de seis experimentos. Utilizaram-se dados de animais alimentados com dietas à base de silagem de milho (n = 213) ou cana-de-açúcar (n = 72). Apesar do menor teor de FDN da cana-de-açúcar (45,27% da MS) em relação à silagem de milho (54,48%), observaram-se menores consumos de MS e FDN, que refletiram em menor produção de leite. Verificou-se maior redução no comsumo de matéria seca (kg/dia) com aumento do teor de FDNf (FDN de forragem, % da MS) em dietas com canade-açúcar (332,4 g de MS para cada 1% no teor de FDNf) em relação à silagem de milho (96 g de MS para cada 1% no teor de FDNf). O maior efeito de repleção ruminal da FDN da cana-de-açúcar deve-se à fração indigestível, majoritária, apesar da maior taxa de degradação da fração potencialmente degradável da FDN em relação à silagem de milho. A produção de leite não-corrigida (PL) e corrigida para 4% de gordura (PLC) e o teor de proteína do leite reduziram linearmente com o aumento no teor de FDNf, independentemente da fonte de forragem. Porém, a PL e PLC não foram afetadas pelo nível de FDNnf (FDN de não-forragem). Os consumos de MS, FDN e NDT e o teor de gordura no leite reduziram linearmente com aumento na relação lignina:FDN, com maior amplitude em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar em relação à silagem de milho. O consumo de MS, a produção de leite e a produção de leite corrigida reduziram linearmente e na mesma magnitude entre as fontes de forragens, com o aumento na DFDN da dieta. O efeito do teor FDN e lignina sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e o desempenho animal depende da fonte utilizada.

Resumo em Inglês:

It was evaluated the effects of the chemical characteristics and in vivo NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) on intake, digestibility and performance of dairy cows in fedlot by using a meta-analysis procedure from 285 observations of six experiments. It was used data of animals fed diets based on corn silage (n = 213) or sugarcane (n = 72). Despite the lower NDF content of sugarcane (45.27% of DM) compared to corn silage (54.48%), it was noted lower intakes of dry matter (DMI) and NDF, which responded with a lower milk yield. It was observed a greater reduction in DMI (kg/day) with the increase of NDFf (NDF forage, % DM) in sugarcane diets (332.4 g of DM for each 1% of NDFf) in relation to corn silage (96 g of DM for each 1% of NDFf). The greatest effect of ruminal repletion of sugar cane NDF is caused by the indigestible fraction, majoritary, despite the highest degradation rate of NDF potentially degradable fraction in relation to corn silage. Milk production not corrected (MP) and MP corrected to 4% fat (MPC) and the content of milk protein decreased linearly with the increase of NDFf content, regardless of the forage source. However, MP and MPC were not affected by NDFnf (non-forage NDF) level. Intakes of DM, NDF, TDN and milk fat content decreased linearly with increase in the lignin:NDF ratio, with greater amplitude in sugarcane based diets in relation to silage corn. Dry matter intake, MP and MPC reduced linearly and at the same magnitude among forage sources, with the increase in NDFD of the diet. The effect of NDF and lignin on intake, digestibility and animal performance depend upon the source used.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of using nylon textiles (50 μm), F57 (Ankom®) and non-woven textile (NWT - 100 g/m²) on laboratory evaluation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by using quantitative filter paper as purified cellulose standard and by simulating different composition of samples with additions of corn starch, pectin, casein and soybean oil. The quantitative filter paper was processed in a knife mill with a 1-mm screen sieve and the procedures for analyses of NDF contents were performed in a fiber analyzer (Ankom220®). Four experiments were carried out with additions of different ingredients into the filter paper: corn starch added at the levels of 15 or 50%; pectin, 15 or 50%; casein, 10 or 30%; and soybean oil at 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 or 50% of dry matter, respectively. The ratio 20 mg of dry matter/cm² of surface was followed. When it was relevant, in function of the evaluated treatments, heat-stable α-amylase was used. The use of F57 and NWT resulted in accurate estimates of NDF contents whereas nylon textile caused loss of insoluble fibrous particles, compromising accuracy of the results. For samples containing starch, use of heat-stable α-amylase is recommended in the evaluation of NDF contents. Pectin and casein are completely solubilized by neutral detergent solution. Levels of oil higher than 10% cause overestimation of NDF contents.

Resumo em Português:

Um experimento foi conduzido utilizando-se a técnica semiautomática de produção cumulativa de gás in vitro com o objetivo de avaliar a combinação da suplementação energética com a proteica em dietas à base de um volumoso de baixa qualidade, feno de capim-tifton (Cynodon dactylon L.), com 7,69% de proteína bruta, 70,34% de fibra em detergente neutro e 57,98% de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica. Foram avaliadas duas fontes de proteína degradável no rúmen (ureia ou proteína isolada de soja); quatro níveis de grão de milho moído (0, 20, 40 e 60%) e quatro níveis suplementares de proteína degradável no rúmen (0; 2,8; 5,6 e 8,4%) em delineamento completamente casualizado em um fatorial 2 × 4 × 4. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica aumentou linearmente em resposta à inclusão de milho com inclinação maior utilizando proteína isolada de soja. O fator de partição foi superior com proteína isolada de soja e foi detectado aumento linear em resposta ao aumento da proteína degradável com 20% de milho. A produção máxima de gás da fração de rápida (A) e de lenta (D) degradação aumentou linearmente em resposta à inclusão de milho, com proteína isolada de soja, e quadraticamente com ureia. A taxa de degradação de A aumentou com a inclusão de até 20% de milho e a taxa de degradação de D foi maior com ureia. O lag-time de A aumentou linearmente em resposta a inclusão de milho e no lag-time de D foi observada diminuição com até 20% de milho sem alterações em níveis superiores. A suplementação com até 60% de milho moído foi benéfica para a digestibilidade de dietas com volumoso de baixa qualidade. A associação entre energia e proteína foi benéfica em alguns parâmetros estudados. A ureia gerou melhores respostas em níveis moderados de grão de milho moído.

Resumo em Inglês:

It was conducted an experiment using the semi-automatic in vitro cumulative gas production with the objective of evaluating the combination of energy and protein supplementations in diets based on low quality roughage, Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon L.), with 7.69% of crude protein; 70.34% of neutral detergent fiber and 57.98% of organic matter in vitro digestibility. It was evaluated two sources of rumen degradable protein (urea or isolated soybean protein); four levels of ground corn grain (0, 20, 40 and 60%) and four supplementary levels of rumen degradable protein (0; 2.8; 5.6 and 8.4%) in complete random design in a 2 × 4 × 4 factorial arrangement. The organic matter in vitro digestibility increased linearly in response to grain corn inclusion with a greater slope by using isolated soybean protein. The partitioning factor was higher with isolated soybean protein and it was detected a linear increase in response to increasing rumen degradable protein with 20% of grain corn. The maximum gas production of the fraction of fast (A) and slow (D) degradation increased linearly in response to the grain corn inclusion, with isolated soybean protein, and it quadratically increased with urea. The A degradation rate was increased with inclusion of up to 20% of grain corn and the degradation rate of D was higher with urea. The A lag-time increased linearly with the inclusion of grain corn and in the D lag-time it was observed a decrease with up to 20% of grain corn unchanged at high levels. The supplementation with up to 60% of grain corn was beneficial to digestibility of diets with low quality roughage. The association between energy and protein supplementation was positive in some studied parameters. Urea gave better responses at moderate levels of ground grain corn.

Resumo em Inglês:

The behaviour of ostrich chicks bred in captivity was studied by using groups with 30 birds in five age groups: from 10 to 40 days of age; from 41 to 60 days of age; from 61 to 90 days of age; from 91 to 120 days of age and from 121 to 150 days of age. Six birds at each age were ringed around one of their feet and observed for four consecutive days for eight hours daily in three periods (in the morning, at noon and in the afternoon), following the "one-zero" method for sampling. The order for observation of behaviour of the six selected birds was performed randomly at every thirty minutes, totalling 16 periods or 80 minutes/bird/day. Fourteen types of behaviour were observed. There were differences among ages for behaviour like standing, walking, running, ingesting stones, ingesting feces, picking and attacking. Non-parametric-tests were used to analyse the behaviour according to age of the bird and to the periods of the day. There was a statistical difference between in the morning and at noon periods on behaviours standing, walking, eating ration and in litophagia, which were observed more frequently at the first hours of the day. When periods of the morning and afternoon were compared, the birds' age had a significant effect on behaviour sand bathing. When the periods noon/afternoon were compared, the behaviours which presented significant differences were walking, running, drinking water, eating ration, litophagia, coprophagia, dancing, sand bathing, whose occurrence was the highest during dusk. It was observed that the behaviour of young ostriches diverge according to the age and to day period.

Resumo em Português:

Objetivou-se comparar metodologias de referência com a espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier para análises do pH e do ponto de congelamento sob diferentes condições de conservação em amostras de leite bovino cru. Foram coletadas amostras de leite de tanques de expansão em 57 propriedades. Cada amostra foi subdividida em 45 frascos (40 mL), que foram distribuídos de acordo com a temperatura de armazenamento (-20; 7 e 25ºC), a idade da amostra (0, 3, 6 e 9 dias) e os níveis de adição de água (0, 2, 4 e 6%). Foi adicionado bronopol a 44 frascos e um foi mantido sem adição do conservante para controle. O pH e o ponto de congelamento foram determinados pela metodologia de referência (potenciômetro e crioscópio eletrônico, respectivamente) e pela metodologia alternativa por meio do equipamento MilkoScanTM FT+. Os resultados obtidos em cada metodologia nas diferentes condições de conservação das amostras foram avaliados por análise de variância e comparação de médias. A análise de regressão linear foi realizada para avaliar as metodologias (referência e alternativa) quanto aos resultados do ponto de congelamento em função da idade da amostra. O bronopol não alterou as médias de pH, porém reduziu o ponto de congelamento. Foram calculados fatores de correção para eliminar esse efeito nos resultados do ponto de congelamento. As médias de pH em amostras com três dias, mantidas a -20 e 25ºC foram mais baixas que as amostras a 7ºC. A idade da amostra influenciou os resultados de pH quando as amostras foram submetidas a 25ºC. O aumento da temperatura de armazenamento para 25ºC reduziu as médias do ponto de congelamento em amostras sem adição de água e com nove dias de armazenagem. O aumento na idade da amostra a -20 e 7ºC não tem efeito sobre médias do ponto de congelamento. Há forte correlação entre as metodologias em função da idade da amostra para o ponto de congelamento.

Resumo em Inglês:

The objective of this work was to compare reference methodologies to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for analysis of pH and freezing point (FP) under different storage conditions on samples of raw bovine milk. Milk samples were collected from bulk tank milk on 57 farms. Each sample was subdivided into 45 vials (40 mL) which were distributed according to storage temperature (-20ºC, 7ºC and 25ºC), age of the sample (0, 3, 6 and 9 days) and levels of water addition (0, 2, 4 and 6%). Bronopol was added into 44 flasks and one was maintained without addition of preservative for control. Frozen point and pH were determined by the standard methods (thermistor cryoscope and potentiometer, respectively) and by the alternative methodology by using MilkoScanTM FT+. The results from each method, at different conditions of conservation of the samples, were evaluated by analysis of variance and comparison of means. The linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the methodologies (reference and alternative) for results of the frozen point in function of the age of the sample. Bronopol did not alter pH means, but it reduced frozen point. Correction factors were calculated to eliminate this effect on the results of the frozen point. Means of pH in three-day samples, kept at -20ºC and 25ºC were lower than the samples at 7ºC. The age of the samples affected the results of pH when they were submitted to 25ºC. The increase of storage temperature to 25ºC reduced means of frozen point in samples without addition of water and at nine days of storage. The increase in age of sample at -20ºC and 7ºC does not affect means of frozen point. There is a strong correlation among methodologies in function of age of the sample for frozen point.