Inventory and assessment of geosites to stimulate regional sustainable management: the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

GARCIA, MARIA DA GLÓRIA M.; LAMA, ELIANE A. DEL; MARTINS, LUCELENE; MAZOCA, CARLOS EDUARDO M.; BOUROTTE, CHRISTINE L.M.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920180514

Brazil

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Earth Sciences • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 91 (02) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201920180514 linkcopy

Inventory and assessment of geosites to stimulate regional sustainable management: the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Abstract: The reviewed and integrated geoheritage inventory of the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, resulted in 43 geosites distributed in eight geological frameworks. The selected geosites are representative of a geological history from the Neoproterozoic (Brasiliano-Pan African Cycle) to the recent, covering a minimum 700-Ma timespan. Considering the dynamic character of geoheritage inventories, the results presented in this work were based on previous local, town-based surveys, which were reviewed under the light of new geological data and geoconservation methods. Both qualitative and quantitative geosites assessments were used to discuss their geological representativeness and relevance, as well as legal aspects regarding protection and perspectives for future use. This resulted in a detailed inventory that reflects the current geological knowledge in the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, and may be used to make a general diagnosis of the scientific value, state of conservation, risk of degradation and potential use of the geoheritage. Moreover, it reinforces the importance of locally- and regionally-relevant sites for sustainable land management using geoheritage and to direct the decisions related to the conservation and use of this abiotic part of nature in the region.

Key words
Brazil; São Paulo; geological heritage; geoheritage management; inventory; Public policies

Country	Period	Developments from the inventory
United Kingdom	Since 1977	Results being published in a series of 45 volumes. The sites selected – GCR sites – form the basis of statutory geological and geomorphological site conservation in Britain. The sites also serve as the basis for so-called “Geodiversity Action Plans” and the “Geodiversity Charters”, which define actions to conserve, enhance and promote the geodiversity in several scales.
Spain	Since 1978	Especially in the last fifteen years, the increasing integration of geoconservation into scientific and social themes, associated with the active participation of Spanish geological societies, has greatly influenced the legal system, as is the case of Law 42/2007, which includes conservation of geological heritage as one of its bases.
Portugal	Since 2007	Adaptation of nature conservation laws to include concepts such as geosite and geological heritage (Decree-Law 142/2008), directly influencing management and making issues related to Geoconservation be addressed formally from basic to postgraduate.

Geosite	Coord. (S/E)	Justification of scientific value	Main interest	Ownership regime	Inventory
Corcovado Peak	-23.44924 -45.19334	Landform associated with the Serra do Mar uplift and with the evolution of the coastline. Viewpoint to the plateaus and highlands and to the coastal zone.	GM	PA	2; 5
Baepi Peak	-23.79324 -45.33181	Landscape representative of one of the Ilhabela syenite batholiths. Viewpoint to the São Sebastião channel and the coastline.	GM	PA	1
Registers of the landslides of Caraguatatuba	-23.59385 -45.42932	Poorly selected sedimentary deposit associated with gravel bars, product of 1967’s great landslides that occurred in the town.	GT	PA	4; 5
Meteorite impact structure of Ubatuba	-23.30522 -44.92880	Possible impact crater with 1.1 diameter and 180 meters of calculated depth with likely Pleistocene age.	GM	PB	5
Beachrock of Ubatuba	-23.46550 -45.05803	The only beachrock in the state of São Paulo. Holocene deposits cemented by carbonate with sub-vertical orthogonal joints filled with aeolian sediments (Souza 2013).	PE	NA	5
Pleistocene marine terrace of Vermelha do Norte Beach	-23.41788 -45.03821	Marine terrace of probable Pleistocene age. Evolution related to tectonic conditioning. Acted as a sandy barrier during the Holocene marine transgression.	PE	NA	5
Fluvial terrace of Rio do Ouro	-23.60452 -45.42507	At the base, coarse-grained, channel-type deposits grading to pelitic-type sediments that may indicate abandon of the fluvial channel and filling of the meander (Souza 1990).	PE	PB	6
Holocene beach ridges of Fazenda Serramar	-23.65071 -45.44779	Sand deposit showing distinct beach sedimentary structures representative of regressive phase after the Santos Transgression (5.5 ky B.P.) (Souza 1990).	PE	PV	6
Pleistocene marine terrace of Fazenda Serramar	-23.65109 -45.43778	Homogeneous fine-grained sand deposit with fossile tubes of Callichirus major. Regressive phase after the Cananeia Transgression (120 ky B.P.) (Souza 1990).	PE	PV	6
Storm-beach sedimentation of Enchovas Beach	-23.91313 -45.32291	Unique sedimentation with blocks and pebbles of varied composition. Also shows NE-SW-oriented basement promontory and gabbro-porphyritic granite contact.	SD	NA	1
Garnet-bearing sands of Figueira Beach	-23.88435 -45.27791	Intensely reddish sand resulting from degradation of garnet-bearing granodiorite that occur localy in the island and outcrops at the beach (Barreto 2016).	SD	NA	1
Alkaline fluvial sediments of Poço Beach	-23.76169 -45.25782	Beach composed essentially of fine- to coarse-grained fluvial sediments derived from alkaline rocks, with no contribution of marine sedimentation (Rodrigues 2018).	SD	NA	6
Syenite magmatism of Ilhabela	-23.83817 -45.28809	Representative outcrop of the Serraria syenite massif showing mafic dyke intruded in the alkaline rock.	PL	PA	1; 5
Stratiform gabbros of Ilhabela	-23.92239 -45.45140	Alkaline gabbro with igneous layering structure marked by textural variations. Gabbroic enclaves, composite dykes and vuggy strucures also occur.	PL	NA	1; 5
Contact relationships between alkaline rocks of Ilhabela	-23.73336 -45.29322	3-km section between Pacuíba and Jabaquara beaches showing cumulate gabbro, syenite and contact interactions between the two lithotypes (Timich et al. 2016, Rodrigues 2018).	PL	NA	6
Dyke of Bonete Beach	-23.53963 -45.18513	20-30 meters-thick, NE-SW-oriented Mesozoic tholeiitic dyke, intruded in granitic gneiss from the Costeiro Complex (Garda 1995, Pires 2017).	VC	NA	6
Mantle xenoliths of Vermelha do Centro Beach	-23.46118 -45.04507	Lamprophyre dyke with mantle xenoliths formed about 100 km deep. Features interpreted as explosive cones related to lamphrophyre magmas also occur.	VC	NA	2; 5
Magmatic breccia of Anchieta Island	-23.53888 -45.08339	Magmatic breccia produced by physical/chemical interaction of basaltic magmas and rocks from the Ubatuba Charnockite Suite and their host rock, of granitic composition.	VC	PA	2; 5
Dykes of Ponta do Araçá	-23.81895 -45.40535	300-meters rock shore section exposing mainly NE-SW-oriented, compositionally distinct dykes intruded in coarse-grained granite gneiss of the Costeiro Complex.	VC	NA	3; 5
Dykes of Ilhabela	-23.93476 -45.44161	Record of complex tectonics of dykes of distinct ages and compositions and crosscut relationships that intrude porphyritic granite.	VC	NA	1; 5
Late post-collisional Ilha Anchieta monzogranite	-23.54609 -45.05737	500-Ma monzogranite with primary stratification related to the last episodes of orogenic magmatism at the end of the Brazilian-Pan African Cycle.	PL	PA	2; 5
Mylonites and cataclasites of Camburu Shear Zone	-23.68743 -45.63591	Very well preserved record of mylonites associated with cataclasites of the Camburu Shear Zone.	TC	PB	2; 5
Geosite	Coord. (S/E)	Justification of scientific value	Main interest	Main interest	Inventory
Mylonites of Tabatinga Beach	-23.57437 -45.29234	Mylonitic porphyritic granitic gneiss showing dextral shear-sense indicators. Probable register of the Camburu Shear Zone.	TC	NA	4
Juqueí Augen Gneiss at the Camburu Shear Zone	-23.71847 -45.70684	Record of the strike-slip tectonics associated with the Camburu Shear Zone affecting the Juqueí Augen Gneiss (Maffra 2000, Meira 2014).	TC	PA	3
Boudins of the Camburizinho Tombolo	-23.77993 -45.64747	Locally mylonitic granitic gneiss with numerous metric, elongated boudins showing internal foliation representative of previous deformation.	TC	NA	3; 5
Pico do Papagaio Granite in Sertão da Quina	-23.52229 -45.24716	Representative outcrop of the Pico do Papagaio Granite, dated at 600 Ma (Pires 2017). In the region the unit compouds peraluminous, foliated medium- to coarse-grained granite.	PL	PB	6
Leucogranite of the Ubatuba suite in Vermelha do Sul Beach	-23.50493 -45.17214	Representative outcrop of the leucogranite related to the Ubatuba Charnockite Suite, dated at 581 Ma (Pires 2017).	PL	NA	6
Mangerite of the Ubatuba suite in Santa Rita Beach	-23.49533 -45.10303	Representative outcrop of the mangerite related to the Ubatuba Charnockite Suite, dated at 591 Ma (Pires 2017).	PL	NA	6
Caçandoca Granite type-locality	-23.55679 -45.21565	Representative outcrop of the Caçandoca Granite, dated at 596 Ma (Pires 2017). The unit includes fine- to medium-grained, locally porphyritic granites, with absence of enclaves.	PL	NA	6
Pico do Papagaio Granite at Massaguaçu Quarry	-23.59753 -45.37152	Representative outcrop of the Pico do Papagaio Granite, dated at 588 Ma (unpubl. data).	PL	PV	6
Alcatrazes Granite type-locality	-24.10218 -45.69358	Porphyritic biotite granite in several states of deformation with xenoliths of paragneiss and fine diorite, dated at 560 Ma (Martins et al. 2014, Janasi et al. 2015).	PL	PA	3
Guaecá leucogranite type-locality	-23.82866 -45.44712	Peraluminous, mainly foliated medium- to coarse-grained two-micas leucogranite. U-Pb zircon ages of 562 Ma (Maffra 2000, Meira 2014, Meira et al. 2015).	PL	NA	6
Hornblende-bearing granodiorite of the Ilhabela Batholith	-23.94047 -45.42761	Representative outcrop of the hornblende-bearing granodiorite that compound the Ilhabela Batholith, dated at 573 Ma (Janasi et al. 2015, Barreto 2016).	PL	NA	6
Granodiorite with enclaves of the Ilhabela Batholith	-23.84272 -45.35662	Representative outcrop of the granodiorite unit that constitutes the Ilhabela Batholith - 562 Ma (Hb porphyritic granodiorite) and 571 Ma (diorite enclave) (Barreto 2016).	PL	PA	6
Folded granitic gneiss of Ponta Aguda Beach	-23.58883 -45.13184	Granite to granodiorite gneiss of the Costeiro Complex with extensive folding with mainly NE-SW axes (Pires 2017). The axial plans are parallel to the main regional foliation.	TC	NA	2
Gruta que Chora cave and Syn-plutonic dykes of Sununga Beach	-23.50164 -45.13184	Relationships between the Caçandoca Granite and syn-plutonic dykes with internal folding, and Mesozoic dyke which erosion gave origin to the Gruta que Chora cave.	TC	NA	2
Megaboudin of Lagoa Azul	-23.62358 -45.35710	Decametric, NE-SW-oriented amphibolite boudin in granitic gneiss interpreted as an ancient dyke and representative of the strike-slip tectonics.	TC	NA	4
Orthogneisses and migmatites of Brava Beach	-23.62828 -45.36824	Contact relationships between locally mylonitic granite gneiss and mafic gneiss interpreted as syn-plutonic dykes.	MT	NA	4
Metagabbros with injection features of Juqueí	-23.76867 -45.75492	Felsic paragneisses intruded by metagabbro body with extensive pegmatite injections showing complex crosscutting relationships.	TC	NA	3; 5
Metatexitic paragneisses and amphibolites of Boicucanga	-23.78325 -45.63898	Sillimanite-garnet biotite-bearing metatexitic paraderivate gneiss with deformed amphibolite boudins interpreted as ancient dykes.	MT	NA	3; 5
Paragneisses and metatexites of Calhetas Peninsula	-23.83238 -45.52153	Garnet-bearing biotite stromatic metatexite intecalated with granoblastic medium-grained paragneiss with Cryogenian U-Pb provenance pattern (Meira 2014, Meira et al. 2016)	MT	NA	6
Diatexites of Maresias	-23.79461 -45.58869	Coarse-grained biotite-bearing diatexite dated at 584 Ma, interpreted as the age of a metamorphic overgrowth stage (Meira 2014, Meira et al. 2016).	MT	NA	6
Costeiro Complex at Portinho Beach	-23.84384 -45.40722	Representative section showing the relationships between coarse-grained granitic gneiss, banded gneiss and calc-silicate rocks of the Costeiro Complex (Barreto 2012, 2016).	TC	NA	1

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[1] GM - Geomorphological, GT - Geotechnical, PE - Paleoenvironmental, SD - Sedimentary, PL - Plutonism, VC - Volcanism, TC - Tectonics, MT - Metamorphism. Ownership regime: PA - Protected area, PB - Public area, NA - Navy area, PV - Private area. Research works where the geosites were defined: 1 - Prochoroff (2014), 2 - Santos (2014), 3 - Reverte (2014), 4 - Arruda et al. (2017a), 5 - Garcia et al. (2018) - State inventory, 6 - This work. Colors in the left column refer to the geological frameworks (see Figure 1).