Figure 1.
Structural organization pattern of Anthurium section Pachyneurium (eg, Anthurium affine Schott). A. Habit. B. Detail of the cataphyll. C. Leaf blade. D. Eucamptodromous nervation. Inflorescence. Illustration by Karena Pimentad.
Figure 2.
Morphology of petioles in cross sections. 1A. Circular. 1B. Subcircular, with grooved adaxial surface and obtuse edges. 1C. Subcircular, with canaliculate adaxial face and obtuse edges. 1D. Semilunar, with canaliculated adaxial face and obtuse edges. 1E-F. Subcircular, with adaxial face 2-3 sided, blunt ribs. 2A-E. Semicircular, with a flat adaxial face and obtuse, acute or carinated edges or 2-3 sides. 3A. Subcircular with canaliculated adaxial face and sharp edges. 3C-D. Subcircular, with canaliculated or grooved adaxial face and obtuse edges. 3E-G. Subcircular, with flat adaxial face and sharp edges (E) or canaliculated adaxial face and carinated edges or 2-3 sides (F-G). 4A. Tetragonal, with fluted adaxial face and obtuse edges. 4B, F. Obtrapezoidal, with fluted adaxial face and sharp to obtuse edges and 3-sided abaxial face. 4C-E. Obtriangular, with flat adaxial surface and acute to obtuse edges and abaxial surface 1-sided (4C-D) or 2-sided (4E), acute ribs. 5A-B. Semilunar, with canaliculate adaxial surface and acute to obtuse edges and multi-sided abaxial surface, acute to obtuse ribs. Illustration by Karena Pimenta.
Figure 3.
Details of different inflorescences. A. Spadix clavate, spathe ovate, erect. B. Spadix clavate, spathe reflexed, recurved. C. Spadix cylindroid, stipitate, spathe larger than spadix, reflexed. D. Spadix cylindroid, sessile, spathe reflexed, recurved. E. Spadix tapered, sessile, spathe reflexed. F. Spadix tapered, sessile, spathe erect. G. Spadix tapered, curved, long-stipitate, spathe erect. H. Spadix tapered, long-stipitate, spathe reflexed to slightly recurved. I. Spadix tapered, stipitate, recurved. J. Spadix tapered, stipitate, spathe with a size equivalent to slightly patent. K. Spadix tapered, tapered at apex, spathe smaller than spadix, slightly patent. L. Spadix tapered, tapering at apex, spathe smaller than spadix, recurved. M. Detail of the flowers by spiral (1. Principal spiral, 2. alternate spiral). Illustration by Karena Pimenta.
Figure 4.
Details of the spadix at different stages of anthesis. A-B. Anthurium affine Schott. A. Detail of the spadix in pre-anthesis with nectar droplets. B. Detail of the spadix in anthesis with yellowish pollen grains. C. Anthurium atropurpureum. Detail of the spadix in anthesis. D-E. Anthurium santaritense Croat & Nadruz. D. Detail of the spadix in pre-anthesis with nectar droplets. E. Detail of the spadix in anthesis with yellowish pollen grains. F-I. Anthurium solitarium Schott. F. Detail of the spadix in pre-anthesis with nectar droplets. G. Detail of the spadix in anthesis. H. Detail of the spadix with whitish pollen grains. I. Detail of the spadix after anthesis. J-K. Anthurium lindmanianum Engl. J. Spadix in pre-anthesis. K. Detail of spadix with droplets of nectar. L-M. Anthurium plowmanii Croat. L. Detail of the spadix in pre-anthesis with nectar droplets. M. Detail of the spadix in anthesis with orange pollen grains. Photos by Mel de Castro.
Figure 5.
Geographic distribution of A. sect. Pachyneurium from Brazil. (A. affine, A. atropurpureum, A. bonplandii, A. bovinii and A. ernestii).
Figure 6.
Geographic distribution of A. sect. Pachyneurium from Brazil. (A. galactospadix, A. jenmanii, A. krukovii, A. leonii, A. lindmanianum and A. loretense).
Figure 7.
Geographic distribution of A. sect. Pachyneurium from Brazil (A. mayoanum, A. paraguayense, A. plowmanii, A. oxycarpum, A. uleanum).
Figure 8.
Geographic distribution of A. sect. Pachyneurium from Brazil. (A. pluricarinatum, A. pranceanum, A. santaritense, A. solitarium).
Figure 9.
Anthurium affine Schott. A. Habit, emphasizing erect stem and inflorescence. B. Leaf blade with strongly wavy margins. C. Spathe entirely greenish to greenish with vinaceous streaks, ovate, erect to recurved. D. Greenish-yellowish spadix, cylindroid, with erect spathe in anthesis. E. Spadix yellowish, clavate in anthesis. F. Spadix yellowish to slightly golden, cylindroid post-anthesis. G. Erect infructescence, berries red at the base, purple to nigrescent at the apex, oblong to ellipsoid.
Figure 10.
Anthurium atropurpureum R.E.Schult. & Maguire. A. Habit. B. Entire plant, erect stem, obovate leaf blade. C. Cataphyll lanceolate, erect, breaking into fibers at the base. D. Detail of the leaf blade, erect inflorescence and tapered purple spadix. E. Detail of the base of the leaf blade, sulcate petiole with sharp margins on the adaxial, cylindroid peduncle. F. Leaf blade with straight margins, midrib and primary lateral veins prominent on the adaxial surface. G. Midrib and primary lateral veins prominent on the abaxial surface. H. Detail of the greenish stipe. I. Erect infructescence, purple berries, obovoid.
Figure 11.
Anthurium bonplandii G.S.Bunting. A. Habit. B. Obovate leaf blade. C. Detail of punctate glands (brown dots) on the abaxial surface. D. Detail of midrib and primary lateral veins prominent, inflorescence erect. E. Peduncle green, spathe reflexed, greenish-yellowish, spadix tapered, reddish. F. Spadix in anthesis with yellowish pollen grains and detail of the stipe. G. Erect infructescence, marcescent spathe, purple berries. H. Detail of purple to dark red berries I. Obovoid berry, apex rounded. J. Detail of two seeds, one brownish-purple and the other brown, both with a rough forehead.
Figure 12.
Anthurium bovinii Camelo & Nadruz. A. Entire plant, erect stem, cataphylls and lanceolate prophylls erect. B. Detail of the midrib and primary lateral veins prominent.C. Inflorescence erect, peduncle greenish, spathe yellowish-green, spadix cylindroid, orange-yellow. D. Detail of the flowers indicating (red arrow) the primary spiral with 4 flowers.
Figure 13.
Anthurium ernestii Engl. A. Habit. B. Whole plant, erect stem. C. Leaf blade with strongly wavy margins, erect inflorescence. D. Detail of leaf blade base, prominent midrib, one rib in the middle. E. Inflorescence with erect spathe, green. F. Detail of inflorescence with whitish pollen grains. G. Inflorescence in post-anthesis with pink spadix. H. Infructescence with green spathe, persistent, reflexed, ovate with acuminate apex. I. Detail of the purple, obovoid berries. Photographs by Thomas Croat.
Figure 14.
Anthurium galactospadix Croat. A. Stem erect, petiole carinate on the abaxial face. B. Leaf blade elliptical with strongly wavy margins, midrib and primary lateral veins prominent on the abaxial side. C. Inflorescence with short peduncle, spathe erect, green. D. Spadix whitish to greenish, spathe yellowish-green. E. Clavate spadix. F. Detail of flowers. G. Green, erect, ovate spathe with apex apiculate, whitish to cream spadix at anthesis with whitish pollen grains. H. Inflorescence in post-anthesis with a persistent spathe, spadix pinkish, clavate. I. Details from oblong to ellipsoid berries. Photos by Thomas Croat.
Figure 15.
Anthurium jenmanii Engl. Specimen B.V. Rabelo et al. 2200 (NY!, MO!).
Figure 16.
Anthurium krukovii Croat. Specimen T. Plowmann et al. 12211 (F!).
Figure 17.
Anthurium leonii E.G.Gonç. A. Habit and inflorescence. B. Leaf blade with primary lateral veins and inflorescence with pendulous spadix. C. Spathe erect, spadix tapered, lilac. D. Infructescence pendulous with marcescent spathe. E. Detail of bicolor berries, vinaceous at base, purple at apex.
Figure 18.
Anthurium lindmanianum Engl. A. Habit. B. Whole plant, stem decumbent, leaf blade obovate, straight margins. C. Inflorescence erect, peduncle greenish-vinaceous, spathe greenish with streaks, reflexed to revolute, spadix tapered, purple. D. Detail of stipitate spadix, green, green spathe with vinaceous striations. E. Spadix in post-anthesis, grayish, spathe marcescent. F. Infructescence with deciduous spathe, stipitate. G. Detail of bicolor berry, whitish from middle to base, purple at apex, obovoid. H. Detail of the purple seed, oblong.
Figure 19.
Anthurium loretense Croat. Specimen G.K. Gottsberger & J. Döring 113-29186 (MO!)
Figure 20.
Anthurium mayoanum Camelo, Croat & Nadruz. A. Habit. B. Leaf blade with rosulate arrangement. C. Cataphylls and base of leaf blade truncated at the base. D. Spadix tapered, sessile, coral colored. E. Detail of coral-colored flowers. F. Spadix at anthesis. G. Pendent infructescence. H. Detail of the coral-colored infructescence, vinaceous berries. Photos by Edgar Lobato and Luiz Otávio Adão.
Figure 21.
Anthurium oxycarpum Poepp. Specimen C.E. Calderón 2828 (INPA!).
Figure 22.
Anthurium paraguayense Engl. A. Habit B. Detail of the inflorescence smaller than half of the leaf blade. C. Cataphylls lanceolate, erect, petiole carinated. D. Leaf blade with strongly wavy margins, prominent midrib, acute, primary lateral veins prominent. E. Inflorescence in pre-anthesis, peduncle green, cylindroid, spathe green, patent, spadix lilac, tapered, curved. F. Brown spadix at anthesis, tapered, green spathe, reflexed. G. Spadix in post-anthesis brown, spathe dark green, reflexed. H. Infructescence erect, berries magenta. I. Detail of 1 berry, obovoid, shiny. J. Detail of two seeds, cream with vinaceous streaks.
Figure 23.
Anthurium plowmanii Croat. A. Habit. B. Cataphylls in thin, "hair-like" fibers (arrow). C. Petiole U-shaped, peduncle smaller than the petiole. D. Spadix larger than peduncle, tapered, purple. E. Spadix at pre-anthesis. F. Detail of the spadix with nectar droplets. G. Inflorescence at anthesis, brownish. H. Detail of the spadix at anthesis with orange pollen grains. I. Infructescence erect at post-anthesis. J. Post-anthesis inflorescence showing 1 berry. K. Infructescence with red berries. L. Detail of concolor, oblong, shiny berries.
Figure 24.
Anthurium pluricarinatum Camelo, Temponi, Nadruz & Baumgratz. A. Habit. B. Detail of the whole plant, erect stem. C. Leaf blade lanceolate, apex acuminate, persistent, cataphylls decomposed into fibers at base. D. Detail of petiole semilunar, sulcate adaxially with acute margins, abaxially surface 3-6-carinated. E. Detail of leaf blade. F. Cross-section of the petiole with several carinated on the adaxial side. G. Cross-section of midrib. H. Detail of leaf blade with strongly wavy margins and stipitate spadix. I. Erect inflorescence in pre-anthesis. J. Erect inflorescence, reflexed spathe, greenish-vinaceous spadix. K. Cylindroid spadix, purple at anthesis. L. Detail of purple spadix at anthesis with pollen grains.
Figure 25.
Anthurium pranceanum Croat. Specimen G.T. Prance et al. 12640 (NY!, INPA!).
Figure 26.
Anthurium santaritense Croat & Nadruz. A. Habit. B. Petiole subcircular, sulcate on adaxial face with obtuse margins on adaxial side, obtuse on abaxial side. C. Leaf blade lanceolate. D. Detail of prominent midrib and primary lateral veins on the adaxial side. E. Detail of inflorescence in pre-anthesis with revolute spathe. F. Pendulous inflorescence, reflexed sheath at anthesis. G. Stipitate spadix and spathe forming an acute angle at the junction with the peduncle. H. Pre-anthesis spadix with nectar droplets. I. Spadix at anthesis with yellowish pollen grains. J. Inflorescence and pendulous infructescence. K. Infructescence with a berry. L. Detail of concolorous berries and seeds. Photos F-L by Lucio Leoni.
Figure 27.
Anthurium solitarium Schott. A. Habit. B. Detail of petiole subcircular, slightly sulcate to canaliculate on adaxial face with obtuse margins on adaxial side, obtuse on abaxial face. C. Leaf blade obovate to elliptical. D. Midrib prominent on the adaxial side, leaf blade with straight margins. E. Detail of prominent midrib on adaxial side and eucamptodromous nervation. F. Pendulous inflorescence. G. Detail of the whitish pollen grains. H. Spathe with long stem forming an acute angle at the junction with the peduncle. I. Spadix in post-anthesis. J. Infructescence pendulous. K. Details of concolor berries.
Figure 28.
Anthurium uleanum Engl. A. Cataphylls and prophylls lanceolate, erect, and decomposed into fibers at the base. B. Stem erect, petiole flattened on adaxial, carinated on abaxial. C. Leaf blade elliptical, midrib and primary lateral veins prominent, with strongly wavy margins. D. Detail of midrib on adaxial side, 1-nerved median. E. Detail of midrib on abaxial side, 1-median vein acute. F. Inflorescence erect, peduncle greenish, spathe greenish to whitish, reflexed, spadix tapered. G. Spadix greenish to whitish, tapered, slightly curved, pollen grains whitish. H. Spadix greenish in post-anthesis, persistent spathe reflexed. I. Detail of long-decurrent spadix.
Taxonomic study of Anthurium sect. Pachyneurium (Schott) Engl. (Araceae) from Brazil
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