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LACTATE CAN BE A MARKER OF METABOLIC SYNDROME IN SEVERE OBESITY?

ABSTRACT

Background:

In the last decades, numerous studies have confirmed the importance of lactate - by-product to the nutrient signal of the intracellular redox state - to regulatory functions in energy metabolism.

Aim:

To evaluate changes in blood lactate in patients with severe obesity and its correlation with body composition and metabolic profile.

Methods:

Twenty-four people with severe obesity (BMI=40 kg/m2) were evaluated in a prospective case-control study before and six months after Roux-in-Y gastric bypass. The blood lactate, total cholesterol, and fractions, C-reactive protein and HOMA-IR were analyzed after 12 h fasting. Body mass composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance and respiratory quotient was measured by indirect calorimetry.

Results:

The initial lactate level was 2.5±1.1 mmol/l and returned to normal level (1.9±3.6 mmol/l, p=0.0018) after surgery. This reduction was positively correlated with a decrease in BMI (p=0.0001), % free fat mass (p=0,001), % fat mass (p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.01). There was normalization of lactatemia in 70% of patients. There was no correlation between lactatemia and C-reactive protein.

Conclusions:

There was a significant improvement of metabolic parameters, normalization of blood lactate, fat mass loss, although these individuals remained with a high BMI.

HEADINGS:
Obesity; Bariatric surgery; Lactic acid; Metabolic syndrome; Body composition

RESUMO

Racional:

Nas últimas décadas, inúmeros estudos confirmam a importância do lactato - subproduto ao sinal de nutrientes do estado redox intracelular - às funções reguladoras do metabolismo energético.

Objetivo:

Avaliar alterações no lactato sanguíneo em pacientes com obesidade grave e sua correlação com a composição corporal e o perfil metabólico.

Métodos:

Vinte e quatro pacientes com obesidade grave (IMC=40 kg/m2) foram avaliadas em um estudo prospectivo antes e após seis meses do bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux. O lactato sanguíneo, colesterol total e frações, proteína C-reativa e HOMA-IR foram analisados após 12h de jejum. A composição corporal foi avaliada por bioimpedância elétrica e o quociente respiratório por calorimetria indireta.

Resultados:

O nível inicial de lactato foi de 2,5±1,1 mmol/l e retornou ao nível normal após a operação (1,9±3,6 mmol/l, p=0,0018). Essa redução foi correlacionada positivamente com a diminuição do IMC (p=0,0001), % de massa livre de gordura (p=0,001) e % de massa de gordura (p=0,001) e HOMA-IR (p=0,01). Houve normalização da lactatemia em 70% dos pacientes. Não houve correlação entre lactatemia e proteína C-reativa.

Conclusões:

Houve melhora significativa dos parâmetros metabólicos e normalização da lactatemia, perda de massa gorda, embora esses indivíduos permanecessem com IMC elevado.

DESCRITORES:
Obesidade; Cirurgia bariátrica; Ácido láctico; Síndrome metabólica; Composição corporal

INTRODUCTION

The increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a concern, mainly due to risk of progression to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases1515 Johnson WD, Brashear MM, Gupta AK et al. Incremental weight loss improves cardiometabolic risk in extremely obese adults. Am J Med. 2011;124(10):931-8.,22 Barros F, Negrão MG, Negrão GG. Weight loss comparison after sleeve and roux-en-y gastric bypass: systematic review. ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig.2019;32(4):e1474.,2929 Valadão JA et al. Vertical gastrectomy vs. extended vertical gastrectomy: what is the impact on gastroesophageal reflux disease in obese rats?ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 2020;33(2):e1513..

Since the first descriptions, MetS and increased resistance to insulin are interrelated1111 Grundy SM, Brewes HB, Cleeman JI et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference. Circulation. 2004;109:433-8.,2626 Tonatto-Filho AJ et al. Bariatric surgery in brazilian public health system: the good, the bad and the ugly, or a long way to go. Yellow sign! ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig.2019;32(4):e1470., although this variable is difficult to assess in the clinical context. As consequence, clinical characteristics of insulin resistance, such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance are used to compose its concept. Other features of MetS are a low-grade systemic inflammatory state, a prothrombotic state, and metabolic inflexibility, which is the loss of the body’s ability to adapt the consumption of substrates to its availability33 Beck-Nielsen H. The Metabolic Syndrome: Pharmacology and Clinical Aspects. Springer. 2013.. If we consider MetS and severe obesity from the point of view of metabolic flexibility, a compelling perspective is opened to study the role of lactate in this context. In the last decades, numerous studies have confirmed the importance of lactate - by-product to the nutrient signal of the intracellular redox state - with important regulatory functions in energy metabolism 23,10,30,22.

Despite the extensive literature on the interrelationships between adipose tissue and lactate, there are virtually no prospective clinical studies evaluating the prevalence of increased basal lactate in patients with severe obesity individuals as well as the impact of weight loss in this context.

The aim of this study was to determine changes in blood lactate level at rest in subjects with severe obesity before and one-year after bariatric surgery as well as correlations between blood lactate concentration, body composition (lean and body fat mass) and improvement in metabolic profile.

METHODS

A prospective case control study with 24 patients with severe obesity (BMI=40 kg/m2) before and six months after bariatric surgery at Metabolic and Bariatric Unit Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. The current study was performed according to the ethical recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the Hospital das Clínicas Ethical Committee (no. 01038912600000068)

Inclusion criteria were BMI>40 kg/m2, age between 18 and 60 years, absence of type 2 diabetes (American Diabetes Association - 2012), chronic lung disease and limiting cardiopathy.

Blood lactate concentration

For its determination, blood samples were taken from the finger in the morning after 12 h fasting using Accu-Chek® (Diagnostics GmbH Roche, Germany). Lactate levels were measured by placing a drop of blood on the test strip BM-Lactate (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) and introducing it in Accutrend® Lactate (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany).

Biochemical data

Samples for laboratory tests were also collected in the morning after a 12 h fasting. Insulin resistance measurements were obtained using the HOMA-IR model. All biochemical measurements were performed from plasma samples obtained by centrifugation of whole blood (3,000 rpm, 20 min, temp =4.0° C). Insulin levels and C-peptide were determined by MO electrochemistry. The levels of total cholesterol and fractions (LDL-c, VLDL-c and HDL-c) were determined by CHOD/PAP ID-MS colorimetric enzymatic method. Ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined by immunoturbimetric assay.

Anthropometric measurements, body mass composition and respiratory quotien

Body composition was evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) using InBody 230® (GE Healthcare, USA) and anthropometry. Height and body weight were measured with participants to the nearest 0.5 cm and 0.1 kg, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight (kg)/height (m2). Respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated from the ratio between total CO2 production and O2 consumed and was measured by indirect calorimetry using the Med Graphics System, Ultima CPX (Medgraphics, St. Paul, MN, USA).

Surgical procedure

The procedure performed was gastric bypass in Roux-en-Y, with biliopancreatic loop 60-75 cm and food loop of 100-120 cm, with 30 ml volume pouch.

Statistical analysis

The results of descriptive analysis were expressed as mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables and percentages for qualitative variables and p<0.05 were considered as significant. Statistical analysis was performed using R program version 2010.

RESULTS

The clinical characteristics and laboratory data from patients before and six months after bariatric surgery are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1
Anthropometrics, body composition and laboratory data of patients with severe obesity

Female were in 83% of the individuals. The mean age of the participants was 38.5±9.6 years. The initial blood lactate level at rest was 2.5±1.1 mmol/l. They also had insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR values. Resting lactate values returned to the normal level (1.9±3.6 mmol/l, p=0.0018) after surgery and this reduction was positively correlated with a decrease in BMI (p<0.0001), percentage of free fat mass (p<0.001), total fat mass (p<0.001) and HOMA-IR index (p<0.01).

DISCUSSION

The mechanisms responsible for metabolic changes associated with MetS and obesity are complex and still poorly understood. Disorders of fat metabolism decreased arterial flow to white adipose tissue (WAT) and the installation of a low-grade inflammatory state secondary to hypoxia appears to be the triggering events of the metabolic changes that accompany MetS, such as increased resistance to insulin action, hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia2828 Trayhurn P. Hypoxia and adipocyte physiology: implications for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Annu Rev Nutr.2014;34:207-36.. Initially, it was attempted to demonstrate that tissue hypoxia at the level of WAT would be the cause of increased local production of lactate, similarly to what would happen in the musculature under anaerobic conditions (oxygen deficit theory)1313 Halestrap AP, Wilson MC. The monocarboxylate transporter family - Role and Regulation. Life. 2012;64(2):109-119..

Nevertheless, lactate is not simply the end result of glucose oxidation under anaerobic conditions. In fact, some situations of high energy demand, in addition to replacing blood glucose and hepatic glycogen, lactate also participates in the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism44 Blüher M. Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity related metabolic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):163-77..

It has even been suggested that it acts as a hormone, modifying the expression of several enzymes and transporters related to cellular bioenergetics, inducing the release of insulin from the beta cells and increasing the pancreatic response to insulin secretagogues10 or inhibiting lipolysis1717 - Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity related metabolic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):163-77.. The great responsible for this new point of view was the discovery of the monocarboxylic acid carriers (MCT) coupled to the transport of the hydrogen ion2727 Trayurn P. Hypoxia and adipose tissue function and dysfunction in obesity. Physiol Rev. 2013; 93:1-21..

The expression of these transporters in the various tissues varies in response to multiple factors such as oxygen availability at the cellular level, changes in exercise routine, muscle regeneration processes, changes in dietary pattern, prolonged fasting and obesity that ultimately modifies the lactate kinetics according to the demands of energy metabolism 33.

Resting lactatemia (up to 2 mmol/l) is the result of a balance between constant production and clearance (approximately 1 mmol/kg/h of lactate) produced in various organs and tissues11 Adeva-Andany M, López-Ojén M, Funcasta-Calderón R et al. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion. 2014;17:76-100.. The WAT contributes significantly to this kinetics, with variations related to ethnicity, anatomical region studied (visceral vs. subcutaneous adipose tissue, e.g.), level of physical activity, nutritional status and insulin action 7.

In this series with severe obesity had an increase in lactate at rest and fasting (2.5±1.1 mmol/l), with point values that reached 4.6 mmol/l, similar to values found in individuals submitted to physical exercise with intensity close to the anaerobic threshold 24.

In healthy non-obese subjects, approximately 30% of the glucose absorbed by subcutaneous adipose tissue during fasting is converted to lactate by non-oxidative metabolism. After carbohydrate intake, lactatemia rises following the elevation of the blood level of insulin, with up to 23.5% of the circulating glucose removed WAT in this period being converted into lactate66 Brooks GA. Cell-cell and intracelular lactate shuttles. J Physiol. 2009; 587(23):5591-5600.. As obesity progresses (increased fat mass), there are important changes in glucose to lactate metabolism, as well as glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia 1919 Pierre K, Parent A, Jayet PY et al. Enhanced expression of three monocarboxylate transporter isofirms in the brain of obese mice. J Physiol. 2007;583(2):469-486..

In the opposite direction was noticed a significant normalization of lactatemia in 70% of the patients after the reduction of the fat mass (66.4±10.7 kg to 38.3±11.3 kg). It is interesting to note that even after a significant loss of fat mass, the mean BMI was 35.6±4.9 kg/m2, perhaps the reason why lactatemia did not normalize in all patients.

Resting hyperlactatemia is an indicator of low oxidative capacity and is associated with an increased risk of cardiac failure, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, probably as a consequence of decreased capacity of oxidative phosphorylation due to mitochondrial dysfunction 21.

The increase in HIF-1alpha in response to hypoxemia induces several modifications in energy metabolism. Initially it stimulates the expression of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and up regulates enzymes from the glycolytic pathway and activates lactate dehydrogenase, which recycles NAD+ and allows the continuity of glycolysis activity. In addition, it induces pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, resulting in blockade in the conversion of pyruvate-acetyl-CoA, determining decrease in Krebs activity and greater availability of pyruvate for conversion to lactate1818 McCommis KS, Finck BN. Mitochondrial pyruvate transport: a historical perspective and future research directions. Biochem J. 2015;466(3):443-454..

There was a significant decrease (from 1.12±0.09 to 0.98±0.06) in RQ of the patients before and after the loss of fat mass, which could mean a trend towards a less glycolytic metabolism with a recovery of the oxidative capacity.

Experimental research in fat cell culture, was suggested that the massive production of lactate is a cellular defense process, used to eliminate excess glucose, exporting the carbon from glucose to the liver. In addition to circumventing the problem of excess glucose availability, this mechanism helps control hyperglycemia in the short term 20.

The glucose and lactate metabolism alterations associated with obesity are not restricted to WAT. The basal muscle release of lactate is significantly higher in individuals with obesity when compared to non-obese controls in skeletal muscle preparations11 Adeva-Andany M, López-Ojén M, Funcasta-Calderón R et al. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion. 2014;17:76-100.. The skeletal muscle of individuals with obesity, when compared to that of non-obese individuals, presents several structural and functional changes such as sarcopenia1212 Hajer G, van Haeften TW, Visseren FLJ. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes and vascular diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2959-2971., muscle remodeling with an increase in the density of glycolytic muscle fibers1414 Jansson PA, Larsson A, Smith U et al. Lactate release from the subcutaneous tissue in lean and obese men. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(1): 240-246. and a tendency in the increase of the expression of the monocarboxylate transporters 4 (MTC) responsible for the extrusion of large amounts of lactate, probably an adaptive mechanism to their physical condition. Caloric restriction and weight loss induce a slight decrease in the level of expression of the MTC4, towards control values 1111 Grundy SM, Brewes HB, Cleeman JI et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference. Circulation. 2004;109:433-8..

In addition, the quantitative proteomic analysis of the skeletal muscle of obese individuals shows an increase in the content of glycolytic enzymes and down regulation of mitochondrial proteins, suggesting a decrease in oxidative metabolism1010 Gladden LB. Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium. J Physiol. 2004;1(558):5-30..

It is well known that in other conditions associated with an increase in lactatemia (as in hyperlactatemia of stress), it represents a refined mechanism of adaptive response to oscillations in energy demand than a simple metabolic out of control produced by desoxya1414 Jansson PA, Larsson A, Smith U et al. Lactate release from the subcutaneous tissue in lean and obese men. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(1): 240-246.. With obesity, in addition to the absolute increase in fat mass, there is an increase in basal lactate production per gram of fat tissue88 DiGirolamo M, Newby FD, Lovejoy J. Lactate production in adipose tissue: a regulated function with extra-adipose implications. FASEB J.1992;6:2405-2412., although its release in response to glucose infusion is depressed55 Bokhari S, Emerson P, Israelian Z et al. Metabolic fate of plasma glucose during hyperglycemia in impaired glucose tolerance: evidence for further early defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;296 (3): E440-E444..

There is an inverse relationship between insulin sensitivity index and baseline lactate level, and it is still controversial whether obesity-related hyperlactatemia is a consequence of insulin resistance, exclusively due to obesity itself or associated with other factors1616 Matsushita K, Williams EK, Mongraw-Chaffin ML et al. The association of plasma lactate with incident cardiovascular outcomes: The ARIC Study. Am J of Epidemiol. 2013;178(3):401-409.. In our patients, was found a significant fall in insulinemia and normalization of HOMA-IR after surgery, although was not percieved any association between the findings.

The low-grade inflammatory state that is established in obese individuals is probably one of the main factors responsible for the extra metabolic changes in the WAT3232 Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;15;112(12):1785-1788.. As a consequence of the mismatch between the effective capillary blood flow and the fat mass, a desoxy environment with loss of homeostasis control infiltration of macrophages and development of a low-grade inflammatory state at the WAT level. There is also local release of free radicals that together induce local and systemic metabolic alterations such as dysregulation in the expression of cartilage matrix deficiency in various organs, remodeling of skeletal muscular tissue and increased resistance to the action of insulin MTC1 dysfunction is a key factor associated to the late occurrence of insulin resistance3131 Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1796-1808..

As observed in other studies, our patients presented normalization of C-reactive protein after weight loss2525 Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: A systematic review. JAMA. 2007;167(1):31-39. (Table 1), suggesting a decrease in inflammatory activity. Although we did not find a correlation between normalization of lactatemia and C-reactive protein, it is possible that the improvement in the inflammatory state, reflected by the decrease in it is correlated with the improvement in lactatemia99 Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1799-804..

Further studies are needed to determine if these phenomena are interconnected, whether blood lactate levels could be considered a marker of the metabolic disorders associated with obesity and what their real significance in metabolism in individuals with severe obesity.

CONCLUSION

The rest hyperlactatemia observed in patients with severe obesity is accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and low grade chronic inflammatory state. Was found a significant improvement in these parameters, with up to 70% normalization with loss of fat mass after Roux-in-Y gastric bypass, although these individuals remained with a high BMI.

REFERENCES

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    Adeva-Andany M, López-Ojén M, Funcasta-Calderón R et al. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion. 2014;17:76-100.
  • 2
    Barros F, Negrão MG, Negrão GG. Weight loss comparison after sleeve and roux-en-y gastric bypass: systematic review. ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig.2019;32(4):e1474.
  • 3
    Beck-Nielsen H. The Metabolic Syndrome: Pharmacology and Clinical Aspects. Springer. 2013.
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    Blüher M. Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity related metabolic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):163-77.
  • 5
    Bokhari S, Emerson P, Israelian Z et al. Metabolic fate of plasma glucose during hyperglycemia in impaired glucose tolerance: evidence for further early defects in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;296 (3): E440-E444.
  • 6
    Brooks GA. Cell-cell and intracelular lactate shuttles. J Physiol. 2009; 587(23):5591-5600.
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    Chabowska-Kita A. Kozak LP. The critical period for brown adipocyte development: Genetic and environmental influences. Obesity. 2016:24: 283-290.
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    DiGirolamo M, Newby FD, Lovejoy J. Lactate production in adipose tissue: a regulated function with extra-adipose implications. FASEB J.1992;6:2405-2412.
  • 9
    Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G. Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1799-804.
  • 10
    Gladden LB. Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium. J Physiol. 2004;1(558):5-30.
  • 11
    Grundy SM, Brewes HB, Cleeman JI et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference. Circulation. 2004;109:433-8.
  • 12
    Hajer G, van Haeften TW, Visseren FLJ. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes and vascular diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2959-2971.
  • 13
    Halestrap AP, Wilson MC. The monocarboxylate transporter family - Role and Regulation. Life. 2012;64(2):109-119.
  • 14
    Jansson PA, Larsson A, Smith U et al. Lactate release from the subcutaneous tissue in lean and obese men. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(1): 240-246.
  • 15
    Johnson WD, Brashear MM, Gupta AK et al. Incremental weight loss improves cardiometabolic risk in extremely obese adults. Am J Med. 2011;124(10):931-8.
  • 16
    Matsushita K, Williams EK, Mongraw-Chaffin ML et al. The association of plasma lactate with incident cardiovascular outcomes: The ARIC Study. Am J of Epidemiol. 2013;178(3):401-409.
  • 17
    - Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity related metabolic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):163-77.
  • 18
    McCommis KS, Finck BN. Mitochondrial pyruvate transport: a historical perspective and future research directions. Biochem J. 2015;466(3):443-454.
  • 19
    Pierre K, Parent A, Jayet PY et al. Enhanced expression of three monocarboxylate transporter isofirms in the brain of obese mice. J Physiol. 2007;583(2):469-486.
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    Radziuk J, Pye S. Hepatic glucose uptake, gluconeogenesis and the regulation of glycogen synthesis. Diabet. Metab. Res. Rev. 200117;250-272.
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    Rosca MG, Hoppel CL. Mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2013;18(5):607-622.
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    Sabater D, Arriará S, Romero MM et al. Cultured 3T3L1 adipocytes dispose of excess medium glucose as lactate under abundant oxygen availability. Sci Rep. 2014;4(3663):1-9.
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    Samson SL, Garber AJ. Metabolic Syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin of North Ame. 2014;43(1):1-23.
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    Selvin E, Paynter NP, Erlinger TP. The effect of weight loss on C-reactive protein: A systematic review. JAMA. 2007;167(1):31-39.
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    Tonatto-Filho AJ et al. Bariatric surgery in brazilian public health system: the good, the bad and the ugly, or a long way to go. Yellow sign! ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig.2019;32(4):e1470.
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    Trayurn P. Hypoxia and adipose tissue function and dysfunction in obesity. Physiol Rev. 2013; 93:1-21.
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    Trayhurn P. Hypoxia and adipocyte physiology: implications for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity. Annu Rev Nutr.2014;34:207-36.
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    Valadão JA et al. Vertical gastrectomy vs. extended vertical gastrectomy: what is the impact on gastroesophageal reflux disease in obese rats?ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig 2020;33(2):e1513.
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    Van Hall G. Lactate kinetics in human tissue at rest and during exercise. Acta Physiol. 2010;199:499-508.
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    Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:1796-1808.
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    Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;15;112(12):1785-1788.
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  • Financial source:

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  • Central message

    The resting hyperlactatemia observed in patients with severe obesity is accompanied by hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and a low-grade chronic inflammatory state. In our study, a significant improvement in these parameters was found, with normalization of up to 70% of patients with loss of fat mass after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
  • Perspective

    In this study resting lactate values returned to the normal level after surgery, was correlated with a decrease in BMI, body composition, HOMA-IR index and presented normalization of C-reactive protein suggesting a decrease in inflammatory activity. Further studies are needed to determine if these phenomena are interconnected, whether blood lactate levels could be considered a marker of the metabolic disorders associated with obesity and what their real significance in metabolism in individuals with severe obesity.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    11 June 2021
  • Date of issue
    2021

History

  • Received
    28 July 2020
  • Accepted
    16 Oct 2020
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