NEW CLASSIFICATION FOR ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS (CHICAGO CLASSIFICATION VERSION 4.0^©) AND CHAGAS DISEASE ESOPHAGOPATHY (ACHALASIA)

High-resolution manometry (HRM) is undoubtedly an evolution of conventional manometry. This technology was developed at the beginning of the century, even though it reached Latin America only in 2008². Esophageal motility testing became at least more comfortable and intuitive for the nonexpert after HRM; however, an abundance of new parameters and diagnosis was agreeable to the eye presentation of the colorful plots. A consensus became mandatory and a panel of experts started to release periodic guidelines for HRM interpretation, the so-called Chicago Classification. A new version has just been published¹¹ with some practical implications for surgeons³. In this new version, the diagnosis of achalasia is still defined by abnormal relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) as measured by an elevated integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) and the division of subtypes based on esophageal pressurization is kept unaltered. Different from the previous versions, however, some situations define an “inconclusive diagnosis of achalasia” as (a) absent contractility with no appreciable peristalsis in the setting of IRP values at the upper limit of normal; (b) evidence of appreciable peristalsis with changing position in the setting of a type I or II achalasia pattern; and (c) an abnormal IRP with evidence of spasm and evidence of peristalsis in the setting of a type III achalasia pattern. Let us discuss the implications of these assertions in the management of patients with Chagas disease esophagopathy (CDE; achalasia) since HRM is currently more disseminated in Brazil since national systems were developed⁵.

The first point for discussion is that the conclusive diagnosis of achalasia is based on aperistalsis. The all or nothing at all concept is still valid for the conclusive manometric diagnosis of achalasia. Some authors have not been applying this criterion in patients with CDE¹. An “undetermined” phase of CDE is usually quoted as a common finding in patients with CDE⁶. Whether these cases truly represent a predisease to progress to complete aperistalsis is elusive. On the one hand, researchers who have the chance to study patients with positive serological tests for CDE before esophageal symptoms may manifest what does not occur in idiopathic achalasia. On the other hand, patients with Chagas disease may never develop CDE but may present with other esophageal diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)⁷. Chicago Classification 4.0 clarified that primary esophageal motility disorders should only be considered in the absence of GERD and, as such, all these cases of an “undetermined” phase must undergo pH monitoring. One must be aware that pseudoreflux may occur in achalasia due to food fermentation in the esophagus, but tracings are very characteristic of this occurrence⁸.

The second point for discussion is that “inconclusive diagnosis of achalasia” according to Chicago Classification 4.0 does not contemplate the cases usually considered as “undetermined” phase. The first situation for inconclusive diagnosis is the presence of aperistalsis and IRP values at the upper limit of normal. Even though there was no definition for the upper limit, it is not uncommon to find with proved CDE and normal IRP values, especially in the setting of a hypotonic LES⁹. Moreover, surgeons are used to treat patients after the failure of endoscopic therapy when the parameter of the LES is lost³. Another situation is the presence of peristalsis when the manometry is repeated in a different position (supine vs. upright). In our opinion, this may represent a misinterpretation of the test rather than a peculiar diagnosis. Finally, there is reference to specific situations facing type III achalasia pattern that is not found in CDE since there is an impaired tonic effect of cholinergic nerves on the smooth muscle of the esophagus¹⁰.

Brazilian surgeons always believed on a complete workup to manage CDE rather than simply on manometric diagnosis⁴. Chicago Classification 4.0 only corroborates this belief.

REFERÊNCIAS

• ¹
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• ²
  Herbella FAM, Del Grande JC. Novas técnicas ambulatoriais para avaliação da motilidade esofágica e sua aplicação no estudo do megaesôfago. Rev Col Bras Cir; 2008; 35(3), 199-202.
• ³
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  Vicentine FP, Herbella FA, Allaix ME, Silva LC, Patti MG. High-resolution manometry classifications for idiopathic achalasia in patients with Chagas’ disease esophagopathy. J Gastrointest Surg. 2014;18(2):221-4; discussion 224-5. doi: 10.1007/s11605-013-2376-1.
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• ¹¹
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• 4
  How to cite this article: Herbella FAM, Malafaia O, Patti MG. New classification for esophageal motility disorders (Chicago classification version 4.0^©) and Chagas disease esophagopathy (achalasia). ABCD Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2021;34(4):e1624. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020210002e1624

• Financial source: none.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  23 Apr 2021
• Accepted
  30 July 2021