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BARIATRIC SURGERY IMPACT ON GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX AND DENTAL WEAR: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Several oral problems may be perceived in individuals who were submitted to bariatric surgery, due to metabolic and behavioral changes relative to diet and oral hygiene. Tooth wear appears to suffer impact after bariatric surgery, because there may be an increase in gastroesophageal reflux.

Objective:

To systematically review the literature regarding the impact of bariatric surgery on gastroesophageal reflux and tooth wear.

Method:

The following databases were accessed by two independent, calibrated examiners: PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and Cochrane using the following descriptors: “bariatric surgery” AND “dental erosion” OR “bariatric surgery” AND “dental erosion” AND “gastroesophageal reflux disease”. After excluding duplicate studies, 12 studies were initially evaluated by the title and abstract. The excluded studies were those without relevance to the present research, literature review studies and case reports. Thus, four articles were included in this study. All the articles evaluated indicated high association between gastroesophageal reflux and tooth wear in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Association of these outcomes was more evident six months after the surgical procedure.

Conclusion:

Patients submitted to bariatric surgery showed higher prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux and tooth wear.

HEADINGS:
Bariatric surgery; Gastroesophageal reflux; Tooth wear; Tooth erosion

RESUMO

Introdução:

Diversos problemas bucais podem ser percebidos nos indivíduos que foram submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, frente às mudanças metabólicas e comportamentais referentes à alimentação e higienização. O desgaste dentário parece sofrer impacto após a cirurgia bariátrica, uma vez que pode ocorrer o aumento do refluxo gastresofágico após a operação.

Objetivo:

Analisar o impacto da cirurgia bariátrica no refluxo gastresofágico e no desgaste dentário por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura.

Método:

As seguintes bases de dados foram acessadas por dois examinadores independentes e calibrados: PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e Cochrane usando os descritores: “bariatric surgery” AND “dental erosion” OR “bariatric surgery” AND “dental erosion” AND “gastroesophageal reflux disease”. Após a exclusão dos estudos duplicados, 12 estudos foram avaliados inicialmente pelo título e resumo. Foram excluídos os sem relevância para a presente pesquisa, os de revisão da literatura e os relatos de caso. Sendo assim, foram incluídos neste estudo quatro artigos. Todos os artigos avaliados indicaram uma alta associação entre refluxo gastresofágico e desgaste dentário em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica. A associação destes desfechos foi mais evidente após seis meses do procedimento cirúrgico.

Conclusão:

Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica mostram maior prevalência de refluxo gastresofágico e desgaste dentário.

DESCRITORES:
Cirurgia bariátrica; Refluxo gastroesofágico; Desgaste Dentário; Erosão dentária

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease that may be related to different comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus type 2, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, arthritis, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux, and endocrine disorders, among others77 Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):635-43..

Obesity surgery is the most effective way to lose weight in the long term, since it promotes reduction in the volume of the stomach and consequently, reduced the ingestion of food33 Hady HR, Olszewska M, Czerniawski M, Groth D, Diemieszczyk I, Pawluszewicz P, et al. Different surgical approaches in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and their influence on metabolic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; Jan; 97(4): e9699.. Bariatric surgery has been related to improvement in the systemic conditions and to aggravation of oral conditions, specifically to the increase in gingivitis2222 Sales-Peres SHC, Sales-Peres MC, Ceneviva R, Bernabé E. Weight loss after bariatric surgery and periodontal changes: a 12-month prospective study.Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017 Apr;13(4):637-642. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.08....
and periodontitis1919 Sales-Peres SH, de Moura-Grec PG, Yamashita JM, Torres EA, Dionísio TJ2, Leite CV, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R. Periodontal status and pathogenic bacteria after gastric bypass: a cohort study. J Clin Periodontol. 2015 Jun;42(6): 530-6. tooth wear1717 Pataro AL, Costa FO, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Dupim Souza AC, Nogueira Guimaraes Abreu MH, Girundi MG, Costa JE: Influence of obesity and bariatric surgery on the periodontal condition. J Periodontol 2012, 83:257-266. and dental caries1515 Moura-Grec PG, Assis VH, Cannabrava VP, Vieira VM, Siqueira TL, Anaguizawa WH, Sales-Peres SH. Systemic consequences of bariatric surgery and its repercussions on oral health. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2012 Jul-Sep;25(3):173-7.. This occurs due to the changes in metabolic patterns as a result of the changes in dietary and oral hygiene habits.

Among the oral problems that affect obese individuals submitted to bariatric surgery, tooth wear appears to suffer impact after surgical treatment, since an increase in gastroesophageal reflux may occur after the surgery11 Alves Mdo S, da Silva FA, Araújo SG, de Carvalho AC, Santos AM, de Carvalho AL. Tooth wear in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(2):160-6.. According to Litonjua et al.99 Litonjua LA, Andreana S, Bush PJ, Cohen RE. Tooth wear: attrition, erosion, and abrasion. Quintessence Int. 2003 Jun; 34(6): 435-45., tooth wear is a multifactorial condition caused by the interaction among chemical, biological and behavioral factors, and results in dental hard tissue loss without the involvement of a carious process, due to the processes of erosion, attrition, abrasion and abfraction. Tooth wear by erosion is the loss of dental structure due to the presence of acids, which may be of intrinsic origin, such as gastroesophageal reflux, or extrinsic origin such as those related to diet, medication, lifestyle and environmental factors55 Imfeld T. Dental erosion. Definition, classification and links. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr; 104(2 (Pt 2): 151-5.,1010 Lussi A, Schlueter N, Rakhmatullina E, Ganss C. Dental erosion--an overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects. Caries Res. 2011; 45Suppl 1: 2- 12.. Dental erosion generally occurs in conjunction with abrasive processes, increasing the severity of tooth wear2323 West NX, Joiner A. Enamel mineral loss. J Dent. 2014 Jun;42 Suppl 1:S2-11. doi: 10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50002-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50...
.

Obese individuals with or without comorbidities are more exposed to the prevalence of tooth wear which, in its progression, leads to dentin hypersensitivity. Surgical treatment of obesity appears to be related to the prior clinical condition of the patient; however, some studies have shown that after bariatric surgery, patients may present with gastroesophageal reflux66 Kirkil C, Aygen E, Korkmaz MF, Bozan MB. Quality of life after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy using BAROS system. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2018;31(3):e1385,1313 Mendes-Filho AM, Godoy ESN, Alhinho HCAW, Galvão-Neto MP, Ramos AC, Ferraz AAB, et al. Fundoplication conversion in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for control of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux: systematic review. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017 Dec;30(4):279-282.. In view of the foregoing, it is relevant to understand how tooth wear progresses in the presence of gastroesophageal reflux in the individual submitted to bariatric surgery, because information about this topic continues to be inconclusive in the literature2020 Sales-Peres SH, Groppo FC, Rojas LV, de C Sales-Peres M, Sales-Peres A. Periodontal Status in Morbidly Obese Patients With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Periodontol. 2016 Jul;87(7): 772-82..

Considering that patients submitted to bariatric surgery present a high rate of gastroesophageal reflux and that this may be associated with tooth wear, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of tooth wear after bariatric surgery by means of a systematic review of the literature.

METHODS

This study followed the rules proposed by PRISMA88 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000100. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.100...
. For this systematic review of the literature, PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison and Results) was adopted to answer the following question: “What impact does bariatric surgery have on gastroesophageal reflux and tooth wear in patients who were submitted to bariatric surgery?”.

For population, studies of patients who were submitted to bariatric surgery were included, without restriction on the surgical technique used.

Eligibility of articles

The inclusion criteria for this systematic review were: cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical studies. The exclusion criteria for the systematic review were: reviews of the literature and case studies. No restriction was adopted as regards language or year of publication. All the articles found were published from 2006 to 2014.

Search strategy

The research was conducted between August and November 2018, by two different reviewers (AVSSC, GAFJ) in the following databases: PubMed, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and Cochrane.

The search strategy used corresponded to the following descriptors: “bariatric surgery” AND “dental erosion” OR “bariatric surgery” AND “dental erosion” AND “gastroesophageal reflux disease”.

Tracing methods

The electronic search recovered 30 abstracts and titles (Figure 1). After removing the duplicated references, a total of eight abstracts and titles were read and analyzed by two independent, calibrated reviewers

FIGURE 1
PRISMA flow diagram of four stages for collection of the study data, showing the number of studies identified, selected, eligible and included in the systematic review.

Two reviewers conducted the primary research by titles and abstracts. The same researchers evaluated the full manuscript, observing whether or not they met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, or those that had insufficient data in the title and abstract. Any disagreement was resolved by discussion between the reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by consensus between the reviewers, and also by a 3rd reviewer, who was the supervisor responsible for the present research (SHCSP). When the results of a study were published more than once, or presented in various publications by one and the same author, they were included in the review once only.

The primary authors of the respective studies were contacted to request additional data in the event that there were relevant data that were absent or unavailable.

Types of results

The following data of the respective articles were extracted and duly tabulated: authors, year of publication, country where the study was conducted, study design, place where the exam was conducted, sample size, participants’ age, measures of tooth wear index, statistical analysis used for tooth wear, and results with reference to tooth wear observed.

RESULTS

A flow diagram that describes the search strategy and process for selection of the articles at each stage of this systematic review is provided in Figure 1. Thirty articles were identified in the electronic search. Twenty-two of the articles were discarded after analysis of the titles and abstracts, resulting in eight studies that were submitted to full text analysis. After evaluating the 8 complete texts, the literature review article and case studies were excluded. At the end, four articles remained, on which this review was based (Table 1).

TABLE 1
Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies included in this systematic review

All the studies included were published between 2006 and 2014. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of each of the four studies included, highlighting the main result of each article relative to tooth wear. A total of 379 patients were analyzed in this systematic review. The majority of them were women. The mean of age was 40.5±9.7 years.

DISCUSSION

The evidences found in this systematic review indicated that bariatric surgery could improve the systemic condition of the patients; however, there was a negative impact on oral health, particularly with reference to increase in the occurrence of tooth wear.

Association between tooth wear and bariatric surgery was investigated in four studies44 Heling I, Sgan-Cohen HD, Itzhaki M, Beglaibter N, Avrutis O, Gimmon Z. Dental complications following gastric restrictive bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006 Sep;16(9):1131-4.,1111 Marsicano J, Moura Grec P, Belarmino L, Ceneviva R, Sales Peres S. Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health. A longitudinal survey. Act Cir Bras. 2011; 26(Suppl. 2): 79-83.,1212 Marsicano JA, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R, de C Sales-Peres SH. Evaluation of oral health status and salivar flow rate in obese patients after bariatric surgery. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr;6(2):191-7.,1616 Moura-Grec PG, Martinelli J, Marsicano J, Ceneviva R, De Souza C, Borges G, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent Journal. 2014. 64: 144-49.. Among them, three articles analyzed tooth wear according to the Dental Wear Index (DWI)1111 Marsicano J, Moura Grec P, Belarmino L, Ceneviva R, Sales Peres S. Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health. A longitudinal survey. Act Cir Bras. 2011; 26(Suppl. 2): 79-83.,1212 Marsicano JA, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R, de C Sales-Peres SH. Evaluation of oral health status and salivar flow rate in obese patients after bariatric surgery. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr;6(2):191-7.,1616 Moura-Grec PG, Martinelli J, Marsicano J, Ceneviva R, De Souza C, Borges G, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent Journal. 2014. 64: 144-49.. On the other hand, the fourth article used a standardized self-reported questionnaire with regard to the presence of tooth wear in patients, according to dentin hypersensitivity44 Heling I, Sgan-Cohen HD, Itzhaki M, Beglaibter N, Avrutis O, Gimmon Z. Dental complications following gastric restrictive bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006 Sep;16(9):1131-4.. The DWI is a standardized index, well established in the literature, which guaranteed high reliability of the data obtained in epidemiological researches22 de Carvalho Sales-Peres SH, Goya S, de Araújo JJ, Sales-Peres A, Lauris JR, Buzalaf MA. Prevalence of dental wear among 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents using a modification of the tooth wear index. Public Health. 2008 Sep;122(9):942-8. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.12.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2007.12.0...
,2121 Sales-Peres SHC, Sales-Peres AC, Marsicano JA, Moura-Grec PG, Carvalho CAP, Freitas AR, et al. An epidemiological scoring system for tooth wear and dental erosive wear. International Dental Journal. 2013; 63: 154-160.

The studies demonstrated that the majority of patients who underwent bariatric surgery presented frequent vomiting, characterized by the presence of gastroesophageal reflux. Important to emphasize is that the vomiting generated high levels of acid in the mouth and that other gastric disturbances were important risk factors for the occurrence of tooth wear1010 Lussi A, Schlueter N, Rakhmatullina E, Ganss C. Dental erosion--an overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects. Caries Res. 2011; 45Suppl 1: 2- 12.,1111 Marsicano J, Moura Grec P, Belarmino L, Ceneviva R, Sales Peres S. Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health. A longitudinal survey. Act Cir Bras. 2011; 26(Suppl. 2): 79-83.,2424 Zero DT, Lussi A. Erosion - chemical and biological factors of importance to the dental practitioner. Int Dent J 2005; 55 (Suppl 1): 285-90)..

In the longitudinal study of Moura Grec et al.1616 Moura-Grec PG, Martinelli J, Marsicano J, Ceneviva R, De Souza C, Borges G, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent Journal. 2014. 64: 144-49., 30% of the tooth surfaces presented tooth wear before the bariatric surgery, of which 20% were restricted to enamel and 10% in dentin. Six months after bariatric surgery, there was a 6% increase in wear in dentin. In this aforementioned study, the authors pointed out the increase in anxiety as one of the factors that contributed to the increase in severity of tooth wear after bariatric surgery.

In 2011, in a longitudinal study Marsicano et al.1111 Marsicano J, Moura Grec P, Belarmino L, Ceneviva R, Sales Peres S. Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health. A longitudinal survey. Act Cir Bras. 2011; 26(Suppl. 2): 79-83. emphasized that all the patients evaluated before the surgical intervention presented a high level of tooth wear, with 14.8% of the patients presenting tooth wear restricted to enamel, and 85.2% in dentin. Three months after bariatric surgery, 12.5% and 87.5% of the patients presented wear in enamel and dentin, respectively. And six months after bariatric surgery, 100% of the patients presented tooth wear involving dentin.

In view of the findings presented, the need for dental attention in both the pre- and post-surgery periods was observed, considering the increase in severity of non-carious lesions.

In a cross-sectional study Marsicano et al.1212 Marsicano JA, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R, de C Sales-Peres SH. Evaluation of oral health status and salivar flow rate in obese patients after bariatric surgery. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr;6(2):191-7. showed that only one patient evaluated after bariatric surgery presented no clinical sign of tooth wear. On the other hand, 21.15% of the patients presented wear in enamel, and 76.93%, in dentin. The increase in prevalence and severity of this condition occurred due to the episodes of chronic vomiting and changed dietary pattern after bariatric surgery, because the patients began to ingest foods more frequently, although in smaller quantities.

Heling et al.44 Heling I, Sgan-Cohen HD, Itzhaki M, Beglaibter N, Avrutis O, Gimmon Z. Dental complications following gastric restrictive bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006 Sep;16(9):1131-4. verified the presence of tooth wear after bariatric surgery, by means of a questionnaire related to the presence of dentin sensitivity. The limitation of this study was that no standardized index was used to qualify or quantify tooth wear itself. The authors pointed out that 37% of the patients presented a higher level of dentin sensitivity after bariatric surgery. This fact, which could be related to the possible occurrence of lesions in dentin, was stated according to the patient’s perception.

Another point to consider refers to the type of surgery used in the treatment of obesity. In three studies1111 Marsicano J, Moura Grec P, Belarmino L, Ceneviva R, Sales Peres S. Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health. A longitudinal survey. Act Cir Bras. 2011; 26(Suppl. 2): 79-83.,1212 Marsicano JA, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R, de C Sales-Peres SH. Evaluation of oral health status and salivar flow rate in obese patients after bariatric surgery. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr;6(2):191-7.,1616 Moura-Grec PG, Martinelli J, Marsicano J, Ceneviva R, De Souza C, Borges G, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent Journal. 2014. 64: 144-49., the type was the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, bariatric surgery with both restrictive and malabsorptive features. After operation, patients may present with frequent episodes of vomiting, which is a risk commonly associated with this type of surgery. These frequent episodes of vomiting may contribute to the increase in prevalence and severity of tooth wear, resulting from acid challenge associated with the effects of mechanical abrasion.

Others studies that have been conducted in different contexts and were not included in this review, have shown similar findings related to the possible association between tooth wear, gastroesophageal reflux and bariatric surgery. It is important to highlight that only the longitudinal and cross-sectional studies were included in this systematic review. Nevertheless, it must be considered that the cohort studies included in this review provided greater force of association for confirming this scientific evidence1414 Moravec LJ, Boyd LD. Bariatric surgery and implications for oral health: a case report. J Dent Hyg. 2011 Summer;85(3):166-76. Epub 2011 Aug 8.,1818 Patiño, Juliana Sedrez Reis; Moreira, Emília Addison Machado; Boesing, Fernanda; Trindade, Erasmo Benício Santos de Moraes. Oral health status and bariatric surgery. RGO; 61(4)jul.-dez. 2013..

The consistency related to possible causal association between tooth wear and bariatric surgery was strong. There were four studies analyzing this question, and all of them demonstrated this association. Future studies must be conducted to enable these evidences to be more clearly elucidated.

As limitations of the present systematic review, the low number of studies on the topic may be cited, since the longitudinal studies had short periods of follow-up, and there were no randomized clinical trials. Studies with follow-up periods longer than two years would improve the scientific evidence with regard to cause-effect of the studied outcomes. Therefore, the findings of this study must be extrapolated with caution. Moreover, half of the studies included in this review had a cross-sectional design, making it impossible the causal and temporal inferences about the association between tooth wear, gastroesophageal reflux and bariatric surgery. However, the force of association for inferring causality was based on the longitudinal studies included. Another question to be suggested refers to the association between the three outcomes presented in the cohort studies that used convenience samples, pointing out a gap in the literature. As a strong point, the authors emphasize that the systematic review elucidated the relations between the three outcomes analyzed, pointing out the importance to both clinical dentists and public health policy formulators, when considering the oral, systemic and surgical conditions of the individual in health management.

CONCLUSION

The results of this systematic review showed association between tooth wear, gastroesophageal reflux and bariatric surgery. However, longitudinal studies of long duration must be conducted to test the causal and temporal relations between the three outcomes analyzed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES - Finance Code 001) for supporting this study. It is important to highlight, however, that CAPES had no role in the study design, data analysis, or manuscript drafting/approval.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Alves Mdo S, da Silva FA, Araújo SG, de Carvalho AC, Santos AM, de Carvalho AL. Tooth wear in patients submitted to bariatric surgery. Braz Dent J. 2012;23(2):160-6.
  • 2
    de Carvalho Sales-Peres SH, Goya S, de Araújo JJ, Sales-Peres A, Lauris JR, Buzalaf MA. Prevalence of dental wear among 12-year-old Brazilian adolescents using a modification of the tooth wear index. Public Health. 2008 Sep;122(9):942-8. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2007.12.008.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2007.12.008
  • 3
    Hady HR, Olszewska M, Czerniawski M, Groth D, Diemieszczyk I, Pawluszewicz P, et al. Different surgical approaches in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and their influence on metabolic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018; Jan; 97(4): e9699.
  • 4
    Heling I, Sgan-Cohen HD, Itzhaki M, Beglaibter N, Avrutis O, Gimmon Z. Dental complications following gastric restrictive bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2006 Sep;16(9):1131-4.
  • 5
    Imfeld T. Dental erosion. Definition, classification and links. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996 Apr; 104(2 (Pt 2): 151-5.
  • 6
    Kirkil C, Aygen E, Korkmaz MF, Bozan MB. Quality of life after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy using BAROS system. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2018;31(3):e1385
  • 7
    Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 2000 Apr 6;404(6778):635-43.
  • 8
    Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000100. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
    » https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
  • 9
    Litonjua LA, Andreana S, Bush PJ, Cohen RE. Tooth wear: attrition, erosion, and abrasion. Quintessence Int. 2003 Jun; 34(6): 435-45.
  • 10
    Lussi A, Schlueter N, Rakhmatullina E, Ganss C. Dental erosion--an overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects. Caries Res. 2011; 45Suppl 1: 2- 12.
  • 11
    Marsicano J, Moura Grec P, Belarmino L, Ceneviva R, Sales Peres S. Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health. A longitudinal survey. Act Cir Bras. 2011; 26(Suppl. 2): 79-83.
  • 12
    Marsicano JA, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R, de C Sales-Peres SH. Evaluation of oral health status and salivar flow rate in obese patients after bariatric surgery. Eur J Dent. 2012 Apr;6(2):191-7.
  • 13
    Mendes-Filho AM, Godoy ESN, Alhinho HCAW, Galvão-Neto MP, Ramos AC, Ferraz AAB, et al. Fundoplication conversion in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for control of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux: systematic review. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017 Dec;30(4):279-282.
  • 14
    Moravec LJ, Boyd LD. Bariatric surgery and implications for oral health: a case report. J Dent Hyg. 2011 Summer;85(3):166-76. Epub 2011 Aug 8.
  • 15
    Moura-Grec PG, Assis VH, Cannabrava VP, Vieira VM, Siqueira TL, Anaguizawa WH, Sales-Peres SH. Systemic consequences of bariatric surgery and its repercussions on oral health. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2012 Jul-Sep;25(3):173-7.
  • 16
    Moura-Grec PG, Martinelli J, Marsicano J, Ceneviva R, De Souza C, Borges G, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent Journal. 2014. 64: 144-49.
  • 17
    Pataro AL, Costa FO, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Dupim Souza AC, Nogueira Guimaraes Abreu MH, Girundi MG, Costa JE: Influence of obesity and bariatric surgery on the periodontal condition. J Periodontol 2012, 83:257-266.
  • 18
    Patiño, Juliana Sedrez Reis; Moreira, Emília Addison Machado; Boesing, Fernanda; Trindade, Erasmo Benício Santos de Moraes. Oral health status and bariatric surgery. RGO; 61(4)jul.-dez. 2013.
  • 19
    Sales-Peres SH, de Moura-Grec PG, Yamashita JM, Torres EA, Dionísio TJ2, Leite CV, Sales-Peres A, Ceneviva R. Periodontal status and pathogenic bacteria after gastric bypass: a cohort study. J Clin Periodontol. 2015 Jun;42(6): 530-6.
  • 20
    Sales-Peres SH, Groppo FC, Rojas LV, de C Sales-Peres M, Sales-Peres A. Periodontal Status in Morbidly Obese Patients With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Periodontol. 2016 Jul;87(7): 772-82.
  • 21
    Sales-Peres SHC, Sales-Peres AC, Marsicano JA, Moura-Grec PG, Carvalho CAP, Freitas AR, et al. An epidemiological scoring system for tooth wear and dental erosive wear. International Dental Journal. 2013; 63: 154-160
  • 22
    Sales-Peres SHC, Sales-Peres MC, Ceneviva R, Bernabé E. Weight loss after bariatric surgery and periodontal changes: a 12-month prospective study.Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017 Apr;13(4):637-642. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.007
  • 23
    West NX, Joiner A. Enamel mineral loss. J Dent. 2014 Jun;42 Suppl 1:S2-11. doi: 10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50002-4.
    » https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50002-4
  • 24
    Zero DT, Lussi A. Erosion - chemical and biological factors of importance to the dental practitioner. Int Dent J 2005; 55 (Suppl 1): 285-90).
  • Financial source:

    This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    20 Dec 2019
  • Date of issue
    2019

History

  • Received
    18 Jan 2019
  • Accepted
    09 Apr 2019
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