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Status of studies about Brazilian bioindicator fishes, a review

Status dos estudos sobre os bioindicadores da ictiofauna brasileira, uma revisão

Abstract:

Aim

The freshwater environment is indeed diverse and complex, and it faces numerous challenges due to human activities. One approach to evaluating these human interventions is through the use of bioindicators, with fish being one of the key groups studied in the aquatic environment. However, the existent studies report that only a limited number of Brazilian ichthyofauna species have been investigated as potential bioindicators.

Methods

The data present here were organized through a bibliographic review that adopts an exploratory and descriptive approach, focusing on articles published between the years 2000 and 2022, utilizing terms such as “bioindicators,” “Brazilian fish,” and “aquatic ecosystem” in both Portuguese and English languages.

Results

Despite Brazil having the most diverse ichthyofauna on the planet, the research has focused on only 45 species thus far. Among these, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) emerged as the most frequently studied species. The analysis of gill and liver tissues was found to be the most common method employed in these studies, while other tissues received relatively little attention. Moreover, the distribution of studies on bioindicator species was uneven, with the Upper Paraná ecoregion having the highest number of species investigated. This suggests that research efforts in this field have not been uniformly distributed across Brazil.

Conclusions

The patchy nature of studies on bioindicators of the Brazilian ichthyofauna highlights the need for greater incentives and support for research in this area. With Brazil's exceptional ichthyofauna diversity, there is ample potential to identify and utilize additional species as environmental indicators. By expanding the scope of studies and addressing the geographical imbalance, a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts of human activities on freshwater ecosystems in Brazil can be achieved. This knowledge is vital for effective conservation and management efforts to protect and sustain the country's valuable aquatic resources.

Keywords:
Brazilian fish; aquatic ecosystem; ecoregions; degradation; biomarkers

Resumo:

Objetivo

O ambiente de água doce é amplamente diverso e complexo, e devido às atividades e intervenções antrópicas, enfrenta numerosos desafios. Uma das abordagens utilizada para avaliar essas intervenções humanas é através do uso de bioindicadores, sendo os peixes um dos principais grupos estudados no ambiente aquático. Entretanto, os trabalhos disponíveis relatam que apenas um número limitado de espécies da ictiofauna brasileira foi investigado como potenciais bioindicadores.

Métodos

Os dados do presente trabalho foram organizados por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica que adota abordagem exploratória e descritiva, com foco em artigos publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2022, utilizando termos como “bioindicadores”, “peixes brasileiros” e “ecossistema aquático” tanto em língua portuguesa quanto inglesa.

Resultados

Apesar de o Brasil ter a ictiofauna mais diversificada do planeta, a pesquisa se concentrou em apenas 45 espécies até o momento. Dentre estas, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) emergiu como a espécie mais estudada. A análise dos tecidos branquiais e hepáticos foi considerada o método mais comum empregado nesses estudos, enquanto outros tecidos receberam relativamente pouca atenção. Além disso, a distribuição dos estudos sobre espécies bioindicadoras foi desigual, sendo a ecorregião do Alto Paraná a que apresentou o maior número de espécies investigadas.

Conclusões

Isso sugere que os esforços de pesquisa na área da ictiofauna como bioindicador não têm sido distribuídos uniformemente pelo Brasil. A natureza fragmentada dos estudos sobre bioindicadores da ictiofauna brasileira destaca a necessidade de maiores incentivos e apoio à pesquisa nesta área. Com a excepcional diversidade da ictiofauna do Brasil, há amplo potencial para identificar e utilizar espécies adicionais como indicadores ambientais. Ao ampliar o escopo dos estudos e abordar o desequilíbrio geográfico, pode-se alcançar uma compreensão mais abrangente dos impactos das atividades humanas nos ecossistemas de água doce no Brasil. Este conhecimento é vital para esforços eficazes de conservação e gestão para proteger e sustentar os valiosos recursos aquáticos do país.

Palavras-chave:
peixes brasileiros; ecossistema aquático; ecorregiões; degradação; biomarcadores

1. Introduction

The complexity and diversity of the aquatic environment are easily observable. It encompasses a wide range of ecosystems such as rivers, lakes, lagoons, estuaries, and oceans (Rand et al., 1995Rand, G.M., Wells, P.G., & Mccarty, L.S., 1995. Introduction to aquatic toxicology. In: Rand, G.M., ed. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment. Bristol: Taylor & Francis, 3-67, 2 ed.). Furthermore, this environment is characterized by its openness and dynamism, consisting of various elements, both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic). Consequently, it is continuously subjected to alterations and influences that impact its composition (Costa et al., 2008Costa, C.R., Olivi, P., Botta, C.M.R., & Espindola, E.L.G., 2008. A toxicidade em ambientes aquáticos: discussão e métodos de avalia̧ão. Quim. Nova 31(7), 1820-1830. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422008000700038.
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; Rand et al., 1995Rand, G.M., Wells, P.G., & Mccarty, L.S., 1995. Introduction to aquatic toxicology. In: Rand, G.M., ed. Fundamentals of aquatic toxicology: effects, environmental fate, and risk assessment. Bristol: Taylor & Francis, 3-67, 2 ed.).

The constant changes occurring in the environment are primarily caused by various human activities. These activities encompass mining, urbanization, construction of dams and reservoirs, alterations in natural river courses, unregulated disposal of industrial and domestic waste, deforestation, pollution, unsustainable land use, introduction of non-native species, and the implementation of fish farming systems (Baptista et al., 2003Baptista, D.F., Buss, D.F., & Egler, M., 2003. Macroinvertebrados como bioindicadores de ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados por agrotóxicos. In: Peres, F., & Moreira, J., eds. É veneno ou é remédio? Agrotóxicos, saúde e ambiente. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 157-175.; De Filippo, 2000De Filippo, R., 2000. Impactos ambientais sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Inf. Agropecu. 21(202), 45-53.; Goulart & Callisto, 2003Goulart, M.D.C., & Callisto, M., 2003. Bioindicadores de qualidade de água como ferramenta em estudos de impacto ambiental. Rev FAPAM. 2(1), 1-9. Retrieved in 2024, March 24, from https://labs.icb.ufmg.br/benthos/index_arquivos/pdfs_pagina/Goulart%20&%20Callisto-Fapam.pdf
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; Langeani et al., 2007Langeani, F., Castro, R.M.C., Oyakawa, O.T., Shibatta, O.A., Pavanelli, C.S., & Casatti, L., 2007. Diversidade da ictiofauna do Alto Rio Paraná : composição atual e perspectivas futuras. Biota Neotrop. 7(3), 181-197. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000300020.
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; Reis et al., 2016Reis, R.E., Albert, J.S., Di Dario, F., Mincarone, M.M., Petry, P., & Rocha, L.A., 2016. Fish biodiversity and conservation in South America. J. Fish Biol. 89(1), 12-47. PMid:27312713. http://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13016.
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). Consequently, these actions bring about alterations in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the environment, directly impacting the aquatic ecosystem and resulting in a loss of biodiversity (Clements, 2000Clements, W.H., 2000. Integrating effects of contaminants across levels of biological organization: an overview. J. Aquat. Ecosyst. Stress Recovery 7(2), 113-116. http://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009927612391.
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) as well as a decline in water quality (Costa et al., 2008Costa, C.R., Olivi, P., Botta, C.M.R., & Espindola, E.L.G., 2008. A toxicidade em ambientes aquáticos: discussão e métodos de avalia̧ão. Quim. Nova 31(7), 1820-1830. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422008000700038.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422008000...
; Goulart & Callisto, 2003Goulart, M.D.C., & Callisto, M., 2003. Bioindicadores de qualidade de água como ferramenta em estudos de impacto ambiental. Rev FAPAM. 2(1), 1-9. Retrieved in 2024, March 24, from https://labs.icb.ufmg.br/benthos/index_arquivos/pdfs_pagina/Goulart%20&%20Callisto-Fapam.pdf
https://labs.icb.ufmg.br/benthos/index_a...
).

Water pollution and eutrophication are significant concerns in the degradation of aquatic ecosystems. The sources of pollution can be broadly categorized into three main areas. Firstly, agricultural activities contribute to pollution through the leaching process, where pesticides and fertilizers are transported by rainwater (Baptista et al., 2003Baptista, D.F., Buss, D.F., & Egler, M., 2003. Macroinvertebrados como bioindicadores de ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados por agrotóxicos. In: Peres, F., & Moreira, J., eds. É veneno ou é remédio? Agrotóxicos, saúde e ambiente. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 157-175.; Cerejeira et al., 2003Cerejeira, M.J., Viana, P., Batista, S., Pereira, T., Silva, E., Valério, M.J., Silva, A., Ferreira, M., & Silva-Fernandes, A.M., 2003. Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters. Water Res. 37(5), 1055-1063. PMid:12553980. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00462-6.
http://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)004...
). Secondly, households discharge untreated wastewater, while industries release chemical and mining waste, as well as waste from slaughterhouses and farms (De Filippo, 2000De Filippo, R., 2000. Impactos ambientais sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Inf. Agropecu. 21(202), 45-53.). These multiple sources of pollution exacerbate the degradation of water quality and pose a threat to the health of aquatic ecosystems.

Pollution can manifest in various forms, including physical, chemical, and biological alterations within the aquatic environment (De Filippo, 2000De Filippo, R., 2000. Impactos ambientais sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Inf. Agropecu. 21(202), 45-53.). Physical pollution encompasses changes in temperature, brightness, turbidity, water velocity, and sedimentation, among others. Chemical pollution involves shifts in pH levels, dissolved salts, and other chemical constituents. Biological pollution refers to changes in the composition of the ecological community (De Filippo, 2000De Filippo, R., 2000. Impactos ambientais sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Inf. Agropecu. 21(202), 45-53.).

In contrast, eutrophication occurs when the aquatic ecosystem experiences an excess of nutrients, resulting in the rapid proliferation of algae and aquatic plants (De Filippo, 2000De Filippo, R., 2000. Impactos ambientais sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos. Inf. Agropecu. 21(202), 45-53.). This process, as described by Smith and Schindler (2009)Smith, V.H., & Schindler, D.W., 2009. Eutrophication science: where do we go from here? Trends Ecol. Evol. 24(4), 201-207. PMid:19246117. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.009.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.00...
, can lead to noticeable changes in the taste, odor, and color of the water. Additionally, eutrophication can cause a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels and a decline in aquatic biodiversity, further exacerbating the negative impacts on the ecosystem (Smith & Schindler, 2009Smith, V.H., & Schindler, D.W., 2009. Eutrophication science: where do we go from here? Trends Ecol. Evol. 24(4), 201-207. PMid:19246117. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.009.
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).

Organisms are commonly employed to determine and assess various degradation processes. According to Markert's (1994)Markert, B., 1994. Biomonitoring - Quo Vadis. Environ. Sci. Eur. 6(3), 145-149. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02937693.
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definition, organisms (or parts thereof) are classified as bioindicators if they carry information that can evaluate the quality of an environment. In the context of the aquatic environment, fish (Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.; Freitas & Siqueira-Souza, 2009Freitas, C.E.C., & Siqueira-Souza, F.K., 2009. O uso de peixes como bioindicador ambiental em áreas de várzea da bacia amazônica. Agrogeoambiental 1(2), 39-45. http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200975.
http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200...
), crustaceans, aquatic plants, mammals, birds, algae, mollusks, and other organisms are considered bioindicators (Baptista et al., 2003Baptista, D.F., Buss, D.F., & Egler, M., 2003. Macroinvertebrados como bioindicadores de ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados por agrotóxicos. In: Peres, F., & Moreira, J., eds. É veneno ou é remédio? Agrotóxicos, saúde e ambiente. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz, 157-175.; Lins et al., 2010Lins, J.A.P.N., Kirschnik, P.G., Queiroz, V.S., & Cirio, S.M., 2010. Uso de peixes como biomarcadores para monitoramento ambiental aquático. Rev. Acad. 8(4), 469-484. http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i4.11018.
http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i...
; MacKenzie et al., 1995MacKenzie, K., Williams, H.H., Williams, B., Mcvicar, A.H., & Siddall, R., 1995. Parasites as indicators of water quality and the potential use of helminth transmission in marine pollution studies. Adv. Parasitol. 35, 85-144. PMid:7709856. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60070-6.
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; Printes & Callaghan, 2003Printes, L.B., & Callaghan, A., 2003. Intraclonal variability in Daphnia acetylcholinesterase activity: the implications for its applicability as a biomarker. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(9), 2042-2047. PMid:12959529. http://doi.org/10.1897/02-424.
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; Vital et al., 2011Vital, J.F., Varella, A.M.B., Porto, D.B., & Malta, J.C. de O., 2011. Sazonalidade da fauna de metazoários de Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner, 1858) no lago Piranha (Amazonas, Brasil) e a avaliação de seu potencial como indicadora da saúde do ambiente. Biota Neotrop. 11(1), 199-204. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000100021.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000...
). Organisms positioned at the top of the food chain are often utilized as bioindicators due to their consumption of organisms at lower trophic levels, leading to the accumulation and concentration of contaminating substances (Lins et al., 2010Lins, J.A.P.N., Kirschnik, P.G., Queiroz, V.S., & Cirio, S.M., 2010. Uso de peixes como biomarcadores para monitoramento ambiental aquático. Rev. Acad. 8(4), 469-484. http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i4.11018.
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). Additionally, a bioindicator must possess the capability to thrive in a healthy environment and endure exposure to contaminants (Barbieri et al., 2022Barbieri, E., Marinho, D., & Brusius, B.K., 2022. Bagre estuarino Cathorops spixii como bioindicador de metais pesados: um estudo de caso. In Cordeiro, C.A.M., Sampaio, D.S., & Holanda, F.C.A.F., eds. Engenharia de pesca: aspectos teóricos e práticos. São Paulo: Científica Digital, vol. 3, 105-116. http://doi.org/10.37885/211206960.
http://doi.org/10.37885/211206960...
; Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.). The research approach for a bioindicator can be classified as toxicological (e.g. sensitivity to metals and pesticides) (Braga et al., 2015Braga, C.P., Bittarello, A.C., Padilha, C.C.F., Leite, A.L., Moraes, P.M., Buzalaf, M.A.R., Zara, L.F., & Padilha, P.M., 2015. Mercury fractionation in dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) of the Madeira River in Brazil using metalloproteomic strategies. Talanta 132, 239-244. PMid:25476304. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.021.
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; Silva et al., 2015Silva, A.F., Carraschi, S.P., Gírio, A.C.F., Nader Neto, A., Cruz, C., & Pitelli, R.A., 2015. Ecotoxicity of vinasse for fish tetra-serpae (Hyphessobrycon eques) and macrophyte duckweed (Lemna minor). Bol. Inst. Pesca 41(3), 557-565. Retrieved in 2024, March 24, from https://institutodepesca.org/index.php/bip/article/view/41_3_557-565
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; Florêncio et al., 2014Florêncio, T., Carraschi, S.P., Cruz, C., Silva, A.F., Marques, A.M., & Pitelli, R.A., 2014. Neotropical bioindicators of ecotoxicity and environmental risk of drugs with aquaculture interest. Bol. Inst. Pesca 40(4), 569-576. Retrieved in 2024, March 24, from https://institutodepesca.org/index.php/bip/article/view/1062
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; Martinez & Cólus, 2002Martinez, C.B.R.R., & Cólus, I.M.S.S., 2002. Biomarcadores em peixes neotropicais para o monitoramento da poluição aquática na bacia do rio Tibagi. In: Medri, M.E., Bianchini, E., Shibatta, O.A., & Pimenta, J.A., eds. A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Eduel, 551-577.; Moraes et al., 2012Moraes, P.M., Santos, F.A., Padilha, C.C.F., Vieira, J.C.S., Zara, L.F., De, M., & Padilha, P., 2012. A preliminary and qualitative metallomics study of mercury in the muscle of fish from Amazonas, Brazil. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 150(1-3), 195-199. PMid:22956354. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9502-x.
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), morphological (e.g. analyses of gonadal diameter, hepatosomatic index, condition factor)(Arias et al., 2007Arias, A.R.L., Buss, D.F., Alburquerque, C., Inácio, A.F., Freire, M.M., Egler, M., Mugnai, R., & Baptista, D.F., 2007. Utilização de bioindicadores na avaliação de impacto e no monitoramento da contaminação de rios e córregos por agrotóxicos. Cien. Saude Colet. 12(1), 61-72. PMid:17680059. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232007000100011.
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; Barrilli et al., 2015Barrilli, G.H.C., Rocha, O., Negreiros, N.F., & Verani, J.R., 2015. Influence of environmental quality of the tributaries of the Monjolinho River on the relative condition factor (Kn) of the local ichthyofauna. Biota Neotrop. 15(1), 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1590/1676-06032015010714.
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; Morado et al., 2017Morado, C.N., Araújo, F.G., & Gomes, I.D., 2017. The use of biomarkers for assessing effects of pollutant stress on fish species from a tropical river in Southeastern Brazil. Acta Sci. Biol. Sci. 39(4), 431-439. http://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v39i4.34293.
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; Schulz & Martins-Junior, 2001Schulz, U.H., & Martins-Junior, H., 2001. Astyanax fasciatus as bioindicator of water pollution of Rio dos Sinos, RS, Brazil. Braz. J. Biol. 61(4), 615-622. PMid:12071317. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842001000400010.
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) histopathological (e.g. tissue analyses)(Amadeo et al., 2013Amadeo, R.M., Godinho, J.P., Ghisi, N.C., & Oliveira, E.C., 2013. Histopatologias em tecido hepático do peixe cascudo Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911) como indicadores de contaminação aquática no rio Pirapó. In: Anais do 17° Seminário de Iniciação Científica e Tecnologia da UTFPR. Curitiba: UTFPR.; Martinez & Cólus, 2002Martinez, C.B.R.R., & Cólus, I.M.S.S., 2002. Biomarcadores em peixes neotropicais para o monitoramento da poluição aquática na bacia do rio Tibagi. In: Medri, M.E., Bianchini, E., Shibatta, O.A., & Pimenta, J.A., eds. A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Eduel, 551-577.; Miranda et al., 2008Miranda, A.L., Roche, H., Randi, M.A.F., Menezes, M.L., & Ribeiro, C.A.O., 2008. Bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in the tropical freshwater fish Hoplias malabaricus: histopathological, physiological, and immunological findings. Environ. Int. 34(7), 939-949. PMid:18400298. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.004.
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; Sousa et al., 2013Sousa, D.B.P., Almeida, Z.S., & Carvalho-Neta, R.N.F., 2013. Biomarcadores histológicos em duas espécies de bagres estuarinos da Costa Maranhense, Brasil. Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 65(2), 369-376. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352013000200011.
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) or physiological (e.g. enzymatic activity and blood tests) (Arias et al., 2007Arias, A.R.L., Buss, D.F., Alburquerque, C., Inácio, A.F., Freire, M.M., Egler, M., Mugnai, R., & Baptista, D.F., 2007. Utilização de bioindicadores na avaliação de impacto e no monitoramento da contaminação de rios e córregos por agrotóxicos. Cien. Saude Colet. 12(1), 61-72. PMid:17680059. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232007000100011.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232007000...
; Miranda et al., 2008Miranda, A.L., Roche, H., Randi, M.A.F., Menezes, M.L., & Ribeiro, C.A.O., 2008. Bioaccumulation of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in the tropical freshwater fish Hoplias malabaricus: histopathological, physiological, and immunological findings. Environ. Int. 34(7), 939-949. PMid:18400298. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.02.004.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2008.02....
; Morado et al., 2018Morado, C.N., Parente, T.E.M., Araújo, F.G., Paumgarten, F.J.R., & Gomes, I.D., 2018. Induced CYP1A activity and DNA damage in fish from the middle Paraíba do Sul River Basin, southeastern Brazil. Acta Sci. Biol. Sci. 40(1), e1. http://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v40i1.36666.
http://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v4...
; Rodrigues & Castilhos, 2003Rodrigues, A.P.C., & Castilhos, Z.C., 2003. Avaliação de risco ecológico em ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados por mercurio. Estudo de caso: Ilha das Enxadas, Baía de Guanabara, RJ. In: Anais da 11ª Jornada de Iniciação Científica. Rio de Janeiro: CETEM/MCTI. Retrieved in 2024, March 24, from http://mineralis.cetem.gov.br/handle/cetem/810
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; Tortelli et al., 2006Tortelli, V., Colares, E.P., Robaldo, R.B., Nery, L.E.M., Pinho, G.L.L., Bianchini, A., & Monserrat, J.M., 2006. Importance of cholinesterase kinetic parameters in environmental monitoring using estuarine fish. Chemosphere 65(4), 560-566. PMid:16643981. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.047.
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). Fish have traditionally been widely used as bioindicators in aquatic ecosystems (Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.; Martinez & Cólus, 2002Martinez, C.B.R.R., & Cólus, I.M.S.S., 2002. Biomarcadores em peixes neotropicais para o monitoramento da poluição aquática na bacia do rio Tibagi. In: Medri, M.E., Bianchini, E., Shibatta, O.A., & Pimenta, J.A., eds. A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Eduel, 551-577.), and there are several reasons why they are widely used to determine the natural characteristics of aquatic habitats and to assess their condition (Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.). The fish community includes several species scattered between trophic levels, with some species at the top of the chain, capable of accumulating contaminating substances that indicate and interferm in the occurrence of environmental disturbances (Freitas & Siqueira-Souza, 2009Freitas, C.E.C., & Siqueira-Souza, F.K., 2009. O uso de peixes como bioindicador ambiental em áreas de várzea da bacia amazônica. Agrogeoambiental 1(2), 39-45. http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200975.
http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200...
; Martinez & Cólus, 2002Martinez, C.B.R.R., & Cólus, I.M.S.S., 2002. Biomarcadores em peixes neotropicais para o monitoramento da poluição aquática na bacia do rio Tibagi. In: Medri, M.E., Bianchini, E., Shibatta, O.A., & Pimenta, J.A., eds. A bacia do rio Tibagi. Londrina: Eduel, 551-577.).

Certain species exhibit greater sensitivity to chemical and physical alterations, including changes in pH and dissolved oxygen, which can be attributed to shifts in environmental quality (Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.; Freitas & Siqueira-Souza, 2009Freitas, C.E.C., & Siqueira-Souza, F.K., 2009. O uso de peixes como bioindicador ambiental em áreas de várzea da bacia amazônica. Agrogeoambiental 1(2), 39-45. http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200975.
http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200...
). In comparison to other groups, such as invertebrates, fish offer a greater capacity to provide insights into the environmental conditions within their habitat due to their ease of identification and capture (Freitas & Siqueira-Souza, 2009Freitas, C.E.C., & Siqueira-Souza, F.K., 2009. O uso de peixes como bioindicador ambiental em áreas de várzea da bacia amazônica. Agrogeoambiental 1(2), 39-45. http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200975.
http://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200...
).

Despite Brazil being recognized as the country with the highest biodiversity worldwide (Calixto, 2003Calixto, J.B., 2003. Biodiversidade como fonte de medicamentos. Cienc. Cult. 55(3), 37-39.; Mittermeier et al., 2005Mittermeier, R.A., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Rylands, A.B., & Brandon, K., 2005. Uma breve história da conservação da biodiversidade no Brasil. Megadiversidade 1(1), 14-21. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582006000100003.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0011-52582006000...
), research focused on utilizing ichthyofauna as bioindicators is often limited in scope and encompasses only a limited number of species. Recognizing the necessity to consolidate groups with the capacity to assess and evaluate aquatic environmental conditions due to their extensive utilization, the objective of this study is to assemble a comprehensive collection of Brazilian fish species that possess the potential to serve as bioindicators, using an approach that refers to the focal species and their corresponding toxicological, morphological, histopathological and physiological analyzes in response to anthropogenic interventions.

2. Material and Methods

The present study is a bibliographic review that adopts an exploratory and descriptive approach to investigate the Brazilian ichthyofauna as potential bioindicators. The dataset was compiled by conducting a search on the Google Scholar and SciELO platforms, focusing on articles published between the years 2000 and 2022.

To gather relevant articles, search terms such as “bioindicators,” “Brazilian fish,” and “aquatic ecosystem” were utilized in both Portuguese and English languages. These terms were combined in various combinations using the AND/OR conjunctions, and the searches were conducted to include singular, plural, and variant forms of the terms.

Following the identification of articles containing the targeted search terms, a citation and reference check was conducted to supplement the progress and requirements of the present study.

The results were gathered in a table whose validated potential refers to rather the species were submitted or not to tests capable to determinate whether it is a bioindicator. If the species has validated potential, it means that it has been subjected to testes, whether morphological, physiological, toxicological or histological. To develop the map, the Brazilian freshwater ecoregion presented by Abell et al. (2008)Abell, R., Thieme, M.L., Revenga, C., Bryer, M., Kottelat, M., Bogutskaya, N., Coad, B., Mandrak, N., Balderas, S.C., Bussing, W., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Allen, G.R., Unmack, P., Naseka, A., Ng, R., Sindorf, N., Robertson, J., Armijo, E., Higgins, J.V., Heibel, T.J., Wikramanayake, E., Olson, D., López, H.L., Reis, R.E., Lundberg, J.G., Sabaj Pérez, M.H., & Petry, P., 2008. Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58(5), 403-414. http://doi.org/10.1641/B580507.
http://doi.org/10.1641/B580507...
were used. These freshwater ecoregions are based on the distribution and composition of freshwater fish species, incorporating key ecological and evolutionary patterns.

3. Results

The bibliographic survey conducted in this study identified a total of 45 species of Brazilian ichthyofauna that have been recognized as potential bioindicators. These findings are based on the analysis of 39 articles (refer to Table 1 for a comprehensive list of the identified species). It is important to note that unpublished works and studies mentioning variations in the composition of ichthyological communities as bioindicators were excluded from the bibliographic analysis.

Table 1
Bioindicator species by freshwater ecoregion and their research approach.

The individual capacity of each species to serve as a bioindicator was prioritized in this study, as suggested by Viana et al. (2010)Viana, A.P., Lucena Frédou, F., Frédou, T., Torres, M.F., & Bordalo, A.O., 2010. Fish fauna as an indicator of environmental quality in an urbanised region of the Amazon estuary. J. Fish Biol. 76(3), 467-486. PMid:20666891. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02487.x.
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009....
. Gills and muscles were the most commonly studied animal tissues for bioindicator analysis.

Among the identified species, Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), Poecilia reticulata (Peters, 1859) and the genus Astyanax were the most frequently cited as bioindicators (refer to Table 1). Some species listed in the table have not been yet validated but hold potential as bioindicators according to the criteria proposed by Johnson et al. (1993)Johnson, R.K., Wiederholm, T., & Rosenberg, D.M., 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring Using Individual Organisms, Populations, and Species Assemblages of Benthic Macroinvertebrates. In: Rosenberg, D.M., & Resh, V.H., eds. Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. New York: Springer, 40-158.. These criteria include easy recognition, cosmopolitan distribution, numerical abundance, limited mobility, well-known ecological characteristics, and suitability for laboratory studies.

The distribution of bioindicator species shows a significant disparity (Figure 1). The Upper Paraná ecoregion stands out with 18 bioindicator species, while several other ecoregions lack substantial research indicating species with bioindicator potential.

Figure 1
Reported distribution map of bioindicator species in Brazilian freshwater ecoregions. The map shows the distribution of species in South American freshwater ecoregions highlighted in color, marked by numbers, according to Abell et al. (2008)Abell, R., Thieme, M.L., Revenga, C., Bryer, M., Kottelat, M., Bogutskaya, N., Coad, B., Mandrak, N., Balderas, S.C., Bussing, W., Stiassny, M.L.J., Skelton, P., Allen, G.R., Unmack, P., Naseka, A., Ng, R., Sindorf, N., Robertson, J., Armijo, E., Higgins, J.V., Heibel, T.J., Wikramanayake, E., Olson, D., López, H.L., Reis, R.E., Lundberg, J.G., Sabaj Pérez, M.H., & Petry, P., 2008. Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 58(5), 403-414. http://doi.org/10.1641/B580507.
http://doi.org/10.1641/B580507...
. The uncolored and unnumbered regions did not show records of bioindicator species. The regions highlighted in gray are not part of the territory addressed in this work.

4. Discussion

Scientific literature underscores the significance of national-level scientific research in fostering innovation and driving economic development. Nevertheless, recent studies reveal an uneven distribution of scientific development within Brazil, primarily favoring regions in the south and southeast (Melo et al., 2019Melo, J.N., Santana, J.R., & Silva, G.F., 2019. Ciência, tecnologia e inovação no Brasil: uma análise inter-regional por meio de indicadores. Rev. Bras. Gest. Desenvolv. Reg. 15(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v15i1.4321.
https://doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v15i1.432...
). This concentration of scientific activities has resulted in regional disparities in development and underscores the association between resource allocation and the economic capacity of specific regions (Melo et al., 2019Melo, J.N., Santana, J.R., & Silva, G.F., 2019. Ciência, tecnologia e inovação no Brasil: uma análise inter-regional por meio de indicadores. Rev. Bras. Gest. Desenvolv. Reg. 15(1), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v15i1.4321.
https://doi.org/10.54399/rbgdr.v15i1.432...
; Mowery & Sampat, 2009Mowery, D.C., & Sampat, B.N., 2009. Universities in national innovation systems. In: Fagerberg, J., & Mowery, D.C., eds. The Oxford handbook of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 209-239. http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286805.003.0008.
http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/97801992...
). The ramifications of this centralized approach to scientific development are potentially detrimental to various domains of scientific research, including the study of biodiversity and the distribution of ichthyofauna.

The Upper Paraná watershed is recognized for its rich diversity of scientifically validated bioindicator species (Figure 1). However, this basin is facing substantial anthropic disturbances, making it one of the most impacted regions in the area (Agostinho et al., 2003Agostinho, A.A., Gomes, L.C., Suzuki, H.I., & Júlio Júnior, H.F., 2003. Migratory fishes of the Upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil. In: Carosfeld, J., Harvey, B., Ross, C.V., & Baer A. eds. Migratory fishes of South America: biology, fisheries and conservation status. Ottowa: The World Bank, International Development Centre, 19-98.; Castro & Arcifa, 1987Castro, R.M.C., & Arcifa, M.S., 1987. Comunidades de peixes de reservatórios no sul do Brasil. Rev. Bras. Biol. 47(4), 493-500.). Despite extensive research conducted in Brazil, there still exists a significant number of species within this ecoregion that remain unknown or understudied (Agostinho & Júlio Júnior, 1999Agostinho, A.A., & Júlio Júnior, H.F., 1999. Peixes da Bacia do Alto Rio Paraná. In: Lowe-McConnell, R.H., ed. Estudos ecológicos de comunidades de peixes tropicais. São Paulo: Edusp, 374-400.; Langeani et al., 2007Langeani, F., Castro, R.M.C., Oyakawa, O.T., Shibatta, O.A., Pavanelli, C.S., & Casatti, L., 2007. Diversidade da ictiofauna do Alto Rio Paraná : composição atual e perspectivas futuras. Biota Neotrop. 7(3), 181-197. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000300020.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032007000...
). Molecular studies and identification efforts have highlighted this knowledge gap (Pereira et al., 2013Pereira, L.H.G., Hanner, R., Foresti, F., & Oliveira, C., 2013. Can DNA barcoding accurately discriminate megadiverse Neotropical freshwater fish fauna? BMC Genet. 14, 20. PMid:23497346. http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-14-20.
http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2156-14-20...
), emphasizing the vulnerability of the ichthyofauna in the area. It is important to note that this situation may be even more critical in regions with higher biodiversity, where studies on fish as bioindicators are scarce or virtually non-existent.

Castro and Polaz (2020)Castro, R.M.C., & Polaz, C.N.M., 2020. Small-sized fish: the largest and most threatened portion of the megadiverse neotropical freshwater fish fauna. Br. Educ. Res. J. 20(1), 1-12. http://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018-0683.
http://doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2018...
highlight the limited translocation capacity of small species in aquatic environments, which leads to their local endemism as they do not migrate extensively between ecoregions during their life cycle. However, Poecilia reticulata, a small species (Lucinda, 2003Lucinda, P.H.F. 2003. Family Poeciliidae. In: Reis, R.E., Kullander, S.O., & Ferraris Junior, C.J., eds. Check list of the freshwater fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, 555-581.), has been intentionally introduced for vector control and has achieved a widespread geographic distribution across various water bodies (Graça & Pavanelli, 2007Graça, W.J., & Pavanelli, C.S., 2007. Peixes da planíce de inundação do alto rio Paraná e áreas adjacentes. Maringá: EDUEM.). The broad distribution of P. reticulata presents significant potential for conducting comparative studies in degraded regions, especially when compared to locally distributed species. P. reticulata has the ability to indicate negative environmental disturbances in its habitat due to its high resilience to anthropogenic changes (Souza & Tozzo, 2013Souza, F., & Tozzo, R.A., 2013. Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae) como possível bioindicador de ambientes degradados. Rev. Meio Ambient. Sustentabilidade 3(2), 162-175. https://doi.org/10.22292/mas.v3i2.164.
https://doi.org/10.22292/mas.v3i2.164...
). However, it is important to consider that despite its bioindicator characteristics, these attributes may ultimately contribute to environmental issues for small aquatic communities (Souza & Tozzo, 2013Souza, F., & Tozzo, R.A., 2013. Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae) como possível bioindicador de ambientes degradados. Rev. Meio Ambient. Sustentabilidade 3(2), 162-175. https://doi.org/10.22292/mas.v3i2.164.
https://doi.org/10.22292/mas.v3i2.164...
; Widianarko et al., 2000Widianarko, B., van Gestel, C.A.M., Verweij, R.A., & Van Straalen, N.M., 2000. Associations between trace metals in sediment, water, and guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters), from urban streams of Semarang, Indonesia. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 46(1), 101-107. PMid:10806000. http://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1879.
http://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1999.1879...
).

Rhamdia quelen, a nocturnal species, displays a generalist feeding strategy, with a tendency towards omnivory. Small individuals primarily consume insects, while adults predominantly feed on fish (Casatti & Castro, 1998Casatti, L., & Castro, R.M.C., 1998. A fish community of the São Francisco River headwaters riffles, southeastern Brazil. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 9(3), 229-242.; Gomiero & Braga, 2008Gomiero, L.M., & Braga, F.M.S., 2008. Feeding habits of the ichthyofauna in a protected area in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 8(1), 41-47. http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000100004.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032008000...
; C. C. G. F. Pereira et al., 2004Pereira, C.C.G.F., Smith, W.S., & Espíndola, E.L.G., 2004. Feeding habits of nine species of fish in Três Irmãos reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil. Univ Cienc. (spe 1), 33-38. Retrieved in 2024, March 24, from https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=15409905
https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=1...
). This species has a wide distribution (Albert et al., 2020Albert, J.S., Tagliacollo, V.A., & Dagosta, F., 2020. Diversification of neotropical freshwater fishes. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 51(1), 27-53. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011620-031032.
http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-0...
) and is commonly found in fish farming, particularly in southern Brazil (Gomes et al., 2000Gomes, L.C., Golombieski, J.I., Gomes, A.R.C., & Baldisserotto, B., 2000. Biologia do jundiá Rhamdia quelen (Teleostei, Pimelodidae). Cienc. Rural 30(1), 179-185. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782000000100029.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782000000...
; Marchioro & Baldisserotto, 1999Marchioro, M.I., & Baldisserotto, B., 1999. Sobrevivência de alevinos de Jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) à variação de salinidade da água. Cienc. Rural 29(2), 315-318. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781999000200021.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781999000...
). It exhibits remarkable resilience to environmental stressors, including temperature fluctuations and low salinity levels (Marchioro & Baldisserotto, 1999Marchioro, M.I., & Baldisserotto, B., 1999. Sobrevivência de alevinos de Jundiá (Rhamdia quelen Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) à variação de salinidade da água. Cienc. Rural 29(2), 315-318. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781999000200021.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84781999000...
). Considering its morphological and physiological characteristics, R. quelen is regarded as a valuable bioindicator species (Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.; Johnson et al., 1993Johnson, R.K., Wiederholm, T., & Rosenberg, D.M., 1993. Freshwater Biomonitoring Using Individual Organisms, Populations, and Species Assemblages of Benthic Macroinvertebrates. In: Rosenberg, D.M., & Resh, V.H., eds. Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. New York: Springer, 40-158.). However, taxonomic investigations have revealed that R. quelen represents a complex taxonomic scenario encompassing multiple species (Albert et al., 2020Albert, J.S., Tagliacollo, V.A., & Dagosta, F., 2020. Diversification of neotropical freshwater fishes. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 51(1), 27-53. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011620-031032.
http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-0...
; Ríos et al., 2020Ríos, N., Casanova, A., Hermida, M., Pardo, B.G., Martínez, P., Bouza, C., & García, G., 2020. Population genomics in Rhamdia quelen (Heptapteridae, siluriformes) reveals deep divergence and adaptation in the neotropical region. Genes 11(1), 1-27. PMid:31963477. http://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010109.
http://doi.org/10.3390/genes11010109...
; Scaranto et al., 2018Scaranto, B.M.S., Ribolli, J., & Zaniboni Filho, E., 2018. DNA barcoding reveals blend of silver catfish Rhamdia species from fish farms in Southern Brazil. Aquacult. Res. 49(5), 1907-1913. http://doi.org/10.1111/are.13646.
http://doi.org/10.1111/are.13646...
; Silfvergrip, 1996Silfvergrip, A.M.C., 1996. A systematic revision of the neotropical catfish genus Rhamdia (Teleostei, Pimelodidae). Stockholm: Stockholm University.). As different species may respond differently to the same environmental stimuli, studies employing R. quelen as a bioindicator must be conducted with care, preferably focusing on regional scopes, as observed in the studies included in this review (Table 1). Consequently, the ability to make comparisons between distant ecoregions, as is the case with Poecilia reticulata, may be compromised.

Several tissues have been tested for their bioindicator potential, but their use has proven to be limited, making comparisons between species and regions challenging (Table 1). Among the tissues, the branchial and hepatic tissues stand out as the most promising. Not only are they the most extensively studied, but they also possess characteristics that favor their use. The gills, being directly exposed to substances in the aquatic environment, are the first to experience the negative effects of pollution (Batista et al., 2014Batista, M.T.O., Rodrigues Junior, E., Feijó-Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A.C., Rodrigues, E., Suda, C.N.K., & Vani, G.S., 2014. Tissue levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in fish Astyanax bimaculatus from the Una River Basin. Rev. Ambient. Água 9(4), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1473.
https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1473...
; Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.; Lins et al., 2010Lins, J.A.P.N., Kirschnik, P.G., Queiroz, V.S., & Cirio, S.M., 2010. Uso de peixes como biomarcadores para monitoramento ambiental aquático. Rev. Acad. 8(4), 469-484. http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i4.11018.
http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i...
; Stagg & Shuttleworth, 1982Stagg, R.M., & Shuttleworth, T.J., 1982. The accumulation of copper in Platichthys flesus L. and its effects on plasma electrolyte concentrations. J. Fish Biol. 20(4), 491-500. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb03942.x.
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982....
). On the other hand, the liver receives a majority of circulating pollutants through the bloodstream, resulting in a higher accumulation of pollutants in liver tissue and making the organ more susceptible to damage (Batista et al., 2014Batista, M.T.O., Rodrigues Junior, E., Feijó-Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A.C., Rodrigues, E., Suda, C.N.K., & Vani, G.S., 2014. Tissue levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in fish Astyanax bimaculatus from the Una River Basin. Rev. Ambient. Água 9(4), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1473.
https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1473...
; Chovanec et al., 2003Chovanec, A., Hofer, R., & Schiemer, F., 2003. Fish as bioindicators. In: Markert, B.A.A., Breure, M., & Zechmeister, H.G., eds. Bioindicators and biomonitors. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd., 639-676.; Lins et al., 2010Lins, J.A.P.N., Kirschnik, P.G., Queiroz, V.S., & Cirio, S.M., 2010. Uso de peixes como biomarcadores para monitoramento ambiental aquático. Rev. Acad. 8(4), 469-484. http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i4.11018.
http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v8i...
). In addition to the average number of studies indicating the use of fish and their tissues as bioindicators, some authors have tested enzymes as biomarkers for individuals and environmental contamination (e.g., mercury and pesticides) (Batista et al., 2014Batista, M.T.O., Rodrigues Junior, E., Feijó-Oliveira, M., Ribeiro, A.C., Rodrigues, E., Suda, C.N.K., & Vani, G.S., 2014. Tissue levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in fish Astyanax bimaculatus from the Una River Basin. Rev. Ambient. Água 9(4), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.1473.
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; Braga et al., 2015Braga, C.P., Bittarello, A.C., Padilha, C.C.F., Leite, A.L., Moraes, P.M., Buzalaf, M.A.R., Zara, L.F., & Padilha, P.M., 2015. Mercury fractionation in dourada (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) of the Madeira River in Brazil using metalloproteomic strategies. Talanta 132, 239-244. PMid:25476304. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.021.
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; Menezes et al., 2011Menezes, C.C., Loro, V.L., Fonseca, M.B., Cattaneo, R., Pretto, A., Miron, D.S., & Santi, A., 2011. Oxidative parameters of Rhamdia quelen in response to commercial herbicide containing clomazone and recovery pattern. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 100(2), 145-150. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.03.002.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.03....
; Queiroz et al., 2019Queiroz, J.V., Vieira, J.C.S., Oliveira, G., Braga, C.P., Bataglioli, I.C., Silva, J.M., Araújo, W.L.P., & Padilha, P.M., 2019. Identification of biomarkers of mercury contamination in Brachyplatystoma filamentosum of the Madeira River, Brazil, using metalloproteomic strategies. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 187(1), 291-300. PMid:29740802. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1363-5.
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; Klemz & Assis, 2005Klemz, C., & Assis, H.C.S., 2005. Efeitos do endosulfano na atividade da acetilcolinesterase de cascudo (Ancistrus multispinnis, fish, teleostei). Rev. Acad. Ciênc. Anim. 3(4), 51-58. http://doi.org/10.7213/cienciaanimal.v3i4.9231.
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; Moraes et al., 2012Moraes, P.M., Santos, F.A., Padilha, C.C.F., Vieira, J.C.S., Zara, L.F., De, M., & Padilha, P., 2012. A preliminary and qualitative metallomics study of mercury in the muscle of fish from Amazonas, Brazil. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 150(1-3), 195-199. PMid:22956354. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9502-x.
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; Sinhorin et al., 2014Sinhorin, V.D.G., Sinhorin, A.P., Teixeira, J.M. dos S., Miléski, K.M.L., Hansen, P.C., Moreira, P.S.A., Kawashita, N.H., Baviera, A.M., & Loro, V.L., 2014. Effects of the acute exposition to glyphosate-based herbicide on oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant responses in a hybrid Amazon fish surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 106, 181-187. PMid:24840881. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.040.
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; Tortelli et al., 2006Tortelli, V., Colares, E.P., Robaldo, R.B., Nery, L.E.M., Pinho, G.L.L., Bianchini, A., & Monserrat, J.M., 2006. Importance of cholinesterase kinetic parameters in environmental monitoring using estuarine fish. Chemosphere 65(4), 560-566. PMid:16643981. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.047.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.200...
).

In conclusion, this study highlights the incomplete nature of research on bioindicators of the Brazilian ichthyofauna, considering the vast number of species in existence. Currently, only a limited number of species have been studied, and research efforts are unevenly distributed. As a result, only a few species and a small number of tissues have been investigated. It is crucial to expand studies in this field to explore the bioindicator potential of species residing in other regions, such as the Amazon and the São Francisco region. Additionally, given the importance of ichthyofauna in assessing environmental quality, the scientific community should prioritize and conduct more studies focused on utilizing ichthyofauna as bioindicators.

  • Cite as: Batista, C.P., Ferreira, A.A. and Silva, G.J.C. Status of studies about Brazilian bioindicator fishes, a review. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2024, vol. 36, e14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X8723

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Edited by

Associate Editor: Ronaldo Angelini.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    20 May 2024
  • Date of issue
    2024

History

  • Received
    18 Sept 2023
  • Accepted
    25 Mar 2024
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