Accessibility / Report Error

Tissue levels of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase in fish Astyanax bimaculatus from the Una River Basin

Níveis teciduais das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase e catalase no peixe Astyanax bimaculatus da bacia hidrográfica do rio Una

Abstracts

This paper seeks to identify the biomarker response to oxidative stress in Astyanax bimaculatus, a freshwater fish, collected from the Una River and its associated water bodies. The fish were collected using fishing nets at three different points on the river basin, namely Fazenda Piloto (FP), Ipiranga (IP) and Remédios (RM), during the period from December 2013 to March 2014. Physical and chemical analyses of the water at the sample locations indicate that IP and RM possibly have larger concentration of either natural or anthropic pollutants as compared to FP. FP can therefore be considered as the point less impacted by pollutants than other points. Hepatic activity of antioxidant stress enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were measured in the specimens. The levels of SOD were reduced at RM while they were elevated in fish collected at IP. The CAT levels for the fish at RM and IP were about 148.9% and 202.4% above the values at FP, respectively. These results suggest that antioxidant enzymes could be used as biomarkers to measure oxidative stress caused by pollutants in the Una River Basin.

biomonitoring; pollution; radical oxygen species


O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar respostas de biomarcadores de estresse oxidativo no peixe de água doce Astyanax bimaculatus, coletado nos rios e corpos d'água da bacia hidrográfica do rio Una. Os peixes foram coletados com rede de pesca entre dezembro de 2013 e março de 2014, em três diferentes pontos da bacia: Fazenda Piloto (FP), Ipiranga (IP) e Remédios (RM). Análises físico-químicas das amostras de água nos pontos de coleta indicaram que IP e RM possivelmente apresentaram uma maior concentração de poluentes, naturais ou antrópicos, quando comparados ao FP. Portanto, FP pode ser considerado como o ponto menos impactado por poluentes em relação aos outros pontos. Níveis hepáticos de atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD) e catalase (CAT) foram medidos nos espécimes. Os níveis de SOD foram reduzidos no RM, enquanto que eles foram aumentados em peixes coletados em IP. Os níveis de CAT nos peixes coletados em RM e IP foram 148,9% e 202,4% maiores do que os valores encontrados nos peixes do ponto FP, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que as enzimas antioxidantes podem ser usadas como biomarcadoras para mensurar os níveis de stress oxidativo causado pelos poluentes na bacia hidrográfica do rio Una.

biomonitoramento; espécies reativas de oxigênio; poluição


  • ALBA-TERCEDOR, J. Macroinvertebrados acuáticos y calidad de las aguas de los ríos. In: SIMPOSIO DEL AGUA DE ANDALUCÍA - SIAGA, 4., 1996, Almería. Anais... [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1996. v. 2. p. 203-213.
  • AMEUR, W. B.; LAPUENTE, J.; MEGDICHEA, Y.E.; BARHOUMI, B.; TRABELSI, S.; CAMPS, L. et al. Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology biomarker responses in mullet and sea bass liver from Bizerte Lagoon. Marine Pollution Bulletine, v. 64, p. 241-251, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.026
  • AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION - APHA; AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION - AWWA; WATER ENVIRONMENTAL FEDERATION - WEF. Stardard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20. ed.Washigton, 1998.
  • BATISTA, G. T.; TARGA, M.; FIGALDO, E. C. C. Banco de dados ambientais da Bacia do Rio Una, Bacia do Rio Paraíba do Sul. Taubaté: Universidade de Taubaté; Departamento de Ciências Agrarias. Laboratório de Geoprocessamento (LAGEO), 2002. p. 1-16. Available in: http://www.agro.unitau.br:8080/dspace/bitstream/2315/51/1/Projeto_Una_IBICT.pdf Access in: Aug. 2014.
  • BEASLEY, G.; KNEALE, P. Investigating the influence of heavy metals on macroinvertebrate assemblages using Partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis (pCCA). Hydrology and Earth Systems Sciences, v. 7, p. 221-233, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-7-221-2003
  • BINELLI, A.; COGNI, D. Multi-biomarker approach to investigate the state of contamination of the R. Lambro/R. Po confluence (Italy) by zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Chemosphere, v. 79, p. 518-528, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.02.033
  • BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Portaria nº 2.914, de 12 de dezembro de 2011. Available in: <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2011/prt2914_12_12_2011.html>. Access in: July 2014.
  • BRASIL. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Resolução n. 257, de 17 de março de 2005. Available in: http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res05/res35705.pdf Access in: Sep. 2014.
  • COMPANHIA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL - CETESB. Água, rios e reservatórios. São Paulo, 2014. Available in: <http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/agua/%C3%81guas-Superficiais/34-Vari%C3%A1veis-de-Qualidade-das-%C3%81guas#condutividade>. Access in Mar. 2014.
  • CHAPMAN, D.; KIMSTACH, V. Selection of water quality variables. In: CHAPMAN, D. (Ed.). Water quality assessment: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: UNESCO/WHO/UNEP, 1996. Cap. 3. Available in: <http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resources/wqa/en/>. Access in Mar. 2014.
  • DAHL, J.; JOHNSON R. K.; SANDIN, L. Detection of organic pollution of streams in southern Sweden using benthic macroinvertebrates. Hydrobiologia, v. 516, p. 161-172, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025264.35531.cb
  • FERREIRA, M.; MORADAS-FERREIRA, P.; REIS-HENRIQUES, M. A. Oxidative stress biomarkers in two resident species, mullet (Mugil cephalus) and flounder (Platichthys flesus) from a polluted site in River Douro Estuary, Portugal. Aquatic Toxicology, v. 71, p. 39-48, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.10.009
  • FAROMBI, E. O.; ADELOWO, O. A.; AJIMOKO, Y. R. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and heavy metal levels as indicators of environmental pollution in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Nigeria Ogun River. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 4, p. 158-165, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2007040011
  • FONSECA, V. F.; VASCONCELOS, R. P.; FRANÇA, S.; SERAFIM, A.; LOPES, B.; COMPANY, R. et al. Modelling fish biological responses to contaminants and natural variability in estuaries. Marine Environmental Research, v. 96, p. 45-55, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2013.10.011
  • GOYAL, M. M.; BASAK, A. Human catalase: looking for complete identity. Protein cell, v. 1, n. 10, p. 888-897, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13238-010-0113-z
  • HEVEL, J. M.; MARIETTA, M. A. Nitric-oxide synthase assays, In: PARKER, L. (Ed.). Methods in enzymology. London: Academic Press, 1994.p. 250-258.
  • INSTITUTO ADOLFO LUTZ. Normas analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. V. 1: Métodos químicos e físicos para análise de alimentos. 3. ed. São Paulo: IMESP, 1985. p. 317-319.
  • KANAK E. G.; DOGAN Z.; EROGLU A.; ATLI G.; CANLI M. Effects of fish size on the response of antioxidant systems of Oreochromis nilocicus following metal exposure. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 40, n. 4, p. 1083-1091, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-014-9907-x
  • KONO, Y. Generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hydroxylamine and an assay for superoxide dismutase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, v. 186, p. 189-195, 1978.
  • LUSHCHAK V. I. Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. Aquatic Toxicology, v. 101, p. 13-30, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.10.006
  • McCARTHY, J. F.; SHUGART, L. Biomarkers of environmental contamination. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 1990.
  • MODESTO, K. A.; MARTINEZ, C. B. R. Roundup causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits acetylcholinesterase in muscle and brain of the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chemosphere, v. 78, p. 294-299, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.047
  • MOREIRA, T. N.; NUNES, E. A.; LEAL, M. E.; SCHULZ, U. H.; LEMOS, C. T. Influência dos métodos de captura de peixes na avaliação genotóxica utilizando diferentes tecidos de Astyanax fasciatus (Osteichthyes, Characidae). Journal of Brazilian Society of Ecotoxicology, v. 5, p. 1-7, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/jbse.2010.01.001
  • NWANI, C. D.; LAKRA, W. S.; NAQPURE, N. S.; KUMAR, R.; KUSHWAHA, B.; SRIVASTAVA, S. K. Toxicity of the herbicide atrazine: effects on lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in the freshwater fish Channa Punctatus. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 7, p. 3298-3312, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7083298
  • PANDEY, S.; PARVEZ, S.; SAYEED, I.; HAQUE, R.; BIN-HAFEEZ, B.; RAISUDDIN, S. Biomarkers of oxidative stress: a comparative study of river Yamuna fish Wallago attu (Bl. & Schn.). Science of the Total Environment, v. 309, p. 105-115, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(03)00006-8
  • QU, R.; FENG, M.; WANG, X.; QIN, L.; WANG, C.; WANG, Z. & WANG, L. Metal accumulation and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of freshwater fish Carassius auratus following in vivo exposure to waterborne zinc. Aquatic toxicology, v. 150, p. 9-16, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.008
  • REGOLI, F.; PRINCIPATO, G. B.; BERTOLI, E.; NIGRO, M.; ORLANDO, E. Biochemical characterization of the antioxidant system in the scallop Adamussium colbecki, a sentinel organismo for monitoring the Antarctic environment. Polar Biology, v. 17, p. 251-258, 1997.
  • SEDEÑO-DIAZ, J. E.; LÓPEZ-LÓPEZ, E. Fresh water fish as sentinel organism: from the molecular to the population level, a Review. In: TURKER, H. (Ed.). New advances and contributions to fish biology. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54825
  • SMITH, P. K. et al. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Analytical Biochemistry, v. 150, n. 1, p. 76-85, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(85)90442-7
  • SOLE, M.; BAENA, M.; ARNAUA, S.; CARRASSONB, M.; MAYNOUA, F.; CARTES, J. E. Muscular cholinesterase activites and lipid peroxidation leves as biomarkers in several Mediterranean marine fish species and their relationship with ecological variabels. Enviromental International, v. 36, p. 202-211, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.11.008
  • SAKURAGUI, M. M.; PAULINO, M. G.; PEREIRA, C. D. S.; CARVALHO, C. S.; SADAUKAS-HENRIQUE, H.; FERNANDES, M. N. Integrated use of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative damage in two fish species to assess pollution in man made hydoelectic reservoirs. Environmental Pollution, v. 178, p. 41-51, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.02.032
  • TRUJILLO-JIMÉNEZ, P.; SEDEÑO-DÍAZ, J. E.; CAMARGO, J. A.; LÓPEZ-LÓPEZ, E. Assessing environmental conditions of the Río Champotón (México) using diverse indices and biomarkers in the fish Astyanax aeneus (Günther, 1860). Ecological Indicators, v. 11, p. 1636-1646, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.04.007
  • VIDAL, L.; DOMINI, C. E.; CANALS, A. Main parameters and assays involved with the organic pollution of water. In: NOLLET, L. M. L.; DEBELDER, L. S. P. Handbook of water quality analysis. 3rd Edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014.
  • VIEIRA, C. E. D.; ALMEIRA, M. S.; GALINDO, B. A.; PEREIRA, L.; MARTINEZ, C. B. R. Integrated biomarker response index using a neotropical fish to assess the water quality in agricultural áreas. Neotropical Ichtyology, v. 12, p. 153-164, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252014000100017

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    31 Oct 2014
  • Date of issue
    Dec 2014

History

  • Received
    26 July 2014
  • Accepted
    29 Sept 2014
Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas (IPABHi), Estrada Mun. Dr. José Luis Cembranelli, 5000, Taubaté, SP, Brasil, CEP 12081-010 - Taubaté - SP - Brazil
E-mail: ambi.agua@gmail.com