Comparison of Different Extraction Techniques of <i>Zingiber officinale</i> Essential Oil

Souza Junior, Edgar Teixeira de; Siqueira, Leandro Martins; Almeida, Rafael Nolibos; Lucas, Aline Machado; Silva, Caroline Garcia Finkler da; Cassel, Eduardo; Vargas, Rubem Mário Figueiró

doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2020190213

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Article - Biological and Applied Sciences • Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 63 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4324-2020190213 copy

Comparison of Different Extraction Techniques of Zingiber officinale Essential Oil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study aims to find the best conditions for the extraction of Zingiber officinale essential oil using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD) techniques, regarding the maximum oil yield. For the HD technique is evaluated the best ratio between plant mass and water volume and for SFE and SD the pressure condition was investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the similarity between the composition of the essential oil in different pressures and extraction methods. The experimental extraction curve was plotted and three different mathematical models were used to fit the data for SD and SFE methods, obtaining the relevant mass transfer parameters. The essential oil compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being α-zingiberene the main component with different contents (from 11.9 to 28.9%). The best condition for the SFE was 100 bar, 40 °C (0.0508 g_oil/g_plant) with 19.34% of α-zingiberene; for the SD, 3 bar (133 °C) (0.00616 g_oil/g_plant) with 28.9% of α-zingiberene; and HD, the volume of 750 mL (0.006988 g_oil/g_plant) with 15.70% of α-zingiberene, all measured on a dry basis.

Keywords:
Zingiber officinale; supercritical fluid extraction; steam distillation; hydrodistillation; mathematical modeling

Extraction method	Pressure (bar)	Global yield (g_EO/100g _{dried plant})
SD1	1	0.25
	2	0.25
	3	0.62
SFE2	80	3.30
	90	4.06
	100	5.08
	110	4.48
HD	Water volume (mL)	Global yield (g_EO/100g _{dried plant})
	500	0.35
	750	0.69
	1000	0.52

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	k⋅10⁴ s^-1	_R2	D⋅10¹³ m².s^-1	_R2	K⋅10⁴ m³.kg^-1	k_TM⋅10^4. s^-1	_R2
SD	0.568	0.9904	1.04	0.9217	2.560	0.702	0.9863
SFE	2.670	0.9809	5.73	0.9838	0.011	2.780	0.9768

Compounds1	IR2	HD3			SD³			SFE³
Compounds1	IR2	500 mL	750 mL	1000 mL	1 bar	2 bar	3 bar	80 bar	90 bar	100 bar	110 bar
Hexanal	802	0.12	0.05			0.07
Heptanol	900		0.05	0.18		0.14		0.54	0.59	0.48
Tricyclene	916				0.19	0.12	0.09
α-Pinene	926	1.37	0.66	1.35	3.01	2.14	1.64		0.36
Camphene	940	3.53	1.75	3.82	8.41	5.59	3.86	0.46	1.19		0.91
β-Pinene	969	0.32	0.16	0.31	0.13	0.05
Hepten-2-one (6-methyl-5)	983	0.31	0.12	0.17	0.69	0.48	0.23	0.6
Myrcene	987	0.77	0.38	0.76	1.7	1.17	0.89
α-Phellandrene	1000	0.23	0.12	0.31	0.58	0.47	0.5
β-Phellandrene	1025	2.75	1.45	3.9	7.35	5.94	3.6	2.08	3.15	1.09	3.41
1.8-Cineole	1027	2.48	0.57	1.67	2.53	3.23	0.68	2.72	2.49	1.48	3.06
γ-Terpinene	1054					0.05
Terpinolene	1083		0.55	1.71	0.44	0.34	0.29
2-Nonanone	1087				0.15	0.17
Linalool	1097	0.32	0.23	0.45	0.32	0.54	0.25	0.81	0.62	0.57
Nonanol	1099		0.07	0.18	0.2	0.29		0.55	0.49
Camphor	1141					0.06
exo-Isocitral	1140				0.12	0.13
Citronellal	1150	0.27	0.21	0.51	0.62	0.34
Borneol	1160	0.38	0.61	1.36	0.34	1.04	0.1	2.07	1.34	1.26	1.39
Terpinen-4-ol	1172	0.32	0.41	0.27	0.08	0.16		0.35
(E)-Isocitral	1180	0.16	0.08	0.38	0.64	0.28
α-Terpineol	1186	0.76	0.71	1.09	0.32	0.75	0.12	1.66	1.2	1.18	1.31
Myrtenal	1195					0.03
n-Decanal	1201					0.09	0.13
Citronellol	1227	0.99	0.83	1.06	0.71	0.89	0.41	1.18	1.77	1.75	1.82
Neral	1239	4.61	3.49	7.53	5.42	3.79	0.79	8.28	6.95	7.08	7.75
Geraniol	1253	1.13	0.75	0.73	0.5	0.78	0.38	4.85	4.38	4.59	5.28
Geranial	1270	5.97	4.66	10.19	8.09	5.42	1.33	13.91	17.62	21.18	25.05
Bornyl acetate	1281				0.14	0.12		0.69
2-Undecanone	1290	0.24	0.21	0.37	0.4	0.47	0.22	1.04	0.85	0.83
2-Decanol	1298				0.08	0.09
para-vinyl-Guaiacol	1309						0.1
δ-Elemene	1332					0.1	0.18		0.56
Citronellyl Acetate	1351		0.13	0.15	0.17	0.14	0.13
Cyclosativene	1360					0.07			3.39	2.58
α-Copaene	1369		0.21	0.17	0.35	0.46	0.59	1.52
Geranil Acetate	1380	0.42	0.44	0.51	0.63	0.56		0.48	0.62	0.81	1.15
β-Elemene	1386	0.25	0.23		0.27	0.64	1.01		0.37
Sesquithujene	1400		0.11		0.13	0.17	0.17
(E)-Caryophyllene	1411				0.07	0.1	0.14
γ-Elemene	1427					0.07	0.54
α-trans-Bergamotene	1430					0.09	0.1
(E)-Isoeugenol	1445				0.12	0.1	0.19	0.75	1.08	1.12	1.21
(E)-β-Farnesene	1453	0.57	0.82	0.48	0.75	0.95	1.04	0.47
ɣ-Gurjunene	1469		0.34	0.2	0.27	0.37	0.6
ɣ-Muurolene	1471		0.16		0.19	0.29	0.5
Germacrene D	1474	1.32	1.73	1.38	1.86	1.85	1.28	1.47	1.11	1.35	1.31
ar-Curcumene	1478	8.54	7.47	2.52	2.92	4.43	5.55	2.64	1.99	2.41	2.34
β-Selinene	1486	0.97	1.16	0.78	1.04	1.3	1.53	0.92	0.71	0.84
α-Zingiberene	1493	11.98	15.7	13.8	19.1	20.39	28.9	18.12	15.47	19.38	19.36
(Z)-α-Bisabolene	1505	7.76	8.55	6.46	8.31	9.58	12.67	8.48	6.77	8.54	8.59
ɣ-Cadinene	1510	0.77	0.89	0.73	0.52	0.49	0.52	0.56	0.57
β-Sesquiphellandrene	1520	8.4	8.44	5.23	6.82	7.92	10.61	5.63	4.69	5.92	5.9
(E)-ɣ-Bisabolene	1530	0.18	0.33	0.18	0.23	0.3	0.46		0.31
(Z)-Calamenene	1531	0.49	0.45	0.38	0.24	0.25	0.25
Hedycaryol	1544	0.82	0.63	0.55	0.36	0.6	0.79
Germacrene B	1549	1.39	0.66	1.05	0.9	0.77	0.34	0.88	0.88	0.95
(E)-Nerolidol	1560	2.18	1.75	1.4	1	1.02	0.99	0.57	0.58	0.6
ar-Tumerol	1575	0.34	0.31	0.19	0.09	0.1
Sesquisabinene hydrate	1585				0.49	0.25		0.73	0.95	0.98
5-epi-7-epi-ɣ-Eudesmol	1601		0.39	0.26	0.16	0.17
10-epi-ɣ-Eudesmol	1613	0.61	2.33	0.46	0.32	0.4	0.33	0.69	0.98	1.11
γ-Eudesmol	1626	1.72	1.75	1.34	0.69	0.69	0.71	0.77	1.05	0.93
epi-alpha-Murrolol	1637				0.26	0.17	0.78
β-Eudesmol	1644	1.87	1.94	1.86	0.7	0.92	0.8	1.28	1.48	1.06	1.25
α-Cadinol	1649	1.4	1.19	1.22	0.41	0.21	1.52	0.79	0.67
β-Bisabolol	1665				0.09	0.49	0.58
Bisabolol α	1684	3.58	2.96	3.05	0.13	0.14	0.13	1.54	2.19	2.22	2.15
(E.Z)-2.6-Farnesol	1690	0.69	0.59	0.42	0.18	0.29	0.32		0.4
(E.Z)-2.6-Farnesal	1710				0.34	0.26
(E.Z)-2.6-Farnesol	1717				0.16	0.13	0.13
(E)-Nuciferal	1722	0.46	0.37	0.2	0.09	0.09	0.11
(E.E)-2.6-Fanesal	1737		0.15	0.3	0.27	0.18	0.11		0.35
Xanthorrhizol	1750	0.28	0.23	0.12			0.09
(Z.Z)-Geranyl Linalool	1951		0.04
Hexadecanoic acid	1958	0.8	0.79	0.63	0.12	0.24	0.15
Total identified		84.79	81.35	84.31	93.91	92.97	90.45	90.07	90.15	92.3	93.22

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