Nutrients behavior from the association pig slurry and chemical fertilizers on soybean crop

Abstract

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of pig slurry application with mineral fertilizer on ions leaching from the soil in soybean crop. The experiment was carried out in 24 drainage lysimeters under protection. The soybean cultivar CD 202/COODETEC was sown in a soil that received 0, 100, 200 and 300 m³ha-1of pig slurry in one cycle, with or without mineral fertilizer. There were three samplings of soil throughout the trial to determine the pH, N, NO3-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cu+2, Zn+2, OM, CEC, EC and SAR six times during the crop cycle. The yield was determined in the plants. In soil, pig slurry increased the concentrations of pH, NO3-, K+, Zn+2, OM and CEC, while mineral fertilizer increased P and Zn+2concentrations. The limits observed for the leachate parameters did not present environmental problems according to the Brazilian legislation, but in the intermediate and long term, there special attention should be given to NO3-, P, Na+, EC and SAR. Soybean yield was higher with mineral fertilizer and increased with pig slurry application.

organic fertilization; soil pollution; environment contamination; soybean culture

AGRICULTURE, AGRIBUSINESS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Nutrients behavior from the association pig slurry and chemical fertilizers on soybean crop

Adriana SmanhottoI, ^*; Silvio César Sampaio^II; Tatiane Cristina Dal Bosco^III; Maritane Prior^IV; Rosimaldo Soncela^I

^IEixo de Recursos Naturais; Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; Nova Andradina - MS - Brasil.

^IIPrograma de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola; Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná; Cascavel - PR - Brasil.

^IIUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná; Londrina - PR - Brasil.

^IVCentro de Ciências Agrárias; Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná; Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR - Brasil

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of pig slurry application with mineral fertilizer on ions leaching from the soil in soybean crop. The experiment was carried out in 24 drainage lysimeters under protection. The soybean cultivar CD 202/COODETEC was sown in a soil that received 0, 100, 200 and 300 m³ha^-1of pig slurry in one cycle, with or without mineral fertilizer. There were three samplings of soil throughout the trial to determine the pH, N, NO₃^-, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, Cu⁺², Zn⁺², OM, CEC, EC and SAR six times during the crop cycle. The yield was determined in the plants. In soil, pig slurry increased the concentrations of pH, NO₃^-, K⁺, Zn⁺², OM and CEC, while mineral fertilizer increased P and Zn⁺²concentrations. The limits observed for the leachate parameters did not present environmental problems according to the Brazilian legislation, but in the intermediate and long term, there special attention should be given to NO₃^-, P, Na⁺, EC and SAR. Soybean yield was higher with mineral fertilizer and increased with pig slurry application.

Key words: organic fertilization, soil pollution, environment contamination, soybean culture

INTRODUCTION

Swine sector is an alternative of extra income for small farmers with familiar labor (Gatiboni et al. 2008). Its wastewaters need special attention due to the volume generated (Deng et al. 2007) in the farms as well as its organic load (Oliveira et al. 2000). Among the available technologies to treat the wastewater, there is the wastewater disposing on soil, which has been used on a large scale. This method uses the soil-plant system for the degradation, assimilation and immobilization of wastewater constituents (Medeiros et al. 2005). Pig slurry is used as fertilizer in the areas of grain and pasture annual crops. This is a benefic situation, because the nutrients from the wastewater are reused in the same production area (Müller et al. 2007). However, in many farms, the produced waste amount exceeds soil carrying capacity and changes from the fertilizer to environmental pollutant (Mattias et al. 2010).

There are several studies on the environmental impact of pig slurry application, since it can cause ions accumulation on soil profile, fertility problems (Sampaio et al. 2010a; Caovilla et al. 2010), as well as increase the concentration in the surface and groundwater due to leaching (Anami et al. 2008; Prior et al. 2009; Smanhotto et al. 2010; Sampaio et al. 2010b; Maggi et al. 2011) and runoff (Gomes et al. 2004; Caovilla et al. 2005; Dal Bosco et al. 2008; Doblinski et al. 2010). Among the elements, nitrogen and its forms can stay and get concentrated in the soil, thus it could pose a potential risk. Usually, wastewater has high levels of nitrogen, which induce a continuous monitoring of its mineralization process in the soil (Daudén and Quílez 2004; Bergström and Kirchmann 2006; Askegaard et al. 2011). Other elements also need special attention such as salinity and sodicity (Díez et al. 2004; Freitas et al. 2005), phosphorus (Hountin et al. 2000; Heathwaite et al. 2000; Djodjic et al. 2004; Basso et al. 2005; Bergström and Kirchmann 2006; Ceretta et al. 2010), potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, (Ribeiro and Galbiatti 2004; Queiroz et al. 2004), copper and zinc (Hsu and Lo 2000; Jondreville et al. 2003; Graber et al. 2005; Ashworth and Alloway 2007; Mattias et al. 2010).

On the other hand, other studies have shown the benefits of applying pig slurry in soil-plant system (Scherer et al. 2007; Assmann et al. 2007; Hao et al. 2008). In Brazil, however, the trials are limited to corn crops (Daudén and Quílez 2004; Giacomini et al. 2009) and pastures (Buckey et al. 2010). According to Wohlenberg et al. (2004), the crop rotation with pasture and leguminous promotes better conservation of the soil. This is due to grass root system and decomposition rate of leguminous; thus, if soybean is taken as an example, its decomposition rate is enhanced due to a symbiosis with bacteria of Bradyrhizobium genus (Vieira et al. 2005).

Considering that the western Paraná has an intense yield of soybean and corn combined with pig slurry application on the soil, this study aimed at evaluating its effects on the soil and ions leaching since it is mostly applied with mineral fertilizer in soybean crop.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering - NEEA, Western Paraná State University - UNIOESTE. The geographic coordinates are: 24º 54' southern latitude, 53º 32' western longitude and altitude of 760 meters. According to Köeppen classification, the studied region has a super humid mesothermal subtropical weather, whose annual average of rainfall is 1800 mm, with hot summers, rare frosts and rainfalls occur mainly in summertime; however, there is no specific dry season. The average temperature is 20ºC and relative humidity ranges in 75% (IAPAR, 2000).

Its soil was classified as typical Rhodic Hapludox (EMBRAPA, 2006). The soybean cultivar CD 202/COODETEC was sown in a 118 day early cycle. Sowing was manual and there were 15 seeds per meter (density). The mineral fertilizer (MF) at sowing was 250 kg ha^-1 according to 0-20-20 formula and soil analyses. All the soil analyses followed the protocol of Raij et al. (2001). The experiment was carried out in 24 drainage lysimeters under a shelter. Each drainage lysimeter was taken as an experimental plot, with 1m³ volume and 1.60 m². The plants were irrigated by drip system and the side lines were laid along the crop rows. Irrigation was performed at 14, 44, 58, 72, 86, 100 and 114 days after the sowing (DAS). The amount of applied water through the irrigation simulated an average rainfall from the region, resulting in water depths of 72, 79, 112, 91, 81, 65 and 76 mm (Longo et al. 2006). The applied pig slurry (PS) (Table 1) underwent treatment in a biodigester, followed by a sedimentation tank and a stabilization pond.

The treatments applied to the plots consisted of four doses of PS application (0, 100, 200, 300 m³ha^-1 cycle) and two levels of MF (0 and 100% of mineral fertilizer at seeding). The PS doses were separated into six applications throughout the crop cycle.

Soil samples were collected from each lysimeter at 0-60 cm depth, in order to cover the whole profile of the experimental plot. Samples were collected at 0 DAS (before soybean sowing), at 59 DAS and at 118 DAS (at the end of soybean cycle) and were analyzed for the organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, N, NO₃^-, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na +, Cu⁺², Zn⁺², EC and SAR were determined. In each plot, samples were collected from the leachate sis times at 14, 44, 58, 72, 86, 100 and 114 DAS, always after the irrigation. Based on the leachate material, pH, N, NO₃^-, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na +, Cu⁺², Zn⁺², EC and SAR were also determined. For the soybean crop, the yield was evaluated from all the seeds that were obtained in the experimental plot at 118 DAS. The grain weight was adjusted to 13% humidity.

Data descriptive analysis and control of error normality by Anderson-Darling test were obtained before the analysis of variance. Data transformations were done for the parameters that did not show normal distribution. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, factorial design (4x2), four levels of PS and two levels of MF, with three replications. Tukey test, at 5% probability, was used to obtain the means. The aforementioned experimental design and mean test were singly applied in each sampling for the soil, leachate and plant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Soil parameters

Nitrogen did not show a significant variation when compared with the treatments and sampling periods during the soybean development (Table 2). However, N concentrations increased with MF and PS, but decreased at the end of the cycle (Table 2). This unstable behavior in the soil could be related to N changes in N form such as losses by ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching, denitrification and runoff (Aita et al. 2004; Sampaio et al. 2010a). Another important factor in such behavior is N ratio as ammonia, which is 40 to 70% (Scherer et al. 1996). Thus, N dynamics in the soil is hard to be predicted in a short term (Raij 1991).

The NO₃^- at 59 and 118 DAS (Table 2) showed a significant change, which, decreased over time, except for both the treatments with 0 PS, which increased NO₃^- concentration after crop sampling. This was probably due to the mineralization process of N on the soil, and hence NO₃^- generation, which allowed its slight leaching (Table 3). Primavesi et al. (2006) reported that NO₃^- in the soil was not absorbed by the plants nor immobilized by the soil microbes, so it could be easily leached due to its negative charge as well as non-adsorption by the soil colloids that had predominantly negative charges.

Rossi et al. (2007) reported that NO₃^- mobility was mainly dependent on the mass flow and probably this had happened during the present study. Since at 0 DAS (Table 2), its concentration was higher than after sowing at 59 DAS and 118 DAS when throughout the experiment, the water depths were 72, 79, 112, 91, 81, 65 and 76 mm. So, NO₃^- movement in the soil was also influenced by the factors that changed water in the soil such as porosity and structure.

The pH of aqueous extract on the soil did not change with MF, but changed with the PS doses at 59 and 118 DAS (Table 2). Soil sample at 0 DAS (Table 2) showed no significant differences. Guarçoni and Mendonça (2003), Caires et al. (2004) and Assmann et al. (2007) (N = 2100 mg.L^-1) also observed an increase in pH with PS application on the soil. According to Raij (1991), all the means were classified as very low acidity, or pH 6.1.

At 59 and 118 DAS (Table 2), the pH increased with OM increase. This was due to the presence of organic compounds that significantly increase the availability of carbon in the soil (Hue and Licudine 1999). Asmann et al. (2007) (N = 2100 mg.L^-1) observed no increase in OM content with PS application. According to these authors, the intrinsic characteristics of the studied waste should be considered because the quality of organic compounds could determine the OM concentration in the soil. These organic compounds are easily mineralized as they get oxidized in a few days, or weeks. This happens because there is an increase in the microbial activity from the applied waste.

According to Raij (1991), the OM contents were classified as high, since they were superior to 25g. dm^-3 and PS doses increased the CEC of the soil throughout this experiment (Table 3). Its application provided an increase in the OM and hence CEC, which could be associated with the BOD present in the PS (Table 1) (Queiroz et al. 2004 (BOD = 400 mg.L^-1.day^-1)).

There was significant interaction between PS x MF for P at 59 and 118 DAS (Table 3). Despite this, P concentrations increased with PS doses and MF. Such increase occurs due to the importance to set a range determination of PS doses when N is used as a nutrient reference (Hountin et al. 2000; Scheffer-Basso et al. 2008; Ceretta et al. 2010 (N = 5, 110 mg.L^-1), Djodjic et al. 2004; Berwanger et al. 2008).

If soil samples were taken from the surface layers, P concentration could be higher, since it could quickly interact with the mineral fraction (Berwanger et al. 2008). The PS and MF provided significant differences in K⁺ concentrations at 59 and 118 DAS (Table 2), according to Queiroz et al. (2004) (BOD = 400 mg.L^-1.day^-1), Assmann et al. (2009) (N = 4,200 mg.L^-1, 2700 mg.L^-1, 6,780 mg.L^-1 and 3,150 mg.L^-1) and Bertol et al. (2004), K⁺ has low reactivity with soil, hence, it could enhance the mobility. Raij (1991) described that the higher the ions valence, the higher their bias to be fixed in the oil, according to the following order: Al⁺³ > Ca⁺² > Mg²⁺ > NH⁴⁺ > K⁺ > H⁺ > Na⁺.

There were no significant differences for Cu²⁺ when compared with the PS and MF factors (Table 3). However, at 0, 59 and 118 DAS, Cu²⁺ contents were considered high and superior to 0.8 mg dm^-3 (Raij et al. 2001). In general, there was some Cu²⁺ reduction throughout the experiment according to the amount required by the crop, because for each ton of soybean produced, 26 g of Cu²⁺ were exported (Malavolta 2006). Queiroz et al. (2004) (BOD = 400 mg.L^-1.day^-1) observed that Cu²⁺, unlike other nutrients, had its concentration decreased due to its absorption by the crop as well as complexation with organic matter from the PS applied on the soil. Such complexation was mainly due to humic and fuvic acids. Another important factor is the high Cu²⁺ adsorption to organic and inorganic colloids on the soil (Silva and Mendonça 2007). In general, the observed OM and Zn²⁺ contents were classified as high (25 g.dm^-3) and low (> 600 mg.dm^-3) (Raij et al. 2001).

There was no significant difference among the treatments regarding concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, EC and SAR. On the other hand, Queiroz et al. (2004) (BOD = 400 mg.L^-1.day^-1) observed significant effects of the treatment with the PS since there was higher concentration of P, K⁺, Na⁺ and Zn²⁺ in the soil and a decrease of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ , while Ca²⁺ concentration was the same. Scherer et al. (2007) (N = 3,810 mg.L^-1) reported an increase in Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations with PS application. Scherer and Nesi (2009) (N = 3,100 mg.L^-1) observed an increase of P, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺, but these authors sampled the surface layers of the soil.

The Na⁺ did not increase throughout this experiment, although it showed a high concentration in the PS when compared with the soil (Table 2). The studied Na⁺ concentrations were not enough to cause environmental problems (Lamb 2001). In this context, therefore, EC and SAR did not show problems of salinity and sodicity (Richards 1954).

Parameters of leachate

Minimum and maximum concentrations of leachate material from lysimeters according to the treatments, during the experiment, are shown in Figures 1 and 2. These show the limits in order to evaluate the environmental problems (BRASIL 2005; BRASIL 2008; Basso et al. 2005; Ayres and Westcot 1991). Parameters as pH, N, K⁺, Ca⁺², Mg⁺², Cu⁺² and Zn⁺² were not significant at 5% when compared with the treatments. However, NO₃^-, P, Na⁺, EC and SAR showed significant changes when compared with the PS treatments combined with MF (Figures 1 and 2).

Considering the limits used to analyze the environmental problems for the leachate material, NO₃^-, Zn⁺², EC and SAR showed no risk for the groundwater contamination (Figures 1 and 2). However, ions such as P and Cu⁺² presented environmental risks to surface waters (Fig. 1). Other ions such as NO₃^-, P, Na⁺, EC and SAR although did not present extreme contents when compared with the applied environmental limits, increased their concentrations over the time with subsequent PS applications (Figures 1 and 2). Thus, in an intermediate and long term, these parameters could cause environmental problems. NO₃^- concentration in the leachate (Fig. 1) increased significantly with the PS throughout the experiment (Basso et al. 2005). According to Paul and Zebarth (1997), nitritation and nitratation could occur up from 20 days after PS application and the change in N was mainly influenced by the temperature and soil moisture.

Agronomic parameters

There was a high increase in the yield of soybean, although PS did not show a significant effect on it when compared with PS treatment (Table 3).

In soil, N content from the PS was not a limiting factor in soybean yield, even though it was a leguminous, since the highest PS rate (3.01 ton.ha^-1) showed similar changes to the highest observed mean (3.06 ton.ha^-1). Schmidt et al. (2000; 2001) applied PS doses in several places as well as in several soybean varieties and observed similar results.

CONCLUSIONS

From the results, it could be concluded that

In typical Rhodic Hapludox soil, the apploication of pig slurry resulted in increase of pH, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, organic matter, and cation exchange capacity, while mineral fertilizer increased phosphorus and potassium in soil.

In leachate, the environmental risks of groundwater contamination were detected; however, for nitrate, phosphorus, sodium, copper, sodium adsorption ratio and electrical conductivity, special attention should be given in an intermediate and long term where PS was applied.

Chemical fertilizer increased significantly the yield of soybean and pig slurry application was a predominant factor in the increase of its yield.

Received: July 09, 2012;

Accepted: July 14, 2013.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Oct 2013
• Date of issue
  Oct 2013

History

• Received
  09 July 2012
• Accepted
  14 July 2013