Standing-stock and potential of phytoplankton production in the Bay of Santos, Brazil

Gianesella-Galvão, Sônia Maria Flores

doi:10.1590/S0373-55241982000200009

Abstract

Phytoplankton primary production and the maximum photo synthetic index (Pb m) from the region of Bay of Santos were measured every two months during 1976 by simulated incubations using 14C method and incandescent lamps (737 µE.m-2 .s-1<img width=32 height=32 src="../../../../../img/revistas/bioce/v31n2/a09car01.jpg">40 klux) . The results obtained for production rates (maximum of 204.6 mgC.m-3.hr-1 in winter and 488.3 mgC m-3.hr-1 in summer) are among the highest recorded for tropical marine environments. A high capability of light adaptation under high temperatures was also verified. The photo synthetic indexes obtained were also very high and seems to be due to the high nutrient level of the region. The eutrophic state is supported by the high nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations and by the phytoplankton cells number.

ARTIGOS

Standing-stock and potential of phytoplankton production in the Bay of Santos, Brazil

Sônia Maria Flores Gianesella-Galvão

Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo

SYNOPSIS

Phytoplankton primary production and the maximum photo synthetic index (P^bm) from the region of Bay of Santos were measured every two months during 1976 by simulated incubations using ¹⁴C method and incandescent lamps (737 µE.m^-2 .s^-140 klux) . The results obtained for production rates (maximum of 204.6 mgC.m^-3.hr^-1 in winter and 488.3 mgC m^-3.hr^-1 in summer) are among the highest recorded for tropical marine environments. A high capability of light adaptation under high temperatures was also verified. The photo synthetic indexes obtained were also very high and seems to be due to the high nutrient level of the region. The eutrophic state is supported by the high nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations and by the phytoplankton cells number.

Full text available only in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Acknowledgements

This study was conducted as a partial fulfillment for a master dissertation degree and supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. I would like to thank Dr. C. Teixeira for his guidance in the experimental work and for the valuable discussions. Furthermore, I thank the Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo and Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental for providing funds and facilities for this work.

References

A.P.H.A. (American Public Health Association). 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewaters, including bottom sediments and sludges. 13^rd ed. New York, Am. Public Health Ass., AWA-WPCF, 874p.

BENON, P.; BOURGADE, B. & KANTIN, R. 1977. Impact de la pollution sur les écosystemes méditerranéens côtiers - Aspects planctoniques. Thése docteur de 3 éme cycle. Marseille, Centre Universitaire de Marseille-Luminy, 2v.

BERLAND, B. R.; BONIN, D. J.; MAESTRINI, S. Y. & POINTIER, J. P. 1973. Etude de la fertilité des eaux marine au moyen de tests biologiques effectués avec des cultures d'algues. IV-Etude d'eaux côtières méditerraneénnes. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 58(4):473-500.

BLANC, F.; LEVEAU, M. & BONIN, M. C. 1975. Écosysteme planctonique. Structure et fonctionnement en relation avec des phénomènes de dystrophie (Golfe de Fos). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 60(3): 359-378.

BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DA MARINHA. 1967. XXXIII Comissão oceanográfica N/Oc. "Almirante Saldanha" (14/03 a 03/05/1967). DHN, série D.G. 26-X.

BRAY, G. A. 1960. A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in a liquid scintillation counter. Analyt. Biochem., 1:279-285.

CAPERON, J.; CATTELL, S. A. & KRASNICK, G. 1971. Phytoplankton kinetics in a subtropical estuary: eutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16(4):599-607.

CURL Jr., H. & SMALL, L. F. 1965. Variations in photosynthetic assimilation ratios in natural marine phytoplankton communities. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10 (suppl.):67-73.

DOTY, M. S. & CAPURRO, L. R. A. 1961. Productivity measurements in the world ocean. Part 1. IGY Oceanogr. Rep., (4):1-298.

EPPLEY, R. W.; CARLUCCI, A. F.; HOLM-HANSEN, O.; KIEFER, D. A.; McCARTHY, J. J. & WILLIAMS, P. M. 1972. Evidence for eutrophication in the sea near Southern California coastal sewage outfalls, July, 1970. CalCOFI Rep., Calif. Mar. Res. Commn, 16: 74-83.

FITZGERALD, W. F. & LIONS, W. B. 1973. Organic mercury compounds in coastal waters. Nature, Lond., 242 (5398):452-453.

GARCIA-OCCHIPINTI, A. 1972. Estudos para o sistema de disposição oceânica de esgotos de Santos e São Vicente. Revta DAE, (86):155-176.

______ ; MAGLIOCCA, A. & TEIXEIRA, C. 1961. Diurnal variation of phytoplankton production and solar radiation in coastal waters off Cananéia. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11 (3):17-40.

GARGAS, E. 1975. A manual for phytoplankton primary production studies in Baltic. Publ. Balt. mar. biologists, Dan. Ag. Environ. Prot., (2):1-88.

______ ; HARE, I.; MARTENS, P. & EDLER, L. 1979. Diel changes in phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency in brackish waters. Mar. Biol., 52:113-122.

GIANESELLA-GALVÃO, S. M. F. 1981. Produção primária e suas relações com alguns fatores físico-químicos em reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 2 v.

GLOOSCHENKO, W. A. & CURL Jr., H„ 1971. Influence of nutrient enrichment on photosynthesis and assimilation ratios in natural North Pacific phytoplankton communities. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 28(5):790-793.

HARRIS, C. L. 1975. Primary production in the Ala Way Canal, a small tropical estuary. Hawaii Inst. of Geophysis. HIG-75-7:1-34.

______ 1978. Photosynthesis, productivity and growth: the physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beith. Ergebn. Limnol., 10(1/4):1-171.

HITCHCOCK, G.L. 1980. Diel variation in chlorophyll-a, carbohydrate and protein content of the marine diatom Skeletonema costaum. Mar. Biol., 57:271-278.

HOLMES, R. W. 1958. Size fractionation of photosynthesizing phytoplankton. Spec. scient. Rep. U.S. Fish. Wild. Serv. Fisheries, 279:69-71.

KATO, K. 1966. Chemical investigations on the hydrographical system of Cananéia lagoon. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 15(1):1-12.

KUTNER, M. B. B. 1972. Variação estacional e distribuição do fitoplâncton na região de Cananéia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 104p.

MALONE, T. C. & NEALE, P. J. 1981. Parameters of light-dependent photosynthesis for phytoplankton size fractions in temperate estuarine and coastal environment. Mar. Biol., 61:289-297.

MARRA, J. 1978. Phytoplankton photosynthetic response to vertical movement in a mixed layer. Mar. Biol., 46:203-208.

McCORMICK, J. & QUINN, P. I. 1975. Phytoplankton diversity and chlorophyll-a in a polluted estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 6 (7):105-106.

OVERNELL, J. 1976. Inhibition of marine algal photosynthesis by heavy metals. Mar. Biol., 38(4): 335-342.

PARSONS, T. R.; TAKAHASHI, M. & HARGRAVE, B. 1977. Biological oceanographic processes. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 332 p.

STEEMANN-NIELSEN, E. 1952. The use of radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 18:117-140.

STRICKLAND, J. D. H. & PARSONS, T. R. 1968. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., (167):1-311.

TALLING, J. F. 1957. Photosynthetic characteristics of some fresh water plankton diatoms in relation to under-water radiation. New Phytol., 56:29-50.

TEIXEIRA, C. 1969. Estudo sôbre algumas características do fitoplâncton da região de Cananéia e o seu potencial fotossintético. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Letr.,82p.

______ 1973. Preliminary studies of primary production in the Ubatuba region. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 22:49-58.

______ 1980. Estudo quantitativo da produção primária, clorofila-a e parâmetros abióticos em relação à variação temporal (Lat 23º30'S - Long. 45º06'W). Tese de Livre-Docência. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 243 p.

______ ; TUNDISI, J. G. & SANTOROYCAZA, J. 1969. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. VI-Primary production, zooplankton standing-stock and some environmental factors. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 54(2): 289-301.

THOMAS, W. H. 1970. On nitrogen deficiency in tropical Pacific oceanic phytoplankton: photosynthetic parameters in poor and rich waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:380-385.

______ & SIMMONS, E. G. 1960. Phytoplankton production in Mississippi Delta. In: Sheppard, F. P.; Phleger, F. B. & Van Adel, T. J., eds. - Recent sediments: Northwest Gulf of Mexico. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Am. Ass. Petrol. Geologists, p. 103-116.

TUNDISI, J. G. 1969. Produção primária, "standing-stock" e fracionamento do fitoplâncton na região lagunar de Cananéia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Letr., 130 p.

______ , TUNDISI, T. M. & KUTNER, M. B. B. 1973. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. VIII-Further investigations on primary production, standing-stock of phyto and zooplankton and some environmental factors. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 58(6):925-940.

UTERMÖHL, H. 1958. Zur Vervolkommnung der quantitativen phytoplanktonmethodik. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol., 9:1-38.

VALENTIN, J. 1974. O plâncton na ressurgência de Cabo Frio (Brasil). II - Primeiras observaçoes sobre a estrutura física, química e biológica das águas da estação fixa. (Período de 04/02 a 16/04/1973). Publçoes Inst. Pesq. Mar., (083):1-11.

VINCENT, W. F. 1980. Mechanisms of rapid photosynthetic adaptation in natural phytoplankton communities. II - Changes in photochemical capacity as measured by DCMU - induced chlorophyll fluorescence. J. Phycol., 16:568-577.

WARD, F. J. & NAKANISHI, M. 1971. A comparison of Geiger-Mueller and liquid scintillation counting methods in estimating primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16:560-563.

WOOSTER, W. S. & CRONWELL, T. 1958. An oceanographic description of the eastern tropical Pacific. Bull. Scripps.Inst. Oceanogr., 7(3):169-282.

YONESHIGUE-BRAGA, Y.; MAESTRINI, S. Y. & GONZALEZ-RODRIGUEZ, E. 1979. Fertilité et facteurs nutritionnels limitant la croissance des producteurs primaires des eaux de l'"upwelling" de Cabo Frio (Brésil). Étude préliminaire. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, t 288, série D-135.

(Manuscript received on 15/June/1982; accepted on 01/Dec./1982)

A.P.H.A. (American Public Health Association). 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewaters, including bottom sediments and sludges. 13^rd ed. New York, Am. Public Health Ass., AWA-WPCF, 874p.
BENON, P.; BOURGADE, B. & KANTIN, R. 1977. Impact de la pollution sur les écosystemes méditerranéens côtiers - Aspects planctoniques. Thése docteur de 3 éme cycle. Marseille, Centre Universitaire de Marseille-Luminy, 2v.
BERLAND, B. R.; BONIN, D. J.; MAESTRINI, S. Y. & POINTIER, J. P. 1973. Etude de la fertilité des eaux marine au moyen de tests biologiques effectués avec des cultures d'algues. IV-Etude d'eaux côtières méditerraneénnes. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 58(4):473-500.
BLANC, F.; LEVEAU, M. & BONIN, M. C. 1975. Écosysteme planctonique. Structure et fonctionnement en relation avec des phénomènes de dystrophie (Golfe de Fos). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 60(3): 359-378.
BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DA MARINHA. 1967. XXXIII Comissão oceanográfica N/Oc. "Almirante Saldanha" (14/03 a 03/05/1967). DHN, série D.G. 26-X.
BRAY, G. A. 1960. A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in a liquid scintillation counter. Analyt. Biochem., 1:279-285.
CAPERON, J.; CATTELL, S. A. & KRASNICK, G. 1971. Phytoplankton kinetics in a subtropical estuary: eutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16(4):599-607.
CURL Jr., H. & SMALL, L. F. 1965. Variations in photosynthetic assimilation ratios in natural marine phytoplankton communities. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10 (suppl.):67-73.
DOTY, M. S. & CAPURRO, L. R. A. 1961. Productivity measurements in the world ocean. Part 1. IGY Oceanogr. Rep., (4):1-298.
EPPLEY, R. W.; CARLUCCI, A. F.; HOLM-HANSEN, O.; KIEFER, D. A.; McCARTHY, J. J. & WILLIAMS, P. M. 1972. Evidence for eutrophication in the sea near Southern California coastal sewage outfalls, July, 1970. CalCOFI Rep., Calif. Mar. Res. Commn, 16: 74-83.
FITZGERALD, W. F. & LIONS, W. B. 1973. Organic mercury compounds in coastal waters. Nature, Lond., 242 (5398):452-453.
GARCIA-OCCHIPINTI, A. 1972. Estudos para o sistema de disposição oceânica de esgotos de Santos e São Vicente. Revta DAE, (86):155-176.
______ ; MAGLIOCCA, A. & TEIXEIRA, C. 1961. Diurnal variation of phytoplankton production and solar radiation in coastal waters off Cananéia. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11 (3):17-40.
GARGAS, E. 1975. A manual for phytoplankton primary production studies in Baltic. Publ. Balt. mar. biologists, Dan. Ag. Environ. Prot., (2):1-88.
______ ; HARE, I.; MARTENS, P. & EDLER, L. 1979. Diel changes in phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency in brackish waters. Mar. Biol., 52:113-122.
GIANESELLA-GALVÃO, S. M. F. 1981. Produção primária e suas relações com alguns fatores físico-químicos em reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 2 v.
HARRIS, C. L. 1975. Primary production in the Ala Way Canal, a small tropical estuary. Hawaii Inst. of Geophysis. HIG-75-7:1-34.
______ 1978. Photosynthesis, productivity and growth: the physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beith. Ergebn. Limnol., 10(1/4):1-171.
HITCHCOCK, G.L. 1980. Diel variation in chlorophyll-a, carbohydrate and protein content of the marine diatom Skeletonema costaum Mar. Biol., 57:271-278.
HOLMES, R. W. 1958. Size fractionation of photosynthesizing phytoplankton. Spec. scient. Rep. U.S. Fish. Wild. Serv. Fisheries, 279:69-71.
KATO, K. 1966. Chemical investigations on the hydrographical system of Cananéia lagoon. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 15(1):1-12.
KUTNER, M. B. B. 1972. Variação estacional e distribuição do fitoplâncton na região de Cananéia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 104p.
MALONE, T. C. & NEALE, P. J. 1981. Parameters of light-dependent photosynthesis for phytoplankton size fractions in temperate estuarine and coastal environment. Mar. Biol., 61:289-297.
MARRA, J. 1978. Phytoplankton photosynthetic response to vertical movement in a mixed layer. Mar. Biol., 46:203-208.
McCORMICK, J. & QUINN, P. I. 1975. Phytoplankton diversity and chlorophyll-a in a polluted estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 6 (7):105-106.
OVERNELL, J. 1976. Inhibition of marine algal photosynthesis by heavy metals. Mar. Biol., 38(4): 335-342.
PARSONS, T. R.; TAKAHASHI, M. & HARGRAVE, B. 1977. Biological oceanographic processes. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 332 p.
STEEMANN-NIELSEN, E. 1952. The use of radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 18:117-140.
STRICKLAND, J. D. H. & PARSONS, T. R. 1968. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., (167):1-311.
TALLING, J. F. 1957. Photosynthetic characteristics of some fresh water plankton diatoms in relation to under-water radiation. New Phytol., 56:29-50.
TEIXEIRA, C. 1969. Estudo sôbre algumas características do fitoplâncton da região de Cananéia e o seu potencial fotossintético. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Letr.,82p.
______ 1973. Preliminary studies of primary production in the Ubatuba region. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 22:49-58.
______ 1980. Estudo quantitativo da produção primária, clorofila-a e parâmetros abióticos em relação à variação temporal (Lat 23ş30'S - Long. 45ş06'W). Tese de Livre-Docência. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 243 p.
______ ; TUNDISI, J. G. & SANTOROYCAZA, J. 1969. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. VI-Primary production, zooplankton standing-stock and some environmental factors. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 54(2): 289-301.
THOMAS, W. H. 1970. On nitrogen deficiency in tropical Pacific oceanic phytoplankton: photosynthetic parameters in poor and rich waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:380-385.
______ & SIMMONS, E. G. 1960. Phytoplankton production in Mississippi Delta. In: Sheppard, F. P.; Phleger, F. B. & Van Adel, T. J., eds. - Recent sediments: Northwest Gulf of Mexico. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Am. Ass. Petrol. Geologists, p. 103-116.
TUNDISI, J. G. 1969. Produção primária, "standing-stock" e fracionamento do fitoplâncton na região lagunar de Cananéia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Letr., 130 p.
______ , TUNDISI, T. M. & KUTNER, M. B. B. 1973. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. VIII-Further investigations on primary production, standing-stock of phyto and zooplankton and some environmental factors. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 58(6):925-940.
UTERMÖHL, H. 1958. Zur Vervolkommnung der quantitativen phytoplanktonmethodik. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol., 9:1-38.
VALENTIN, J. 1974. O plâncton na ressurgência de Cabo Frio (Brasil). II - Primeiras observaçoes sobre a estrutura física, química e biológica das águas da estação fixa. (Período de 04/02 a 16/04/1973). Publçoes Inst. Pesq. Mar., (083):1-11.
VINCENT, W. F. 1980. Mechanisms of rapid photosynthetic adaptation in natural phytoplankton communities. II - Changes in photochemical capacity as measured by DCMU - induced chlorophyll fluorescence. J. Phycol., 16:568-577.
WARD, F. J. & NAKANISHI, M. 1971. A comparison of Geiger-Mueller and liquid scintillation counting methods in estimating primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16:560-563.
WOOSTER, W. S. & CRONWELL, T. 1958. An oceanographic description of the eastern tropical Pacific. Bull. Scripps.Inst. Oceanogr., 7(3):169-282.
YONESHIGUE-BRAGA, Y.; MAESTRINI, S. Y. & GONZALEZ-RODRIGUEZ, E. 1979. Fertilité et facteurs nutritionnels limitant la croissance des producteurs primaires des eaux de l'"upwelling" de Cabo Frio (Brésil). Étude préliminaire. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, t 288, série D-135.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
04 June 2012
Date of issue
1982

History

Accepted
01 Dec 1982
Received
15 June 1982

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] A.P.H.A. (American Public Health Association). 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewaters, including bottom sediments and sludges. 13^rd ed. New York, Am. Public Health Ass., AWA-WPCF, 874p.

[2] BENON, P.; BOURGADE, B. & KANTIN, R. 1977. Impact de la pollution sur les écosystemes méditerranéens côtiers - Aspects planctoniques. Thése docteur de 3 éme cycle. Marseille, Centre Universitaire de Marseille-Luminy, 2v.

[3] BERLAND, B. R.; BONIN, D. J.; MAESTRINI, S. Y. & POINTIER, J. P. 1973. Etude de la fertilité des eaux marine au moyen de tests biologiques effectués avec des cultures d'algues. IV-Etude d'eaux côtières méditerraneénnes. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 58(4):473-500.

[4] BLANC, F.; LEVEAU, M. & BONIN, M. C. 1975. Écosysteme planctonique. Structure et fonctionnement en relation avec des phénomènes de dystrophie (Golfe de Fos). Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 60(3): 359-378.

[5] BRASIL. MINISTÉRIO DA MARINHA. 1967. XXXIII Comissão oceanográfica N/Oc. "Almirante Saldanha" (14/03 a 03/05/1967). DHN, série D.G. 26-X.

[6] BRAY, G. A. 1960. A simple efficient liquid scintillator for counting aqueous solutions in a liquid scintillation counter. Analyt. Biochem., 1:279-285.

[7] CAPERON, J.; CATTELL, S. A. & KRASNICK, G. 1971. Phytoplankton kinetics in a subtropical estuary: eutrophication. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16(4):599-607.

[8] CURL Jr., H. & SMALL, L. F. 1965. Variations in photosynthetic assimilation ratios in natural marine phytoplankton communities. Limnol. Oceanogr., 10 (suppl.):67-73.

[9] DOTY, M. S. & CAPURRO, L. R. A. 1961. Productivity measurements in the world ocean. Part 1. IGY Oceanogr. Rep., (4):1-298.

[10] EPPLEY, R. W.; CARLUCCI, A. F.; HOLM-HANSEN, O.; KIEFER, D. A.; McCARTHY, J. J. & WILLIAMS, P. M. 1972. Evidence for eutrophication in the sea near Southern California coastal sewage outfalls, July, 1970. CalCOFI Rep., Calif. Mar. Res. Commn, 16: 74-83.

[11] FITZGERALD, W. F. & LIONS, W. B. 1973. Organic mercury compounds in coastal waters. Nature, Lond., 242 (5398):452-453.

[12] GARCIA-OCCHIPINTI, A. 1972. Estudos para o sistema de disposição oceânica de esgotos de Santos e São Vicente. Revta DAE, (86):155-176.

[13] ______ ; MAGLIOCCA, A. & TEIXEIRA, C. 1961. Diurnal variation of phytoplankton production and solar radiation in coastal waters off Cananéia. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 11 (3):17-40.

[14] GARGAS, E. 1975. A manual for phytoplankton primary production studies in Baltic. Publ. Balt. mar. biologists, Dan. Ag. Environ. Prot., (2):1-88.

[15] ______ ; HARE, I.; MARTENS, P. & EDLER, L. 1979. Diel changes in phytoplankton photosynthetic efficiency in brackish waters. Mar. Biol., 52:113-122.

[16] GIANESELLA-GALVÃO, S. M. F. 1981. Produção primária e suas relações com alguns fatores físico-químicos em reservatórios do Estado de São Paulo. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 2 v.

[18] HARRIS, C. L. 1975. Primary production in the Ala Way Canal, a small tropical estuary. Hawaii Inst. of Geophysis. HIG-75-7:1-34.

[19] ______ 1978. Photosynthesis, productivity and growth: the physiological ecology of phytoplankton. Arch. Hydrobiol. Beith. Ergebn. Limnol., 10(1/4):1-171.

[20] HITCHCOCK, G.L. 1980. Diel variation in chlorophyll-a, carbohydrate and protein content of the marine diatom Skeletonema costaum Mar. Biol., 57:271-278.

[21] HOLMES, R. W. 1958. Size fractionation of photosynthesizing phytoplankton. Spec. scient. Rep. U.S. Fish. Wild. Serv. Fisheries, 279:69-71.

[22] KATO, K. 1966. Chemical investigations on the hydrographical system of Cananéia lagoon. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 15(1):1-12.

[23] KUTNER, M. B. B. 1972. Variação estacional e distribuição do fitoplâncton na região de Cananéia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 104p.

[24] MALONE, T. C. & NEALE, P. J. 1981. Parameters of light-dependent photosynthesis for phytoplankton size fractions in temperate estuarine and coastal environment. Mar. Biol., 61:289-297.

[25] MARRA, J. 1978. Phytoplankton photosynthetic response to vertical movement in a mixed layer. Mar. Biol., 46:203-208.

[26] McCORMICK, J. & QUINN, P. I. 1975. Phytoplankton diversity and chlorophyll-a in a polluted estuary. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 6 (7):105-106.

[27] OVERNELL, J. 1976. Inhibition of marine algal photosynthesis by heavy metals. Mar. Biol., 38(4): 335-342.

[28] PARSONS, T. R.; TAKAHASHI, M. & HARGRAVE, B. 1977. Biological oceanographic processes. Oxford, Pergamon Press, 332 p.

[29] STEEMANN-NIELSEN, E. 1952. The use of radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) for measuring organic production in the sea. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer, 18:117-140.

[30] STRICKLAND, J. D. H. & PARSONS, T. R. 1968. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd Can., (167):1-311.

[31] TALLING, J. F. 1957. Photosynthetic characteristics of some fresh water plankton diatoms in relation to under-water radiation. New Phytol., 56:29-50.

[32] TEIXEIRA, C. 1969. Estudo sôbre algumas características do fitoplâncton da região de Cananéia e o seu potencial fotossintético. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Letr.,82p.

[33] ______ 1973. Preliminary studies of primary production in the Ubatuba region. Bolm Inst. oceanogr., S Paulo, 22:49-58.

[34] ______ 1980. Estudo quantitativo da produção primária, clorofila-a e parâmetros abióticos em relação à variação temporal (Lat 23ş30'S - Long. 45ş06'W). Tese de Livre-Docência. Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico, 243 p.

[35] ______ ; TUNDISI, J. G. & SANTOROYCAZA, J. 1969. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. VI-Primary production, zooplankton standing-stock and some environmental factors. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 54(2): 289-301.

[36] THOMAS, W. H. 1970. On nitrogen deficiency in tropical Pacific oceanic phytoplankton: photosynthetic parameters in poor and rich waters. Limnol. Oceanogr., 15:380-385.

[37] ______ & SIMMONS, E. G. 1960. Phytoplankton production in Mississippi Delta. In: Sheppard, F. P.; Phleger, F. B. & Van Adel, T. J., eds. - Recent sediments: Northwest Gulf of Mexico. Tulsa, Oklahoma, Am. Ass. Petrol. Geologists, p. 103-116.

[38] TUNDISI, J. G. 1969. Produção primária, "standing-stock" e fracionamento do fitoplâncton na região lagunar de Cananéia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de São Paulo, Fac. Filos. Ciênc. Letr., 130 p.

[39] ______ , TUNDISI, T. M. & KUTNER, M. B. B. 1973. Plankton studies in a mangrove environment. VIII-Further investigations on primary production, standing-stock of phyto and zooplankton and some environmental factors. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol., 58(6):925-940.

[40] UTERMÖHL, H. 1958. Zur Vervolkommnung der quantitativen phytoplanktonmethodik. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol., 9:1-38.

[41] VALENTIN, J. 1974. O plâncton na ressurgência de Cabo Frio (Brasil). II - Primeiras observaçoes sobre a estrutura física, química e biológica das águas da estação fixa. (Período de 04/02 a 16/04/1973). Publçoes Inst. Pesq. Mar., (083):1-11.

[42] VINCENT, W. F. 1980. Mechanisms of rapid photosynthetic adaptation in natural phytoplankton communities. II - Changes in photochemical capacity as measured by DCMU - induced chlorophyll fluorescence. J. Phycol., 16:568-577.

[43] WARD, F. J. & NAKANISHI, M. 1971. A comparison of Geiger-Mueller and liquid scintillation counting methods in estimating primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr., 16:560-563.

[44] WOOSTER, W. S. & CRONWELL, T. 1958. An oceanographic description of the eastern tropical Pacific. Bull. Scripps.Inst. Oceanogr., 7(3):169-282.

[45] YONESHIGUE-BRAGA, Y.; MAESTRINI, S. Y. & GONZALEZ-RODRIGUEZ, E. 1979. Fertilité et facteurs nutritionnels limitant la croissance des producteurs primaires des eaux de l'"upwelling" de Cabo Frio (Brésil). Étude préliminaire. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, t 288, série D-135.