Dietary wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) infusion enhances growth performance, feed efficiency, and economic returns in broiler chickensAbstract
Wormwood is a plant with bitter substances that have a tonic effect on the stomach, stimulating appetite and the secretion of gastric juices, promoting digestion, and stimulating the immune system. With this objective, a study was performed to determine the bromatological status of wormwood, as well as to evaluate various production indicators and the cost-benefit ratio of including different percentages of this plant in broiler chicken rations. The study used a deductive approach, where four groups of broiler chickens were analyzed, each block consisting of 20 birds. For this, four treatments were supplied with different portions of wormwood (infusion): Control Treatment (T0, without wormwood); Treatment 1 (T1, 5% wormwood infusion); Treatment 2 (T2, 10% wormwood infusion); Treatment 3 (T3, 15% wormwood infusion). Four replicates were performed per treatment with five experimental units. The results obtained from the wormwood were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used in this study. Regarding to results, wormwood contains guayanolide sesquiterpene lactones such as absinth, artabsinth, matrinth, and anabsinth. It also contains phenolic groups such as caffeic acid and tannins. The highest average weight per bird at week 7 was T3 (15% wormwood infusion) with 2410.3 g. This was associated with improved productive performance and feed efficiency. So, the lowest Feed conversion Rate at week 7 was T3 (15% wormwood infusion) with 1.82 g. In conclusion, the use of wormwood improved digestion, stimulated appetite, increased bile secretion, decongested liver function, and improved liver function. This resulted in increased production indicators and lower feed costs, especially with the addition of 15% wormwood infusion.
Keywords:
Artemisia absinthium; wormwood; food science; treatment; secretion; digestion
Resumo
A losna é uma planta que contém substâncias amargas com efeito tônico sobre o estômago, estimulando o apetite e a secreção de sucos gástricos, promovendo a digestão e atuando como estimulante do sistema imunológico. Com esse objetivo, realizou-se um estudo para determinar a composição bromatológica da losna, bem como para avaliar diversos indicadores de produção e a relação custo-benefício da inclusão de diferentes porcentagens dessa planta nas rações de frangos de corte. O estudo utilizou uma abordagem dedutiva, analisando quatro grupos de frangos de corte, com cada bloco composto por 20 aves. Para isso, foram aplicados quatro tratamentos com diferentes proporções de losna (infusão): Tratamento Controle (T0, sem losna); Tratamento 1 (T1, infusão de losna a 5%); Tratamento 2 (T2, infusão de losna a 10%); Tratamento 3 (T3, infusão de losna a 15%). Foram realizadas quatro repetições por tratamento, com cinco unidades experimentais. Os resultados obtidos com a losna foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) neste estudo. Quanto aos resultados, a losna contém lactonas sesquiterpênicas do tipo guaianolida, como absintina, artabsintina, matrintina e anabsintina. Apresenta também grupos fenólicos, como ácido cafeico e taninos. O maior peso médio por ave na 7ª semana foi observado no T3 (infusão de losna a 15%), com 2.410,3 g. Isso esteve associado a um melhor desempenho produtivo e maior eficiência alimentar. Consequentemente, a menor taxa de conversão alimentar na 7ª semana foi registrada no T3 (infusão de losna a 15%), com 1,82. Em conclusão, o uso da losna melhorou a digestão, estimulou o apetite, aumentou a secreção biliar e favoreceu a função hepática. Isso resultou em melhores indicadores de produção e menores custos com alimentação, especialmente com a adição de 15% de infusão de losna.
Palavras-chave:
Artemisia absinthium; losna; ciência dos alimentos; tratamento; secreção; digestão
1. Introduction
The progressive restriction of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry production due to concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance has stimulated the search for natural feed additives capable of improving animal health and productive performance (Buchanan et al., 2008; Mirbod et al., 2017). Among these alternatives, phytogenic feed additives have attracted considerable attention because of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive-stimulating properties, which contribute to enhanced nutrient utilization and intestinal health (Śliżewska et al., 2021).
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), also known as absinthe, wormwood, great wormwood, donkey’s herb, master herb, and green incense (Herbotècnia, 2025), is a medicinal plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. Its phenotypic characteristics include a whitish appearance, with a height ranging from 50 cm to 1.30 m. Its leaves vary in color, appearing white or grayish-green; its flowers are small, yellowish, and measure 3 to 5 mm, blooming from June through September (Zapletal et al., 2025). Native to Europe, it was once cultivated as an ornamental plant in North America but now grows wild along roadsides. The leaves are petiolate and grow alternately; both their upper and lower surfaces are densely hairy, and this pubescence gives them a silky texture. The leaf margins are mostly rounded, although the leaf is deeply divided into segments; this division extends to the lower main vein (Thakur et al., 2024). The lower leaves are pinnately compound, and the upper leaves are simple, alternate, and pinnate. The uppermost leaves bear the flowers, which are almost imperceptible to the eye, and below them are other leaves that have no more than 3 or 5 flowers (Zhindón, 2007). They are grouped into small, flat, hemispherical heads, approximately 3 to 5 mm in diameter and yellowish in color; each head contains 30 to 40 flowers.
Wormwood has been used as a traditional remedy to treat indigestion, stomach heaviness, and intestinal disorders, as well as to stimulate appetite, cleanse the liver and gallbladder, regulate menstruation, and treat stomach pain, among other conditions (Obón, 2014). Recently, bioactivity studies have been conducted that highlight the potential of this species and its extracts as nematicides (Pino Otín, 2019), insecticides (Guevara, 2019), antifungals (Liu, 2019), and anticancer agents (Mughees, 2019). All these beneficial properties are attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, lignans, tannins, and essential oil in the various parts of the plant (Abad et al., 2012). The essential oil extracted from the leaves and flowers typically consists mainly of α-thujone, β-thujone, myrcene, trans-sabinyl acetate, chrysanthemyl acetate, (Z)-β-epoxyocimene, β-pinene, sabinene, 1,8-cineole, chamazulene, and artemisia ketone (Kordali, 2005). According to the preceding literature, most of the chemotypes that have been described for this species based on its aromatic composition are defined according to the relative proportions of four key compounds in the total essential oil: β-thujone, trans-sabinyl acetate, chrysanthemyl acetate, and (Z)-β-epoxyocimene (Beigh and Ganai, 2017; Coroian et al., 2022; Kostadinović et al., 2016; Chialva et al., 1983).
Wormwood infusion refers to the beverage obtained from the leaves and flowers of the plant through a simple extraction process in hot water, during which the most water-soluble compounds present in the plant tissues diffuse into the aqueous medium, imparting its aroma and flavor (Ravikumar, 2014). Knowledge regarding the chemical composition of wormwood infusion is still limited (Hezil et al., 2024; Kostadinović et al., 2015; Mohamed et al., 2025). In the late 1980s, (Zhukov and Timofeev, 1987) detected coumarins, amino acids, hydroxycinnamic acid, and a small amount of flavonoids in the organic extracts they prepared from the aerial parts of the plant and analyzed using thin-layer chromatography during their research. According to Gutiérrez (2009) in his study of wormwood in calves, this plant contains phellandrene, α-pinene, thujone, thujol, and their derivatives (alcohol, isovalerate, palmitate), bisabolene, camphene, cadinene, phellandrene, nerol, azulene, (chamazulene, 3, 6- and 5,6-dihydrocazulemo); upon saponification, it forms formic and salicylic acids; absintin, anabsintin, astabsin, artametine, absinthic acid, pipecolic acid, and succinic acid; inulobiose; sesquiterlactones (arabsin, artabin, santoinin); a ketophenelide; tannins; resins; starches; malates; potassium nitrates and other salts; carotenoids; vitamins. C and P, mineral salts, flavones, and bitter principles. The seed, on a dry weight basis, contains: protein (25.8%), fat (33.4%), and ash (6.6%) (Gutiérrez Orozco, 2012). Excessive use of this plant especially the flower can cause dermatitis in sensitive patients; the LD50 of thujone in mice is 134 mg/kg. Because it causes brain damage, the FDA classifies the oil as an active narcotic poison with both acute and chronic toxicity; wormwood oil poisoning presents with seizures, insomnia, nausea, tremors, vertigo, dementia, and death, while chronic consumption causes headaches and nervous disorders. It is contraindicated in pregnant animals, including humans (Carrasco, 2021). We hypothesized that dietary supplementation with Artemisia absinthium infusion would improve productive performance and feed efficiency without negatively affecting bird health. With this objective in mind, a study was conducted to evaluate the use of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) infusion as a supplement in broiler chickens and its effect on production parameters
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study area
The study was conducted at the San José de Poaló Parish, located in the Latacunga canton of Cotopaxi province, Ecuador. To prepare the wormwood, we began by harvesting the plant and allowing it to dry naturally for 15 days in a controlled environment protected from sunlight and moisture. then we weighed out 500 gr/l of water the dosage to be used for the treatments brought the water to a boil (100° C for 5 minutes), turned off the heat, and added the dried wormwood leaves and flowers; we covered the mixture and let it steep for about 10 minutes. Then, strain the mixture, let it cool, and give it to the chickens according to the treatment protocol: 30 ml of the infusion is administered twice a day. This is done to stimulate appetite (it stimulates the taste buds, which, through a reflex action, increase the production of gastrointestinal juices) (VIDA, 2025).
2.2. Experimental design and treatments
A total of 80 Cobb 500 broiler chickens (8 days of age; initial body weight 180 g) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of four replicate pens, with five birds per pen, resulting in 16 experimental units (pens) in total. The pen was considered the experimental unit for all productive performance variables, including body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, mortality, and economic analysis. The dietary treatments are described in Table 1.
2.3. Variable measurements
Production indicators such as weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass yield and mortality were assessed, and the cost-benefit ratio was also determined (Córdova-Terán, 2024).
2.4. Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using Minitab statistical software. Prior to analysis, data were evaluated for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test and for homogeneity of variances using Levene's test. Variables that met the assumptions of ANOVA were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance, considering dietary treatment as the fixed effect. The experimental unit was the pen (n = 4 pens per treatment). Treatment means are presented as least-squares means and were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. Statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05.
3. Results and Discussion
The food analysis conducted on the wormwood plant showed that a 100-gram sample contained 10% protein, 50.40% moisture, 2.26% fat, and 7.76% ash. One study highlighted the presence of these chemical compounds in wormwood and also noted that this species is rich in tannins, resins, starches, malates, potassium nitrates, and other salts; carotenoids, vitamin C, minerals C and P, the trace elements Zn and Se, and flavones making it ideal as an antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antiviral agent (Gutiérrez Orozco, 2012). When evaluated starting from the second week after the arrival of the 14-day-old chicks, the initial stage (8–14 days) concluded with a notable increase in growth across the treatment groups, yielding different weights among them with a significant difference (< 0.001). At 21 days, a weight gain of 295.56 g was achieved in T2, which was the highest weight at this time compared to T3, which achieved a weight gain of 256.18 g, demonstrating a significant difference (< 0.0001).
On day 28, a more notable increase was observed, with a difference of 87.2 g between T3 and T0; weight gain during the initial stage was 382.56 g in T3, 341.08 g in T2, 320.45 g in T1, and 295.36 g in T0. (Table 2). At the end of week 4 (29–35 days), a weight gain of 313.58 g was recorded in T0 one of the lowest weights and 398.25 g one of the highest weights with notably favorable results for T3 (Table 2). As for week 5 (36–42 days), a greater weight gain was observed in T3 at 425.26 g, in contrast to T0, which recorded a weight gain of 385.12 g the lowest weight gain and in week 6 (43–49 days), T3 achieved a greater weight gain of 495.14 g compared to T0, which gained 410.23 g by the end of the week, yielding better results for T3 at the 15% wormwood infusion rate during this stage. (Table 2).
Studies reported that the application of oregano infusion in drinking water resulted in an average weight gain of 375.08 g at 25 days of age, indicating a greater productive response during this stage compared with the overall mean weight gain of 334.86 g recorded at 28 days in birds supplemented with wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) infusion in drinking water. Furthermore, other studies reported a maximum weight gain of 507.4 g in T4 at 45 days of age and a minimum gain of 252.0 g in T4 at 40 days of age (Quinfia, 2020). These findings differ from those observed with wormwood infusion, where the highest weight gain during the finishing phase was recorded at 49 days in T3 (495.14 g), while the lowest weight gain was observed at 35 days in T0 (313.58 g). During the starter phase, no statistically significant differences were detected in feed intake during the first week (8–14 days); however, numerical differences were observed before the application of the treatments. Treatment T0 consumed 387.56 g of feed, representing one of the lowest values, whereas T3 recorded a slightly higher feed intake of 389.88 g during the same period (Table 3).
Between days 15 and 21, differences among treatments became evident. Treatment T3 reached a total feed intake of 526.7 g by the end of the week, while T1 recorded a total intake of 533.3 g. These results indicate that feed consumption was approximately 6.6 g higher in T1 and T2 compared with the other treatments. During week 3 (21–28 days), feed intake was 662.3 g in T0, representing the lowest consumption among treatments, whereas T3 achieved the highest feed intake with 672.6 g. This finding suggests that birds receiving wormwood infusion exhibited greater appetite and feed consumption during this period. In the subsequent stage (29–35 days), dry matter intake showed less favorable results for the use of wormwood infusion in drinking water. Treatment T3 consumed 790.96 g during the fifth week, while T0 recorded the highest weekly intake at 798.68 g. During week 6 (36–42 days), the highest feed intake was observed in T0, with a consumption of 849.40 g, considerably greater than that recorded in T3 (846.07 g), which represented the lowest intake during that week. Similarly, in week 7 (42–49 days), T3 exhibited the lowest feed intake at 899.2 g, whereas T0 recorded the highest value, reaching 906.3 g. Overall, although wormwood infusion promoted higher feed intake during certain periods of the starter phase, feed consumption tended to decline during the finishing stage compared with the control treatment. Nevertheless, the productive performance observed in T3 suggests that the lower feed intake may have been associated with improved feed utilization efficiency and enhanced growth performance.
The improvement in body weight and growth performance observed in birds receiving Artemisia absinthium infusion may be associated with the presence of bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, and essential oils (Guerrini et al., 2023). Previous studies have reported that these phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant properties capable of improving the intestinal environment and reducing the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms (Băieş et al., 2023). Such effects may favor a more stable gastrointestinal ecosystem, thereby enhancing nutrient utilization and supporting better productive performance. However, because intestinal microbiota composition and oxidative status were not evaluated in the present study, these mechanisms should be considered plausible hypotheses supported by previous literature rather than direct evidence derived from our experiment (Horky et al., 2019).
Bedoya Umaquinga (2020) reported that the starter phase concluded with a feed intake of 525.32 g at 28 days of age, suggesting a higher feed consumption when potato flour was incorporated into the diet. In contrast, the present study recorded an overall mean dry matter intake of 455.13 g during the same period when wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) infusion was administered. These results indicate that potato flour supplementation promoted greater feed intake than wormwood infusion during the starter phase. Similarly, Albuja Ortiz (2020) reported the highest feed intake in T3, reaching 1,818.49 g, while the lowest intake was observed in T0, with 1,099.68 g at 35 days of age. In comparison, the use of wormwood infusion resulted in lower feed consumption in T3 throughout the finishing period. These findings suggest that ginger supplementation during the fattening phase promoted a higher dry matter intake than wormwood infusion.
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) data during the first week (8–14 days) were homogeneous across all treatments, with an overall average of 1.50 (Table 4). During the second week (15–21 days), the most favorable FCR was observed in T2, with a value of 1.80, whereas T3 recorded the least favorable performance, with an FCR of 2.06. In the third week (21–28 days), T3 exhibited the best feed conversion efficiency, with an FCR of 1.76, compared with T0, which recorded a value of 2.24. During the fourth week (29–35 days), T3 maintained superior performance with an FCR of 1.99, whereas T0 reached 2.55. A highly significant difference among treatments was detected during this period (P < 0.0001), indicating that T3 achieved the most efficient feed conversion during the early finishing phase. During the fifth week (36–42 days), FCR values were 2.21 for T0 and 1.99 for T3, with T3 again demonstrating the best productive performance. At the end of the experimental period, during the sixth week (43–49 days), the highest FCR was observed in T0 (2.20), while the lowest and most favorable value was recorded in T3 (1.82), highlighting the superior feed utilization efficiency achieved with the 15% wormwood infusion treatment.
Furthermore, treatment T1, supplemented with 5% wormwood infusion, recorded a final FCR of 2.11 at 49 days of age, whereas T2, supplemented with 10% wormwood infusion, achieved a final FCR of 1.98. Overall, the results demonstrate that increasing levels of wormwood infusion improved feed conversion efficiency, with T3 (15% inclusion level) yielding the most favorable performance throughout the finishing phase.
Ravichandran and Torrealba-Rojas (2023) reported a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.78 when including 100 g of a phytobiotic growth promoter in broiler diets. These results were superior to many of those observed in the present study during weeks one to five. Likewise, Albuja reported improved feed conversion ratios during the starter phase in treatments T1, T2, and T3, with values of 0.97, 0.70, and 0.63, respectively, at 21 days of age. In contrast, under ginger infusion supplementation, the best feed conversion ratios recorded during this stage were 1.76 in T3 at 28 days and 1.80 in T2 at 21 days. Evaluating oregano supplementation, obtained the best feed conversion ratio in T4 at 45 days of age, with a value of 1.50, while the poorest performance was also observed in T4 at 40 days, reaching 2.80. Comparatively, the use of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) infusion in the present study resulted in a superior feed conversion ratio of 1.82 in T3 at 49 days, whereas the control treatment exhibited the lowest efficiency, with a feed conversion ratio of 2.21 at the same age. Another possible explanation for the improved feed conversion ratio observed in the birds supplemented with wormwood infusion is the stimulation of digestive processes by its bitter sesquiterpene lactones, including absinthin and related compounds. These metabolites have been reported to promote salivary, gastric, and biliary secretions, potentially increasing digestive enzyme activity and nutrient availability in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, flavonoids and phenolic compounds may contribute to maintaining intestinal epithelial integrity through their antioxidant activity, thereby facilitating nutrient absorption. Although these physiological responses were not directly measured in the present study, they provide biologically plausible explanations for the improved feed efficiency observed in broilers receiving the highest level of wormwood supplementation.
Regarding carcass characteristics, significant differences were observed among treatments (Table 5). The live weight of the control group (T0) was 2,524.21 g, whereas T3 reached 3,039.07 g, representing a difference of 514.86 g in favor of T3. Likewise, carcass yield differed by 507.76 g between these treatments, with T3 showing the highest carcass performance. However, no significant differences were detected among treatments for feather, blood, viscera, feet, or head weights. These findings are consistent with those reported by González-Vázquez et al. (2020), who observed improvements in carcass yield following probiotic supplementation in Cobb 500 broilers. Likewise, Palma Sornoza (2023), in a study evaluating carcass yield and meat quality of broilers fed four commercial diets, reported results comparable to those obtained in the present investigation. These findings support the hypothesis that the use of alternative phytogenic therapies, such as wormwood infusion administered through drinking water, can enhance bird health, improve animal welfare, and increase productive performance.
When mortality during the starter phase was analyzed, a mortality rate of 2.5% was recorded in the T0 treatment, whereas all treatments receiving different levels of wormwood supplementation showed 0% mortality. These results indicate an improvement in bird health associated with the inclusion of wormwood in the diet. The findings are consistent with those reported by González-Vázquez et al. (2020), who stated that the addition of phytobiotics reduces mortality in poultry. This effect is mainly attributed to the biological properties of these compounds and their chemical composition. The inclusion of wormwood in broiler diets may exert beneficial effects through the action of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which strengthen the immune system. In addition, their antioxidant properties help reduce oxidative stress generated by the rapid growth of broilers and by infectious challenges. Wormwood supplementation also promotes the secretion of gastric juices and digestive enzymes, thereby improving nutrient absorption. This translates into better feed conversion efficiency and more uniform growth, reducing the vulnerability of weaker birds. These mechanisms are supported by the results obtained in the present study. The absence of mortality in birds supplemented with wormwood infusion could also be discussed in light of previous reports describing the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of A. absinthium. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids have been shown to inhibit the growth of several pathogenic bacteria while simultaneously reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in animal tissues. These biological activities may contribute indirectly to maintaining bird health under commercial production conditions. Nevertheless, since immune function, microbial populations, and oxidative stress biomarkers were not evaluated in this study, these mechanisms remain hypothetical and require confirmation through future investigations.
Regarding the total income generated by each dietary treatment (Table 6), treatment T3 showed the highest value, reaching 157.30, whereas the lowest income was observed in the control treatment, with 111.94. The cost-benefit ratio was greater than 1.0 in all treatments; however, the diets containing 10% and 15% wormwood supplementation achieved the highest values, with cost-benefit ratios of 1.61 and 1.62, respectively.
Swerdlow (2000) reported that commercial feed is the primary input in poultry production; therefore, its cost, availability, and quality are critical factors for the expansion and sustainability of the poultry industry. In this regard, the incorporation of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) as a phytotherapeutic additive may contribute to improving poultry health and productivity. Wormwood contains sesquiterpene lactones, such as absinthin and anabsinthin, which may help reduce the incidence of parasitic enteritis, one of the common causes of mortality in broiler chickens, while promoting intestinal health. Furthermore, its essential oils, particularly thujone and cineole, exhibit antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, highlighting the relevance of the present study. According to Mills (2000), phytotherapeutic compounds can stimulate the secretion of gastric juices and digestive enzymes, thereby enhancing nutrient digestion and absorption. In addition, these bioactive compounds may reduce intestinal inflammatory processes associated with bacterial infections and coccidiosis, improving the integrity and functionality of the intestinal mucosa. Consequently, the use of wormwood as a natural feed additive may contribute to better gut health, improved productive performance, and reduced mortality in broiler chickens.
4. Conclusions
Dietary supplementation with Artemisia absinthium infusion significantly improved the productive performance of broiler chickens. Birds receiving the 15% infusion achieved the highest final body weight, the most efficient feed conversion ratio, and the greatest carcass yield compared with the control group. In addition, wormwood supplementation was associated with lower mortality and improved economic returns, with the 10% and 15% inclusion levels showing the highest cost-benefit ratios. Under the conditions of this study, A. absinthium infusion represents a promising phytogenic additive for broiler production, although further research is required to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying these productive responses.
Data Availability Statement
Research data is only available upon request.
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Editor:
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