Amazon watersheds are a complex ecosystem: the interaction between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the water level fluctuations are the main forcing function that regulates the biodiversity, the evolutionary processes and the interaction between terrestrial and aquatic biota in the large internal deltas, the extensive floodplains regions and the network of channels, creeks, rivers, meanders and lakes (Haffer, 2008HAFFER J., 2008. Hypothesis to explain the origin of species in Amazonia. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 917-947.). Chemical and physical environment resulting from the inundation periods and the forest, promotes a chain of morphological, anatomical, physiological, geological and ethological adaptations with its characteristics structures (Junk et al., 1989Junk, WJ., Bayley, PB. and Sparks, RE., 1989. The flood pulse concept in river floodplain systems. In DODGE, DP. (Ed.). Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium (LARS), 1989. Ottawa. Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans. p. 110-127. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 106.; Alho, 2008Alho, CJR., 2008. Biodiversity of the Pantanal: response to seasonal flooding regime and to environmental degradation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 957-966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500005. PMid:19197468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008...
). Food chains show large changes in their connections and organization during and after the flooding period (Junk, 1997Junk, WJ., 1997. The central amazon floodplain: ecology of a pulsing system. Berlim: Springer Valaz. 526 p. Ecological studies, vol. 126.).
Reservoirs disrupt the dynamics of these ecosystems and change the organization patterns of floodplains, lakes creeks and rivers (Tundisi et al., 2008cTundisi, JG., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. and Tundisi, JEM., 2008c. Reservoir and human well being: new challenges for evaluating impacts and benefits in the neotropics. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 1133-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500020. PMid:19197483.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008...
). Large reservoirs affect the forest cover, due to deforestation of the future inundation area; reservoir also changes the fluvial dynamics, upstream and downstream the Power Plant Unit (Agostinho et al., 2009AGOSTINHO, AA., BONNECKER, CC., RODRIGUES, L., GOMES, LC. and MAGELA, TS., 2009. Biodiversity and conservation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 69, no. 2, supplement, p. 459-755.).
In order to preserve the main ecological functions of the Amazonian ecosystems it is necessary to introduce ecohydrological concepts combined with engineering procedures in the construction of the Amazonian reservoirs. This also includes the perspectives of the influence of future climatic changes in the hydrological cycles (Martinelli et al., 2012Martinelli, LA., OMETTO, JPHB. and PINTO, AS., 2012. Climate change and biogeochemistry Brazilian biomes. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 72, no. 3, supplement, p. 633-785.). Since hydropower from the Amazon watershed is essential to Brazil, a well designed operation system for reservoir construction, should consider:
-
•
Low retention time in the operation.
-
•
Less inundated forest area (smaller reservoirs).
-
•
Preserving local and regional biodiversity (Tundisi et al., 2008aTUNDISI, JG., MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. and ABE, DS., 2008a. The ecological dynamics of Barra Bonita (Tietê River, SP, Brazil) reservoir: implications for its biodiversity. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 1079-1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500015. PMid:19197478.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008... ,bTundisi, JG. and Matsumura-Tundisi, T., 2008b. Biodiversity in the neotropics: ecological, economical and social values. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 913-915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500002. PMid:19197465.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008... ) -
•
Preserving the connectivity of tributaries and lakes with the main river. This can be achieved by regulation and control of the operation procedure.
-
•
Reforestation of reservoir boundaries, with native species.
-
•
Protection of wetlands in the watershed.
-
•
Avoiding chains of reservoirs. If natural spaces in rivers are left intact, preservation of natural areas will maintain biodiversity and capacity to recover natural functions of the river.
-
•
Preserving entire rivers in the Amazon watershed in order to maintain large regions free of man made structures promoting the continuity of the evolutionary process (Agostinho et al., 2009AGOSTINHO, AA., BONNECKER, CC., RODRIGUES, L., GOMES, LC. and MAGELA, TS., 2009. Biodiversity and conservation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 69, no. 2, supplement, p. 459-755.; Tundisi et al., 2014Tundisi, JG., Goldemberg, J., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. and Saraiva, ACF., 2014. How many more dams in the Amazon? Energy Policy, vol. 74, p. 703-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.07.013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.0... ).
The integration of structure and function in the planning of future Amazonian reservoirs is essential for the maintenance of the ecological dynamics of the region (Jorgensen, 1992Jorgensen, SE., 1992. Integration of ecosystem theories: a pattern. Heidelberg: Elsevier. 383 p.). Engineering procedures, ecohydrological principles and limnological approaches are not incompatible (Zalewski, 2010Zalewski, M., 2010. Ecohydrology for the compensation of Global change. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 70, no. 3, supplement, p. 689-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000400001. PMid:21085775.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010...
, 2014Zalewski, M., 2014. Ecohydrology, biotechnology and engineering for cost efficiency in reaching the sustainability of the biosphere. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014.01.006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014....
).
The Belo Monte Power Plant, Unit is example of a consistent effort to integrate structure and function in a large scale intervention promoting an evolution in the approach to manage reservoirs in a complex ecosystem, such as the Amazon and Xingu River watersheds.
The hydrograph of Xingu River (1969-2015) was the basis for the design of the operation system of the reservoir and the maintenance of the ecological flows downstream as well as the biodiversity (aquatic and terrestrial) with reduced impact (Figure 1).
-
(With 1 figure)
References
- AGOSTINHO, AA., BONNECKER, CC., RODRIGUES, L., GOMES, LC. and MAGELA, TS., 2009. Biodiversity and conservation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 69, no. 2, supplement, p. 459-755.
- Alho, CJR., 2008. Biodiversity of the Pantanal: response to seasonal flooding regime and to environmental degradation. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 957-966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500005 PMid:19197468.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500005 - HAFFER J., 2008. Hypothesis to explain the origin of species in Amazonia. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 917-947.
- Jorgensen, SE., 1992. Integration of ecosystem theories: a pattern. Heidelberg: Elsevier. 383 p.
- Junk, WJ., 1997. The central amazon floodplain: ecology of a pulsing system. Berlim: Springer Valaz. 526 p. Ecological studies, vol. 126.
- Junk, WJ., Bayley, PB. and Sparks, RE., 1989. The flood pulse concept in river floodplain systems. In DODGE, DP. (Ed.). Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium (LARS), 1989. Ottawa. Ontario: Fisheries and Oceans. p. 110-127. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol. 106.
- Martinelli, LA., OMETTO, JPHB. and PINTO, AS., 2012. Climate change and biogeochemistry Brazilian biomes. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 72, no. 3, supplement, p. 633-785.
- TUNDISI, JG., MATSUMURA-TUNDISI, T. and ABE, DS., 2008a. The ecological dynamics of Barra Bonita (Tietê River, SP, Brazil) reservoir: implications for its biodiversity. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 1079-1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500015 PMid:19197478.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500015 - Tundisi, JG. and Matsumura-Tundisi, T., 2008b. Biodiversity in the neotropics: ecological, economical and social values. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 913-915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500002 PMid:19197465.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500002 - Tundisi, JG., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. and Tundisi, JEM., 2008c. Reservoir and human well being: new challenges for evaluating impacts and benefits in the neotropics. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 68, no. 4, supplement, p. 1133-1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500020 PMid:19197483.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842008000500020 - Tundisi, JG., Goldemberg, J., Matsumura-Tundisi, T. and Saraiva, ACF., 2014. How many more dams in the Amazon? Energy Policy, vol. 74, p. 703-708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.07.013
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.07.013 - Zalewski, M., 2010. Ecohydrology for the compensation of Global change. Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 70, no. 3, supplement, p. 689-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000400001 PMid:21085775.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842010000400001 - Zalewski, M., 2014. Ecohydrology, biotechnology and engineering for cost efficiency in reaching the sustainability of the biosphere. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 14-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014.01.006
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2014.01.006
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Aug 2015
History
-
Received
21 July 2015 -
Accepted
21 July 2015