Contribution to the knowledge of Honduran flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)Abstract:
Sarcophagids are a diverse group of flies most commonly associated with carrion. In the neotropics the group is highly diverse but for some regions of Central America it is still poorly studied. For Honduras only 15 species are known compared to the more than 100 in the neighboring Costa Rica. During 2019 we collected sarcophagids attracted to decomposing pigs (Sus domesticus Erxleben, 1777, Artiodactyla, Suidae) in a multicropping system surrounded mostly by farmland in Zamorano, Honduras. Thirteen species were found, nine being new records for the country: Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830), Dexosarcophaga transita Townsend, 1917, Helicobia surrubea (Wulp, 1895), Oxysarcodexia peltata (Aldrich, 1916), Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830), Peckia pexata (Wulp, 1895), Peckia volucris (Wulp, 1896), Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), and Titanogrypa placida (Aldrich, 1925). Blaesoxipha plinthopyga, Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich, 1916), and Peckia lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) were the most abundant species and were found in every stage of decomposition. Two additional species were collected in the study area: Argoravinia rufiventris (Wiedemann, 1830) on a dead opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae), and Tripanurga aurea (Townsend, 1917), also a new country record, on bird feces. Including the new country records, Honduras now has a diversity of 25 species distributed in 11 genera.
Keywords:
Central America; decomposition; flies; forensic entomology; new records
Resumen:
Los sarcofágidos son un grupo diverso de moscas comúnmente asociadas con carroña. En el neotrópico, el grupo es altamente diverso, pero en algunas regiones de Centroamérica este es aún pobremente estudiado. En Honduras solo 15 especies se conocen, comparado con las más de 100 reportadas en el vecino Costa Rica. Durante el 2019 se recolectaron sarcofágidos atraídos a cerdos (Sus domesticus Erxleben, 1777, Artiodactyla, Suidae) en descomposición en un sistema multicultivo rodeado de terreno agrícola en Zamorano, Honduras. Trece especies fueron encontradas, nueve siendo nuevos registros para el país: Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830), Dexosarcophaga transita Townsend, 1917, Helicobia surrubea (Wulp, 1895), Oxysarcodexia peltata (Aldrich, 1916), Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830), Peckia pexata (Wulp, 1895), Peckia volucris (Wulp, 1896), Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), y Titanogrypa placida (Aldrich, 1925). Blaesoxipha plinthopyga, Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich, 1916), y Peckia lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) fueron las especies más abundantes y estuvieron presentes en todos los estados de descomposición. Dos especies más fueron encontradas en el área de estudio: Argoravinia rufiventris (Wiedemann, 1830) en una zarigüeya muerta (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758, Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae), y Tripanurga aurea (Townsend, 1917), nuevo registro para el país, en heces de aves. Incluyendo los nuevos registros, Honduras tiene ahora una diversidad de 25 especies distribuidas en 11 géneros.
Palabras clave:
Centroamérica; descomposición; entomología forense; moscas; nuevos registros
Introduction
The family Sarcophagidae (flesh flies) is found in almost all terrestrial ecosystems and comprises approximately 2,842 species (Pape, 2025). In the Neotropics, where the peak of diversity is (around 942 species according to Pape 2025), sarcophagids that colonize animal carcasses are more diverse than other carrion-associated fly families such as Calliphoridae or Muscidae (Barbosa et al. 2017, Moretti et al. 2008, Oliveira-Costa et al. 2014, Oliveira & Vasconcelos 2010, Rosa et al. 2009).
Apart from their necrophagous and coprophagous habits, other sarcophagids can be kleptoparasites of solitary bees, wasps, ants, or termites (Aldrich 1916, Lopes 1969, Mulieri et al. 2021, Pape 1996). Some are parasitoids or predators and are used as biological control agents of insect and mollusk pests (Aldrich 1916, Burgio et al. 2024, Dahlem & Downes 1996, Eberhard 1989, Pape & Dahlem 2010). A few sarcophagids are known agents of secondary or primary myiasis to animals or humans (Aldrich 1916, Buenaventura et al. 2009, Mulieri et al. 2018, Pape 1996, Stegmaier 1972). Finally, although less studied, flesh flies can also play key roles in the pollination of wild plant species and crops (Arroyo et al. 1982, Carabalí-Banguero et al. 2018, Cook et al. 2020, Rathman et al. 1990).
Little is known about Honduran sarcophagids. Until now, no study has treated the group locally, and as a result, only 15 species are recorded for the country (Pape 1996, Buenaventura & Pape 2013, Pape 2025). This diversity is extremely low and can be attributed to lack of collecting, a phenomenon observed in other insect groups in the region. For example, Linares & Orozco (2017) added 19 new country records to the diversity of Coreidae (Hemiptera) in the country and estimated that at least half of the described insects in Honduras have not been recorded yet. Recent studies on other insect taxa in Honduras have exhibited a similar pattern showing how little the entomological diversity in the country is known: Veroy et al. (2022) increased the known diversity of Tabanidae in the country from 72 to 85 species, and Michel et al. (2024) increased the diversity of Mesembrinellidae from two to six species.
Biological collections are crucial in the study of diversity. In low-income countries, such as Honduras, collections can be absent, poorly maintained, or inaccessible, making the study of a particular group challenging for local researchers. As a result, the knowledge of many insect groups in Central America, in general, is poor and strongly fragmentary. In Honduras, sarcophagids are scarce or absent in collections and when present are, for the most part, unidentified.
The objective of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the Sarcophagidae of Honduras by exploring the diversity of the group on decomposing pigs in a location in the country.
Materials and Methods
1. Study site
The study was conducted at Zamorano University, Francisco Morazán, Honduras (14°00’ N 87°00’ W, 800 m) from June to August of 2019. As part of a larger study dealing with insects associated to pig carcasses, collections were made in a multicropping system surrounded by farmland. Six bait stations, separated by 100 meters from each other, and consisting of stillborn piglets weighing 1.2–1.3 kg, were established. The pigs were covered by a metallic cage (1.1 × 0.9 × 0.7 m) that allowed the insects to enter but maintained larger animals away from the bait (Figure 1). Adult flesh flies were collected daily from 11:00–13:00 only using an aerial net for 30 minutes per station. This collecting time was arbitrarily defined by the time available for field work in the study area. Insects were collected until flies were no longer observed and the stage decomposition of the pig was recorded. For the decomposition stages we use Reed (1958). Additional collections were made on dung and carcasses found around the study area. When possible, females were taken to the lab and if oviposition was observed the resulting larvae were reared on chicken meat.
Study area. A. Location of the study area in Honduras. B. Location of the study area in Zamorano. C. Piglets used in the study. D. Piglet with metal cage to avoid larger animals entering.
2. Fly preservation
Adult flies were killed in 70% alcohol and mounted the same or next day of collection with the legs extended downwards. Genitalia of males were everted to allow identification. All material is deposited at the Insect Collection of Zamorano University (EAPZ).
3. Identification
Identification to genera was done using the keys or diagnosis of Pape & Dahlem (2010). Species identifications were done using the keys of Carvalho Filho & Esposito (2012) for Argoravinia, Pape (1994) for Blaesoxipha, Mello-Patiu & Pape (2000), Mello-Patiu (2002), and Santos et al. (2023) for Dexosarcophaga, Tibana (1979) for Helicobia, De Souza et al. (2020) for Oxysarcodexia, Buenaventura & Pape (2013) for Peckia, Dahlem (1989) for Ravinia, and Barbosa et al. (2021) for Titanogrypa. The diagnosis in Pape (1990) was used for the identification of a Tripanurga species found close to the study area. Females were not identified.
A literature review was performed to compile the list of Sarcophagid species recorded from Honduras.
Results
Two hundred eighty-five specimens (159 males, 126 females) distributed in 13 species were found associated with decomposing pigs (Table 1). Peckia lambens (Wiedemann, 1830), Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich, 1916), and Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830) were the most abundant species with 49%, 19.5%, and 18.9%, respectively, of the males collected. All three species were found during all decomposition stages.
Sarcophagidae collected on decomposing piglets in Zamorano, Honduras during June–August 2019. In parenthesis, duration of each decomposition stage.
Dexosarcophaga transita Townsend, 1917, Helicobia surrubea (Wulp, 1895), Peckia intermutans (Walker, 1861), Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830), Peckia pexata (Wulp, 1895), Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830), and Titanogrypa placida (Aldrich, 1925) were found in low numbers and exclusively during the decay stage. The only specimen collected of Peckia volucris (Wulp, 1896) was found during the decay stage.
Oxysarcodexia conclausa (Walker, 1861) and Oxysarcodexia peltata (Aldrich, 1916) were found both during the decay and dry stages of decomposition. All the species found were present during the decay stage (Table 1). Species abundance was markedly higher during the decay stage, than during the other decomposition stages (fresh, bloated, and dry). Table 1 shows the diversity of flies found during each stage and the duration of the stages.
Larvae reared from a female Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830) raised on chicken meat resulted in 18 males and 23 females. The larval stage under laboratory conditions lasted six days and the pupal stage 16 days.
A single specimen of Peckia intermutans (Walker, 1861) was found in the study. Additional specimens were observed by the first author on human feces in a dry forest in Sumpango, Sacatepéquez, Guatemala (specimens at the Colección Entomológica de la Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala).
Apart from the specimens of Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) found on decomposing pigs, more specimens were found on cattle dung in the study area. Additionally, a large number of Argoravinia rufiventris (Wiedemann, 1830) were collected on a dead opossum (Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)) in stage of decay under mango trees in the study area on January 25, 2019. The male terminalia of the fifteen species collected can be seen in Figure 2.
Male terminalia. A-M: Species collected on decomposing pigs. A. Blaesoxipha plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830). B. Dexosarcophaga transita Townsend, 1917. C. Helicobia surrubea (Wulp, 1895). D. Oxysarcodexia bakeri (Aldrich, 1916). E. Oxysarcodexia conclausa (Walker, 1861). F. Oxysarcodexia peltata (Aldrich, 1916). G. Peckia volucris (Wulp, 1896). H. Peckia intermutans (Walker, 1861). I. Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830). J. Peckia pexata (Wulp, 1895). K. Peckia lambens (Wiedemann, 1830). L. Ravinia lherminieri (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830). M. Titanogrypa placida (Aldrich, 1925). N. Argoravinia rufiventris (Wiedemann, 1830), collected on dead opossum. O. Tripanurga aurea (Townsend, 1917), found on bird feces.
In addition to the species found during the study, we also found three specimens of Tripanurga aurea (Townsend, 1917) on bird dung in Zamorano on October 1, 2019. With this species, ten species belonging to four genera are new country records
Discussion
Twenty-five species of flesh flies distributed in 11 genera, all in Sarcophaginae, are now known from Honduras (Table 2). No representatives of Miltogramminae have been found in the country yet. At the genus level, Peckia represents the most diverse group in Honduras with seven species followed by Oxysarcodexia with six. Blaesoxipha, Ravinia, and Tricharaea all include two species, while the rest are represented by one species only. Peckia lambens represented almost half of all males collected.
The known diversity of sarcophagids in Costa Rica and Panama, is above one hundred species (Pape 2025) (Table 3). Honduras’ diversity is probably similar in number, indicating that a substantial sampling effort is needed to increase the discovery of this expected number of species in the country. Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador are in similar situation to Honduras with much of its diversity still waiting to be explored (Table 3).
Species richness of Sarcophagidae in Central America. Based on Pape (2025) and the present study.
Given the short period of collection during the day and the collecting method used, more species are expected to occur in the study area. The use of other collecting methods specific for the group, such as Van Someren-Rydon (VSR) traps and plastic bottle traps (Hwang & Turner 2005) with no doubt will increase the number of species. Of the fifteen species found, ten species, representing two-thirds of the diversity, are new records for Honduras illustrating how little the group is explored in the region (Table 2).
Acknowledgments
We thank Thomas Pape, Eliana Buenaventura, and Cátia A. de Mello-Patiu for the early discussions on the identity of the Dexosarcophaga species. Eliana Buenaventura helped with the identification of Helicobia surrubea. We also thank Katerin Veroy and Mauricio Michel for their help organizing the plates and figures of the manuscript. This work was part of the undergraduate thesis of the first author at Zamorano University, through a scholarship granted by Escuela Nacional Central de Agricultura (ENCA) (Guatemala) and Fondo Nacional para la Reactivación y Modernización de la Actividad Agropecuaria (FONAGRO) (Guatemala). Two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the manuscript with their comments.
Data Availability
Data compiled from the published literature are appropriately cited in the references. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available at: https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.7BVMRX.
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Associate Editor
José Mermudes
