Epiphytic diatoms (Diatomeae) from Piraquara II urban reservoir, Paraná state

Marra, Raquel Cristina; Tremarin, Priscila Izabel; Algarte, Vanessa Majewski; Ludwig, Thelma Veiga

doi:10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0200

Figures (11)
Tables (3)

Figure 1 Localization of sampling sites in Piraquara II reservoir. Piraquara municipality, Paraná state, Brazil (modified from Google Earth 2013)

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Figures 2-43 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 2. Cyclotella meneguiniana. 3-4. Discostella stelligera. 5-7. Aulacoseira sp. 8-9. A. tenella. 10. A. ambigua var. ambigua f. spiralis. 11. A. brasiliensis. 12-14. A. herzogii var. herzogii. 15-16. A. ambigua var. ambigua f. ambigua. 17-18. A. granulata var. angustissima. 19. Fragilaria mesolepta. 20. Fragilariforma javanica. 21-24. Fragilaria pectinalis. 25. Aulacoseira granulata var. granulata. 26-28. Fragilaria gracilis. 29-30. F. microvaucheriae. 31-34. F. crotonensis. 35-37. F. tenera. 38. Ulnaria acus. 39. U. ulna. 40-43. Fragilaria parva. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 44-74 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 44. Eunotia minor. 45. E. monodon. 46-47. E. naegelli. 48. E. bilunaris. 49-50. E. intermedia. 51. E. neocompacta. 52. Actinella leontopithecus-rosalia. 53. Eunotia cf. formicina. 54-55. E. camelus. 56-58. E. meridiana. 59. E. luna var. trapezica. 60. E. pyramidata var. pyramidata. 61. E. paratridentula. 62. E. rabenhorstii var. monodon. 63-64. E. pseudosudetica. 65-67. E. yanomami. 68-70. Encyonema incurvatum. 71. Cymbopleura naviculiformis.72. Eunotia desmogonioides. 73. D. ossiculum. 74. D. transfugum. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 75-96 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 75-77. Encyonema silesiacum. 78. E. vulgare var. vulgare. 79. Encyonopsis frequentiformis. 80. Encyonema neogracile. 81-82. Placoneis elginensis. 83. P. symmetrica. 84-87. Gomphonema guaraniarum. 88. Geissleria punctifera. 89. G.lateropunctata. 90. Gomphonema parvulum var. subcapitata. 91. Cymbella aspera. 92-94. Gomphonema pseudoargur. 95-96. Encyonopsis microcephala. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 97-134 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 97-101. Gomphonema graciloides. 102. G. subtile. 103. G. hawaiiensis. 104. G. lagenula. 105-107. Achnanthidium caledonicum. 108-109. Planothidium rostratum. 110-112. Achnanthidium catenatum. 113. A. minutissimum. 114-115 A. macrocephalum. 116-117. Gomphonema naviculoides. 118-119. Gomphonema sp. 120. G. parvulum f. saprophilum. 121-122. G. parvulum var. parvulum 123-124 Achnanthidium exiguum. 125-126 Achnanthidium eutrophilum. 127. Humidophila implicata. 128. Humidophila contenta. 129. Lemnicola hungarica. 130. Planothidium biporomum. 131-132. P. heteromorphum. 133-134. Frustulia crassinervia. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 135-161 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 135-136. Frustulia undosa. 137. F. guayanensis. 138. Neidium iridis. 139. N. affine. 140. B. brebissoni. 141. Brackysira neoexilis. 142-143 Sellaphora saugerresii. 144-145. S. sassiana. 146-147. S. pupula. 148. Sellaphora sp. 149-150. S. sardiniensis. 151-152. S. nigri. 153. S. ventraloconfusa. 154-155. Chamaepinnularia mediocris. 156. Frustulia acidophilissima. 157. F. quadrisinuata. 158. Pinnularia acrosphaeria. 159. P. latarea. 160. P. brauniana. 161. P. stoermeri. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 162-174 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 162. Pinnularia latevitatta. 163. P. subgibba var. undulata. 164-165. P. gibba. 166. P. butantanum. 167. P. similiformis. 168. P. divergentissima var. minor. 169. P. subcapitata. 170. P. subbrevistriatta. 171-172 Chamaepinnularia brasilianopsis. 173. Capartogramma crucicola. 174. Hippodonta capitatta ssp. iberoamericana. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 175-201 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 175-176. Navicula angusta. 177. N. viridulacalcis. 178. N. notha. 179. N. cryptotenella. 180. N. veneta. 181-182. N. tridentula. 183-184. Nupela torganiae. 185-186. Craticula submolesta. 187. Mayamaea permitis. 188-189. Naviculadicta ventraloconfusa var. chilensis. 190-191. Nitzschia perminuta. 192-193. Craticula riparia. 194-195. Nitzschia palea. 196-197. N. gracilis. 198-199. N. intermedia. 200. Stauroneis anceps. 201. S. gracilis. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 202-212 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 202. Nitzschia vermicularis. 203. N. clausii. 204. Surirella angusta. 205. S. tenuissima. 206. Stenopterobia curvula. 207. S. delicatissima. 208. Surirella lineares var. helvetica. 209. Surirella sp. 210. Rophalodia gibberula. 211. Surirella splendida. 212. S. biseriata var. constricta. Scales: 10 µm.

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Figures 213-216 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir (SEM). 213. Internal view of Gomphonema naviculoides, scale: 5 µm. 214. Internal view of G. graciloides, scale: 5 µm. 215. Headpole of G. graciloides in internal view, scale: 1 µm. 216. Median region of G. graciloides showing the proximal raphe ends and the stigma opening in internal view, scale: 2 µm.

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Figures 217-222 Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir (SEM). 217. External view of Sellaphora sassiana showing the striation pattern, proximal and distal raphe ends, scale: 5 µm. 218. Sellaphora sardinensis in external view showing the shape of areolae, proximal and distal raphe ends, scale: 1 µm. 219. Raphe valve of Achnanthidium macrocephalum in external view, scale: 1 µm. 220-221. Fragilaria pectinalis in external view, scales: 5 µm. 222. Detail of apical pore field of Fragilaria pectinalis, scale: 1 µm.

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Table 1 Average set of abiotic data in the months of sampling epiphyton

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Table 2 Piraquara II reservoir informations. Collected species of macrophytes, sampling sites and sample register number at Universidade Federal do Paraná Herbarium (UPCB).

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Table 3 List of diatom taxa identified from Piraquara II reservoir. Morphometric & meristics limits, occurrence in samples & consulted literature. D: diameter (µm); L: length (µm); W: width (µm); SH: semi cell height (µm); S: striae in 10 µm; A: areolae in 10 µm; F: fibulae in 10 µm; AC: aliform chanells in 10 µm.

Date	DO (mg/L)	Secchi (m)	pH	COD (mg/L)	TN (mg/L)	TP (mg/L)	TDS (mg/L)	Turbidity (NTU)	IQA
Jun/2013	6.7	2.7	6.8	12.8	1.4	0.025	46.0	3.0	84.5
SD	±0.3	±1.3	±0.3	±8.1	±0.3	±0	±7.0	±0.3	±5.2
Nov/2013	7.24	1.4	6.95	12.66	0.5	0.025	35.0	3.55	84,33
SD	±0.07	±0	±0.25	±5.43	±0	±0	±0	±0.75	±5.31

Sampling sites	Coordinates	Sampled macrophytes	UPCB
1	S 25º30'38.2" W 49^o1'38.2"	Polygnum hydropiperoides	78032	78044
2	S 25º30'23.2" W 49^o2'12.6"	Ludwigia peruviana	78033	78045
3	S 25º29'42.9" W 49^o3'28.4"	Althernanthera philoxeroides Polygnum hydropiperoides	78034	78046
4	S 25º30'18.4" W 49^o2'44.1"	Althernanthera philoxeroides Polygnum hydropiperoides	78035	78047
5	S 25º28'47.3" W 49^o4'42.1"	Polygnum hydropiperoides	78036	78048
6	S 25º29'30.1" W 49^o5'38.9"	Polygnum hydropiperoides	78037	78049

Species Name (Figure)	Metric (µm) & meristic (in 10 µm) limits			Month of occurrence at sampling sites		Consulted literature
Species Name (Figure)	Metric (µm) & meristic (in 10 µm) limits			June	November	Consulted literature
Stephanodiscaceae
Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing (Figure 2)	D:9.9-15; S:10-12			4b, 6b		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991a)
Discostella stelligera (Cleve & Grunow) Houk & Klee (Figures 3-4)	D:7.4-13.9; S:8-13			1a, 2abc, 3abc 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	2ab, 3ab, 4ac, 5ab, 6ab	Houk et al. (2010)
Aulacoseiraceae
Aulacoseira ambigua (Grunow) Simonsen var. ambigua f. ambigua (Figures 15-16)	SH:7.1-12.2; D:6-7.5; S:8			1ab, 2abc, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	2b, 3ac, 4b, 5b, 6b	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991a)
A. ambigua var. ambigua f. spiralis (Skuja) Ludwig & Valente-Moreira (Figure 10)	SH:10.9; D:3.9; S:14			3c		Ludwig & Valente-Moreira (1990)
A. brasiliensis Tremarin, Torgan & T. Ludwig (Figure 11)	SH:3.8-6.5; D:8.4-9.8; S:13-14; A:6-8			1b, 2abc, 3ac, 5a, 6a, 6b	1b	Tremarin et al. (2012)
A. granulata var. angustissima (O. Müller) Simonsen (Figures 17-18)	SH:11.5-14.8; D:2.7-2.8; S:3; A:14-15			2abc, 3ab, 4ac, 5a, 6abc	4c, 6c	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991a)
A. granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen var. granulata (Figure 25)	SH:13.7-13.8; D:5.1-5.2; S:5-6; A:16-17			2abc, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	2c,3ab, 4c, 5b, 6abc	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991a)
A. herzogii (Lemmermann) Simonsen var. herzogii (Figures 12-14)	SH: 3.7-7.1; D: 3.3-5.9			2bc, 4b, 5b, 6bc		Hickel & Häkansson (1991)
A. tenella (Nygaard) Simonsen (Figures 8-9)	SH:0.7-1.7; D: 5.6-6			1bc, 2bc, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6c	2a, 3abc, 5bc, 6ac	Siver & Kling (1997), Camburn & Charles (2000)
Aulacoseira sp. (Figures 5-7)	SH:1-1.8; D:4.5-4.9			2bc, 3ab, 4ac, 5abc	6c
Fragilariaceae
Fragilaria mesolepta Rabenhorst (Figure 19)	L:21.8; W:2.8; S:16				5a	Tuji & Williams (2008b)
F. crotonensis Kitton (Figures 31-34)	L:60.8-76; W:2-2.6; S:17			4c, 6b, 2abc, 3b, 4ab, 5abc, 6abc	1ac	Patrick & Reimer (1966)
F. gracilis Ostrup (Figures 26-28)	L:40.2; W:2.2; S:22			4b	2c, 3a, 4bc, 5c, 6ac	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991a)
F. parva (Grunow) Tuji & Williams (Figures 40-43)	L:26.6-51.6; W:2.5-2.6; S:15-16			1b, 2abc, 3ab, 4ac, 6abc	1b, 2abc, 3b, 4c, 5abc, 6abc	Tuji & Williams (2008c)
F. pectinallis (Müll) Lyngbye (Figures 21-24, 220-222)	L:20.8-28.0; W:3.5-3.1; S:16-18			1a, 2ac, 3abc, 4abc, 5a, 6abc	1c, 2b, 4bc, 5bc, 6abc	Tuji & Williams (2008a) as F. capitellata (Grun.) Pet., Wetzel & Ector (2015)
F. tenera (W. Smith) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 35-37)	L:34.6-49.4; W:1.9-3.0; S:20			1abc, 2c, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	1a, 2ab, 3b, 4bc, 5b, 6a	Zelazna-Wieczorek (2011)
F. microvaucheriae Wetzel & Ector (Figures 29-30)	L:10.7-11.4; W:4.1-4.4; S:9-10			2abc, 3b, 4abc, 6b	2abc, 3c, 4bc, 6ab	Tuji & Williams (2006)
Fragilariforma javanica (Hustedt) Wetzel, Morales & Ector (Figure 20)	L:27.9-69.8; W:5.5-6.1; S:19			2c	2b	Wetzel et al. (2013a)
Ulnaria acus (Kützing) Aboal (Figure 38)	L:114.9-140.7; W:3.2-3.4; S:16				1a	Levkov et al. (2007)
U. ulna (Nitzsch) Compère (Figure 39)	L:91.2; W:4.9; S:11			1b, 2b, 3b, 4c, 5a, 6ac	2abc, 6ab	Levkov et al. (2007)
Eunotiaceae
Actinella leontopithecus-rosalia Costa (Figure 52)	L:25.1; W:3.2; S:18				1c, 5b	Costa (1995), Tremarin et al. (2016)
Desmogonium ossiculum Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 73)	L:114.1-186.9; W:8.7; S:14-15			2c, 3a	2a	Metzeltin & Lange Bertalot (2007)
D. transfugum (Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot) Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 74)	L:139.5-198.7; W:4.4-6.1; S:14-16			1a		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Mills (Figure 48)	L:22-43.7; W:3.1-3.4; S:17			1abc, 2bc, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6bc	1ab, 2ab, 3a, 4ac, 5bc, 6c	Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (1996)
E. camelus Ehrenberg (Figures 54-55)	L:23.2-44.2; W:5.4-8.5; S:11-14			1ab, 2a	1bc, 5b	Reichardt (1995), Metzeltin et al. (2005)
Eunotia cf. formicina Lange-Bertalot (Figure 53)	L:46.2-49.8; W:6-6.4; S:13-15			2c		Lange-Bertalot et al. (2011)
E. desmogonioides Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 72)	L:109.3-125.5; W:5.8-6.7; S:15			1a, 3ab, 5ab	2b	Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2002)
E. intermedia (Krasske) Nörpel-Schempp & Lange-Bertalot (Figures 49-50)	L:9.7-17.8; W:2.9-3.1; S:14-15			1ac, 2abc, 3bc, 4ab, 5abc, 6abc	1abc, 2abc, 3abc, 5b, 6bc	Lange-Bertalot et al. (2011)

E. luna var. trapezica Hustedt (Figure 59)	L:28.7; W:11; S:12			6b		Frenguelli (1941), Simonsen (1987)
E. meridiana Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 56-58)	L:17.2-26.9; W:4-5; S:12-13			2a, 4b, 6b	1abc, 3ab,4b, 5c, 6bc	Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
E. monodon Ehrenberg (Figure 45)	L:69.2; W:9.5; S:10			4a		Hofmann et al. (2013)
E. minor (Kützing) Grunow (Figure 44)	L: 19.9-31.8; W:4.1-5.1; S: 14-17			3c, 6b	2ab, 3ab, 4bc, 6a	Lange-Bertalot et al. (2011)
E. naegelii Migulla (Figures 46-47)	L:61.1-106.6; W:2.5-2.9; S:16-20			1ab, 3c	3a	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991a)
E. neocompacta Mayama (Figure 51)	L:18.4; W:2.7; S:20				6a	Lange-Bertalot et al. (2011)
E. paratridentula Lange-Bertalot & Kulikovskiy (Figure 61)	L:13.6-15.4; W:3-3.3; S:22			2abc		Kulikovskiy et al. (2010)
E. pseudosudetica Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez (Figure 63-64)	L:29.1-59.9; W:4.1-5.2; S:12			1abc, 2abc, 3b, 4ab, 5abc, 6abc	1abc, 2abc,3abc,4abc, 5b, 6abc	Metzeltin et al. (2005)
E. pyramidata Hustedt var. pyramidata (Figure 60)	L:19.5-33.4; W:5.9-8.8; S:13-15				5b	Frenguelli (1941)
E. rabenhorstii var. monodon Cleve & Grunow (Figure 62)	L:17.6; W:6.5; S:13			1a		Patrick & Reimer (1966)
E. yanomami Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figures 65-67)	L: -89 -152.7; W: 17.2-18.7; S:10-13			6b,c		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
Cymbellaceae
Cymbella aspera (Ehrenberg) Cleve (Figure 91)	L:108.4-158.3; W:20.6-25.2; S:9-10; A:10-11			2c, 5bc, 6ac	5a		Patrick & Reimer (1975), Krammer (2002)
Cymbopleura naviculiformis var. naviculiformis (Auerswald) Krammer (Figure 71)	L:27.5-31.9; W:7.1-7.9; S:14			2bc, 4c, 5bc, 6abc	5b,6c		Krammer (2003)
Encyonema incurvatum Krammer (Figures 68-70)	L:27.2-32.2; W:7.5-8.1; S:10-11			1a, 2abc, 3a, 4abc, 6ab	5b, 6c		Krammer (1997a)
E. neogracile Krammer (Figure 80)	L:26.4-47.4; W:5.5-7.6; S:12-14			1abc, 2abc, 3bc, 4bc, 5abc, 6abc	1c, 2abc, 3b, 4c, 5b, 6c		Krammer (1997a)
E. silesiacum (Bleisch) Mann (Figures 75-77)	L:20.5-24.7; W:6.5-8.1; S:10-13			2a, 6b	2b		Krammer (1997a)
E. vulgare var. vulgare Krammer (Figure 78)	L:31.4; W:8.6; S:10			4c			Krammer (1997a)
Encyonopsis frequentiformis Metzeltin & Krammer (Figure 79)	L:38.4-39.7; W:9.3-9.5; S:15-16				3a, 3b,4b,5b		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
E. microcephala (Grunow) Krammer (Figures 95-96)	L:17.6-23.1; W:4.0; S:23-24			2abc, 3ab, 4c, 5bc, 6abc	3a, 5b		Krammer (1997b)
Geissleria lateropunctata (Wallace) Potapova & Winter (Figure 89)	L:20.5-21.8; W: 7.1-7.7; S: 18-19			2a, 4c, 5b, 6c.	6b	Kulikovskiy et al. (2014)
G. punctifera (Hustedt) Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez (Figure 88)	L:20.8-25.5; W:6.3-6.6; S:17			2b, 6a		Kulikovskiy et al. (2014), Torgan & Oliveira (2001)
Placoneis elginensis (Gregory) Cox (Figures 81-82)	L:30.2-34.8; W:9.9-10.1; S:13			4a			Hustedt (1961-1966), Hofmann et al. (2013)
Placoneis symmetrica (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot (Figure 83)	L:31.8; W:9.6; S:12			4b			Cox (2003), Hofmann et al. (2013)
Gomphonemataceae
Gomphonema guaraniarum Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figures 84-87)	L:68.6-54.7; W:11.1-11.5; S:10-11			1abc, 2ab, 3ac, 4bc, 5bc, 6abc	1ab, 2ab, 3ac, 4bc, 5bc		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007)
G. hawaiiensis Reichardt (Figure 103)	L:35.2; W:7.3; S:16.			6b			Reichardt (2005)
G. lagenula Kützing (Figure 104)	L:15.6-21.1; W:5.4-6.1; S:16			1abc, 2abc, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6ab	1a,c, 3ab, 6c		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b)
G. graciloides Hustedt (Figures 97-101, 214-216)	L:25.4-47.9; W:7.8-8.5; S:11-14			1c			Reichardt (2015)
G. naviculoides W. Smith (Figures 116-117, 213)	L:29.1-56.3; W:6.6-9.3; S:14-16			1abc, 2ab, 3ac, 4bc, 5bc, 6abc	2b, 3a, 4c, 5b,6bc		Reichardt (2015)
G. parvulum (Kützing) Van Heurck var. parvulum (Figure 121-122)	L:13.9-17.6; W:3.9-4.4; S:15			1bc, 2a, 3a, 5a	1bc,3a, 6c		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b)
G. parvulum f. saprophilum Lange-Bertalot & Reichardt (Figure 120)	L:11.8-16.4; W:4.6-6.4; S:17			1abc, 2ab, 3ac, 4bc, 5bc, 6a	1abc, 3ac, 5bc, 6a		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b)
G. parvulum var. subcapitata Grunow (Figure 90)	L:12.7-26.1; W:3.7-4.8; S:12-15			1abc, 2ab	1abc		Van Heurck (1880), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
G. pseudoaugur Lange-Bertalot (Figures 92-94)	L:27.5-31.8; W:7.2-8.3; S:15			3a	6c		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
G. subtile Ehrenberg (Figure 102)	L:48.2; W:7.83; S:9			4b			Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986) Patrick & Reimer (1975)
Gomphonema sp. (Figures 118-119)	L:23.6-33.2; W:3.8-4.1; S:14			1abc, 2c
Achnanthidiaceae
Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 105-107)	L:17.4-24.8; W:2.5-2.7			1abc, 2abc, 3abc, 4ac, 5abc, 6abc	1abc, 2b,3ab, 4bc,5b, 6ab	Wojtal et al. (2011)
A. catenatum (Bily & Marvan) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 110-112)	L: 13.6-18.7; W:2.9			1abc, 2ab, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	1b, 2b, 3a, 5b, 6c	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b)
A. eutrophilum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 125-126)	L:8.3-10.7; W:3-3.1			1ab, 2bc, 3ab, 4ac, 5bc, 6a	1abc, 5a	Hlúbiková et al. (2011)
A. exiguum (Grunow) Czarnecki (Figures 123-124)	L:10.6-13.8; W:4.4-4.9			4c		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b)
A. macrocephalum (Hustedt) Round & Bukhtiyarova (Figures 114-115, 219)	L:9.1-11.6; W:2.6-2.7			1ab, 2abc, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	1abc, 2b, 3bc, 5b, 6bc	Ponader & Potapova (2007), Taylor et al. (2007)
A. minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki (Figure 113)	L:7.9-16.4; W:2.5-3.1			1abc, 2abc, 3abc, 4abc, 5abc, 6bc	1abc, 2b, 3abc, 4abc, 5ab, 6abc	Potapova (2009), Siver & Hamilton (2011)
Lemnicola hungarica (Grunow) Round & Basson (Figure 129)	L:23.1; W:7.1; S:20				1b	Round & Basson (1997)
Planothidium biporomum (Hohn et Hellerman) Lange-Bertalot (Figure 130)	L:21.7; W:6.8; S:13			2b		Wetzel et al. (2013b)
P. heteromorphum (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 131-132)	L:34.5; W:13.1; S:10			4b		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
P. rostratum (Oestrup) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 108-109)	L:12.6; W:5; S:14			3a		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b), Levkov et al. (2007)
Diadesmidaceae
Humidophila contenta (Grunow) Lowe et al. (Figure 128)	L:7.5; W:2.2			1a, 2a, 2b		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007), Lowe et al. (2014)
H. implicata (Moser, Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin) Lowe et al. (Figure 127)	L:10.4; W:2.9			5a		Lowe et al. (2014)
Amphipleuraceae
Frustulia acidophilissima Wydrzycka & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 156)	L:31.8; W:10.8			2a, 4b	6a	Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007)
F. crassinervia (Brébisson) Costa (Figures 133-134)	L:32.7-34.2; W:7.9-8.8			1ab, 2abc; 6ab	5b	Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
F. guayanensis Metzeltin & Lange Bertalot (Figure 137)	L:34.5-34.4; W:7.8-7.6			2a, 6c		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
F. quadrisinuata Lange-Bertalot (Figure 157)	L:58.9; W:14.5			6b		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
F. undosa Metzeltin & Lange-Beratlot (Figures 135-136)	L:32.7-39.1;W:8.4-9.2			2abc, 6b		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998) Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007)
Brachysiraceae
Brachysira brebissonii Ross (Figure 140)	L:16.9-24.3;W:4.5-6.9			1abc, 2ac	2b	Lange-Bertalot & Moser (1994)
B. neoexilis Lange-Bertalot (Figure 141)	L:26.3-13.9; W:5.4-4.3			1abc, 2abc, 3bc, 4abc, 5abc, 6abc	1ab, 2abc,3abc, 4c, 5ab, 6ab	Lange-Bertalot & Moser (1994)
Neidiaceae
Neidium affine (Ehrenberg) Pfitzer (Figure 139)	L: 43.3; W: 10.7; S:24			6a		Patrick & Reimer (1966), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
N. iridis (Ehrenberg) Cleve (Figure 138)	L:76.6; W:30.3; S:17; A:9			6a		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
Sellaphoraceae
Sellaphora nigri (De Notaris) Wetzel & Ector (Figures 151-152)	L:8.7; W:3.6			4c		Wetzel et al. (2015)
S. pupula (Kützing) Mereschkowsky (Figures 146-147)	L:21.8-25.7; W:6.6-7.4; S:21-25			4b		Mann et al. (2004)
S. sardiniensis Lange-Bertalot, Cavacini, Tagliaventi & Alfinito (Figures 149-150, 218)	L:9.2-12.8; W:4.2-4.5; S:24			4b		Lange-Bertalot et al. (2003)
S. sassiana (Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot) Wetzel (Figures 144-145, 217)	L:15; W:4.4; S:24			5ac, 6c		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
S. saugerresii (Desm.) Wetzel & Mann (Figures 142-143)	L:5.4-18.8; W:3.3-5; S:17-22			2abc, 3ab, 4bc, 5ab, 6abc	3ab, 4a, 6bc	Wetzel et al. (2015)
S. ventraloconfusa (Lange-Bertalot) Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 153)	L:15.5-23.3; W:4.6-5.8; S:22			1ab, 2c, 4a		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
Sellaphora sp. (Figure 148)	L:15.9; W:5.6; S:23				2a
Pinnulariaceae
Chamaepinnularia brasilianopsis Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figures 171-172)	L:15; W:3.9; S:23			4b		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
Chamaepinnularia mediocris (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 154-155)	L:11.0; W:3.8; S:21			2ac		Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (1996)
Pinnularia acrosphaeria (Brébisson) Smith (Figure 158)	L:79.24; W:13.54; S:10			1a		Krammer (2000)
P. brauniana (Gunow) Mills (Figure 160)	L: 49.75; W: 9.6; S:11			1a		Krammer (1992)
P. butantanum (Krasske) Meltzeltin (Figure 166)	L:87.8; W:12.7; S:15			1a		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
P. divergentissima var. minor Krammer (Figure 168)	L:23.7-27.7; W:4.8-5.1; S:15			6b		Krammer (2000)
P. gibba Ehrenberg (Figures 164-165)	L:57.5-74.2; W:10.7-11.7; S:9			1a		Krammer (2000)
P. latarea Krammer (Figure 159)	L:61.7; W:10.1; S:10			1a		Krammer (2000)
P. latevittata Cleve (Figure 162)	L:216.1; W:33.7; S:5			2a		Reichardt (1995)
P. similiformis Krammer (Figure 167)	L:38.9; W:5; S:13				6b	Krammer (2000)
P. subbrevistriata Krammer (Figure 170)	L:48.4; W:9.2; S: 11				6b	Krammer (2000)
P. subcapitata Gregory (Figure 169)	L:28.9; W:4.8; S:14			4b		Krammer (2000)
P. subgibba var. undulata Krammer (Figure 163)	L:84.2; W:8.8: S:12			1a		Krammer (1992)
P. stoermeri Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (Figure 161)	L:157.6; W:26.6; S:8			4a		Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (2007)
Naviculaceae
Capartogramma crucicula (Grunow) Ross (Figure 173)	L:32.5; W:9.7; S:23			4b		Patrick & Reimer (1966)
Hippodonta capitata ssp. iberoamericana Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez (Figure 174)	L:20.6; W:4.9; S:10			2b		Metzeltin et al. (2005)
Mayamaea permitis (Hustedt) Bruder & Medlin (Figure 187)	L:9.2; W:3.1			4c	3a	Lange-Bertalot et al. (2003)
Navicula angusta Grunow (Figures 175-176)	L:40.5-45.0; W:6.1-6.4; S:12			2bc, 3a, 4bc, 6abc	3a, 4b, 5ab, 6ab	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
N. cryptotenella Lange-Bertalot (Figure 179)	L:23.5-26.2; W:5.3-5.3; S:16			1ab, 2bc, 4c, 5abc, 6ac	5b, 6bc	Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (1996)
N. notha Wallace (Figure 178)	L:23.7-26.6; W:4.4-4.7; S:16			3c, 5bc		Rumrich et al. (2000)
N. tridentula Krasske (Figures 181-182)	L:17.5; W:3.7			5b		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
N. veneta Kützing (Figure 180)	L:18.8; W:5.4; S:17			2b		Rumrich et al. (2000)
N. viridulacalcis Lange-Bertalot & Rumrich (Figure 177)	L:44.2-75.6; W:10.5-11.3; S:9			4abc, 5b, 6c	3a, 5a	Rumrich et al. (2000)
N. ventraloconfusa var. chilensis (Krasske) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 188-189)	L:15.9-19.2; W:5.2-5.4; S:21			4a, 5b		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986), Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin (1996)
Nupela torganie Tremarin & Ludwig (Figures 183- 184)	L:10.9-13.7; W: 4.1-5			1ab, 2ab, 3ab, 4ab, 5b, 6c	6c	Tremarin et al. (2015)
Stauroneidaceae
Craticula riparia (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 192-193)	L:37.6-38.4; W:7.2-8.1; S:22			2ab, 3a, 4b		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
C. submolesta (Hustedt) Lange-Bertalot (Figures 185-186)	L:17.0; W:3.8; S:23			4a, 6abc	6c	Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
Stauroneis anceps Ehrenberg (Figure 200)	L:56.5-59.2; W:9.9-10.7; S:20			5c		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1986)
S. gracilis Ehrenberg (Figure 201)	L:88.7; W:15.9; S:19			1b		Reichardt (1995)
Bacillariaceae
Nitzschia clausii Hantzsch (Figure 203)	L:28.2-41.2; W:4.9-5.3; F:13			3a		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
N. gracilis Hantzsch (Figures 196-197)	L:43.1-62.9; W:2.6-3.6; F:14			1bc		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
N. intermedia Hantzsch ex Cleve & Grunow (Figures 198-199)	L:42.7-64.7; W:4-4.3; F:11-12			1b, 2b, 3a, 5c, 6c		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
N. palea (Kützing) W. Smith var. palea (Figures 194-195)	L: 16.1-41.0; W: 2.4-4.7; F: 9-14			1bc, 2abc, 3ab, 4abc, 5bc, 6abc	1b, 3b, 5b, 6c	Rumrich et al. (2000) Levkov et al. (2007)
N. perminuta (Grunow) Peragallo (Figures 190-191)	L:11.2-22.1; W:2.4-2.8; F:10-13			3ab, 4b, 5bc, 6b		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988), Levkov et al. (2007)
N. vermicularis (Kützing) Hantzsch (Figure 202)	L:106.3; W:4.9; F:10			4b		Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988), Rumrich et al. (2000)
Rhopalodiaceae
Rhopalodia gibberula (Ehrenberg) O. Muller (Figure 210)	L:36.1; W:8.6; S:19; A:9	6b				Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
Surirellaceae
Stenopterobia curvula (W. Smith) Krammer (Figure 206)	L:127.7-156.4; W:5.2; AC:7		1b			Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
S. delicatissima (Lewis) Brébissoni (Figure 207)	L:60.4-75.6; W:5.3-6.0; AC:7		4b, 6b		6c	Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
Surirella angusta Kutzing (Figure 204)	L:26.1; W:6.8; AC:7		1a			Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
S. biseriata var. constricta Hustedt (Figure 212)	L:190.4; W:17.6; AC:2		1a			Huber-Pestalozii (1942)
S. lineares var. helvetica (Ehrenberg) Kützing (Figure 208)	L:49.9; W:14.5; AC:3		4b			Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot (1998)
S. splendida (Ehrenberg) Kutzing (Figure 211)	L: 113; W: 40.3: AC:2		1a			Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
S. tenuissima Hustedt (Figure 205)	L:25.3; W:8.5; AC:4		1a			Simonsen (1987), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1988)
Surirella sp. (Figure 209)	L:57.2; W:9.5; AC:4		6c

[TFN1] ^*
DO: dissolved oxygen; COD: Chemical oxygen demand; TN: Total Nitrogen dissolved; TP: Total phosphorus dissolved; TDS: Total dissolved solids; IQA: Index Water Quality; SD: standard deviation.

[2] SANEPAR (2013), unpublished data

Epiphytic diatoms (Diatomeae) from Piraquara II urban reservoir, Paraná state

Diatomáceas epifíticas (Diatomeae) no reservatório urbano Piraquara II, estado do Paraná