Abstract
We conducted a taxonomical study of epiphytic diatoms on the macrophytes Polygonum hydropiperoides, Ludwigia peruviana and Alternanthera philoxeroides collected in the mesotrophic reservoir Piraquara II flooded in 2009, located in the state of Paraná. A total of 135 infrageneric taxa were identified, among them five at generic level and other five are first records to the state. We provided illustration, valve metrics, meristics limits and taxonomic reference for each taxon. Also, life forms and species frequency are given. The most frequent diatoms totalized 15.3% of total identified taxa and sporadic species represented 54.7%. Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki and Brachysira neoexilis Lange-Bertalot occurred in more than 90% of analyzed samples. Among the very frequent diatoms we found other species included in Achnantidium, Fragilaria and Eunotia. The solitary Discotella stelligera (Cleve & Grunow) Houk & Klee and the short chain Aulacoseira tenella (Nygaard) Simonsen are free living species that entangle among diatoms from the biofilm.
Keywords
Bacillariophyta; freshwater; macrophytes; mesotrophic; periphyton; taxonomy
Resumo
Realizamos um estudo taxonômico das diatomáceas epifíticas nas macrófitas: Polygonum hydropiperoides, Ludwigia peruviana e Alternanthera philoxeroides, coletadas no reservatório Piraquara II, uma represa urbana mesotrófica inundada em 2009, localizado no estado do Paraná. Um total de 135 táxons infragenéricos foi determinado, entre os quais cinco foram citações pioneiras para o Estado. Ilustrações, limites métricos, merísticos e referências taxonômicas para cada táxon foram providenciadas. Também, dados sobre formas de vida e frequência das espécies foram adicionados. As diatomáceas mais frequentes totalizaram 15,3% dos táxons determinados e as espécies esporádicas representaram 54%. Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki and Brachysira neoexilis Lange-Bertalot ocorreram em mais de 90% das amostras analisadas. Dentre as diatomáceas muito frequentes encontram-se outras espécies de Achnanthidium, Fragilaria e Eunotia. Discostella stelligera (Cleve & Grunow) Houk & Klee, uma diatomácea solitária, e Aulacoseira tenella (Nygaard) Simonsen, com cadeias curtas, são espécies livres que se emaranham entre as diatomáceas do biofilme.
Palavras-chave
Bacillariophyta; água doce; macrófitas; perifíton; taxonomia
Introduction
Stems of emergent macrophytes are suitable colonizable surfaces to epiphyton communities and are particularly able to transfer a small amount of nutrients to their epiphytes (Cattaneo & Kalff, 1979CATTANEO, A. & KALFF, J. 1979. Primary production of algae growing on natural and artificial aquatic plants: a study of interactions between epiphytes and their substrate. Limnol. and Oceanogr. 24: 1031-1037.). As periphytic diatoms are sensitive to eutrophication, it is important to record the species that occured at present for comparision to the future assemblies, helping to understand the relationship between the species and the trophic level of aquatic system. Informations about biodiversity represent a useful tool for ecological and applied studies, but an accurate taxonomy is fundamental. Identification to species level is time consuming and sometimes difficult, but useful and necessary to future ecological studies (Kociolek 2005KOCIOLEK, J.P. 2005. Taxonomy and ecology: further considerations. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 56(10): 99-106.) in this urban reservoir.
Cetto et al. (2004)CETTO, J.M., LEANDRINI, J.A., FELISBERTO, A.S. & RODRIGUES, L. 2004. Comunidades de algas perifíticas no reservatório de Iraí, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Acta Sci., Biol. Sci. 26(1): 1-7., Silva et al. (2010)SILVA, A.M., LUDWIG, T.A.V., TREMARIN, P.I. & VERCELLINO, I.S. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas em um sistema eutrófico brasileiro (Reservatório do Iraí, estado do Paraná). Acta Bot. Bras. 24(4): 997-1016., Bertolli et al. (2010)BERTOLLI, L., TREMARIN, P.I. & LUDWIG, T.A.V. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas em Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux, reservatório do Passaúna, Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 24: 1065-1081. and Faria et al. (2010)FARIA, D.M., TREMARIN, P.I. & LUDWIG, T.A.V. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas da represa Itaqui, são José dos Pinhais, Paraná: Fragilariales, Eunotiales, Achnanthales e Gomphonema Ehrenberg. Biota Neotrop. 10(3): 415-427. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n3/pt/fullpaper?bn04110032010+pt (retrieved on 29/07/2015)
http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v10n3/...
provided recent diatom inventories from eutrophic and mesotrophic urbans reservoirs: Iraí, Passaúna and Itaqui. Also, Faria et al. (2013)FARIA, D.M., GUIMARÃES, A.T.B. & LUDWIG, T.A.V. 2013. Responses of periphytic diatoms to mechanical removal of Pistia stratiotes L. in a hypereutrophic subtropical reservoir: dynamics and tolerance. Braz. J. Biol. 73(4): 681-689. selected tolerant diatom species from Itaqui reservoir. There are no related studies in the recently flooded Piraquara II urban reservoir. Bittencourt & Gobbi (2006)BITTENCOURT, S. & GOBBI, E.F. 2006. Carga máxima de fósforo admissível ao reservatório Piraquara II, uma aplicação do processo TMDL. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 30: 595-603. evaluated phosphorous total maximum daily load in the drainage area of Piraquara II reservoir before flooding. The study demonstrated the reservoir present high potencial to eutrophication due to the intense agricultural use of soil and shallow water. The urban reservoirs have been suffering severe anthropogenic nutrients inputs and consequently eutrophication is accelerated (Calisto et al., 2014CALISTO, M., MOLOZZI, J. & BARBOSA, J.L.E. 2014. Eutrophication of Lakes. In: Eutrophication causes, consequences and control (Ansari, A.A., Gill, S.S., eds.). Springer Netherlands. v. 2, p. 55-71.) and periphyton may respond by changes in abundance and taxonomic composition (Stoermer & Smol 2004STOERMER, E.F. & SMOL, J.P. 2004. The Diatoms: application for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge University Press (reimpr.). 469 p.).
We conducted a taxonomical study of epiphytic diatoms in Piraquara II reservoir. For each taxon, we provided illustration, valve metrics and meristics limits, occurence, and literature to species taxonomic determination. The taxa first registered to state of Paraná were also described and commented.
Materials and Methods
Piraquara II reservoir (25º30' S and 49º00' W) is located in a preservation area and was built in 2008 by the dam of Piraquara river, inserted in the Iguaçu watershed, Paraná state, south Brazil (Figure 1). This shallow reservoir with 75 days of water retention time is used for public supply (depth 3.7 m, area 5.64 km2, drainage area 58 km2), and is mesotrophic most part of the year (Table 1, SANEPAR, 2013, unpublished data) with Trophic State Index (TSI) around 54 from 55 TSI (SANEPAR, 2010-2014, unpublished data). The main economic activities in the vicinity are the livestock and corn culture (Bittencourt & Gobbi 2006BITTENCOURT, S. & GOBBI, E.F. 2006. Carga máxima de fósforo admissível ao reservatório Piraquara II, uma aplicação do processo TMDL. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 30: 595-603.).
Localization of sampling sites in Piraquara II reservoir. Piraquara municipality, Paraná state, Brazil (modified from Google Earth 2013)
Epiphytic diatoms were sampled in June and November 2013 from stems of the emergent macrophytes Polygnum hydropiperoides Michaux (Polygonaceae), Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara (Onagraceae) and the amphibious Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. (Amaranthaceae). The macrophytes were collected according to the local availability in six sampling sites (1-6) along the reservoir (Table 2, Figure 1), three stems (a,b,c) from each core were collected. Diatoms were scrapped off the substrates surfaces with an aluminium spatule, and the samples were cleaned with KMnO4 and HCl (Simonsen 1974SIMONSEN, R. 1974. The diatom plankton of Indian Ocean Expedition of R/V "Meteor", 1964-65 Meteror Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D-Biologie 19: 1-66. modified by Moreira-Filho & Valente-Moreira 1981MOREIRA-FILHO, H. & VALENTE-MOREIRA, I.M. 1981. Avaliação taxonômica e ecológica das diatomáceas (Bacillariophyceae) epífitas em algas pluricelulares obtidas nos litorais dos estados do Paraná, Santa Catarina e São Paulo. Bol. Mus. Bot. Mun., Curitiba 47: 1-17.). Light microcopy-slides were mounted with Naphrax® and analyzed under Olympus BX40 microscope. Illustrations were captured by DP71 digital equipment. Cleaned samples were prepared and analised at JEOL JSM 6360LV scanning electron microscope (Eletronic Microscopy Center - Federal University of Paraná). Valve terminology followed Barber & Haworth (1981)BARBER, H. & HAWORTH, E. 1981. A guide to the morphology of the diatom frustule. Freshw. Biol. Assoc. 44: 1-112. and Round et al. (1990)ROUND, F.E., CRAWFORD, R.M. & MANN, D.G. 1990. The diatoms: biology e morphology of the genera. Cambridge, University Press. 747 p.. Frequencies of occurrence were stablished based on Mateucci & Colma (1982)MATEUCCI, S.D. & COLMA, A. 1982. La metodología para estudo de la vegetación. Collecion de Monografías Científicas, n. 22, p.168.: species as high frequent (F ≥ 70%), frequent (40% ≤ F < 70%), low frequent (10% ≤ F < 40%) and sporadic (F < 10%).
Piraquara II reservoir informations. Collected species of macrophytes, sampling sites and sample register number at Universidade Federal do Paraná Herbarium (UPCB).
The examined slides and samples were housed at the herbarium of the Universidade Federal do Paraná (UPCB) (Table 2). First recorded taxa to the state of Paraná and those identified to the generic level were described and commented. Diatoms were identified to the lowest taxonomical level according to current taxonomic literature. The references used to identify each taxon even as metrics and meristics limits are listed on Table 3.
List of diatom taxa identified from Piraquara II reservoir. Morphometric & meristics limits, occurrence in samples & consulted literature. D: diameter (µm); L: length (µm); W: width (µm); SH: semi cell height (µm); S: striae in 10 µm; A: areolae in 10 µm; F: fibulae in 10 µm; AC: aliform chanells in 10 µm.
Results and Discussion
A total of 135 infrageneric diatoms taxa were identified (Table 3, Figures 2-222), representing eighteen families (Round et al. 1990ROUND, F.E., CRAWFORD, R.M. & MANN, D.G. 1990. The diatoms: biology e morphology of the genera. Cambridge, University Press. 747 p., Kulikovskiy et al., 2014KULIKOVSKIY, M., GUSEV, E., ANDREEVA, S. & ANNENKOVA, N. 2014. Phylogenetic position of the diatom genus Geissleria Lange-Bertalot &Metzeltin and description of two new species from Siberian mountain lakes. Phytotaxa 177: 249-260.). The species richness from Piraquara II reservoir was higher than the diatom floras found in the nearby urban reservoirs Iraí (96 taxa), Passaúna (106 taxa) and Itaqui (124 taxa) (Silva et al. 2010SILVA, A.M., LUDWIG, T.A.V., TREMARIN, P.I. & VERCELLINO, I.S. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas em um sistema eutrófico brasileiro (Reservatório do Iraí, estado do Paraná). Acta Bot. Bras. 24(4): 997-1016., Bertolli et al. 2010BERTOLLI, L., TREMARIN, P.I. & LUDWIG, T.A.V. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas em Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux, reservatório do Passaúna, Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Acta Bot. Bras. 24: 1065-1081., Faria 2010FARIA, D.M. 2010. Diatomáceas perifíticas de um reservatório eutrófico do rio Itaqui: aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos. Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Federal do Paraná.). In June, (127 taxa) it was found higher richness than in November (66 taxa).
The diatoms occuring highly frequent were (10 taxa): Achnanthidium caledonicum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, Achnanthidium macrocephalum (Hustedt) Round & Bukhtiyarova, Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, Aulacoseira tenella (Nygaard) Simonsen, Brackysira neoexilis Lange-Bertalot, Discostella stelligera (Cleve & Grunow) Houk & Klee, Eunotia pseudosudetica Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodríguez, Eunotia intermedia (Krasske) Nörpel-Schempp & Lange-Bertalot, Fragilaria recapitellata Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin and Fragilaria parva (Grunow) Tuji & Williams. Diatoms registered as frequent were (11 taxa): Achnanthidium catenatum (Bily & Marvan) Lange-Bertalot, Achnanthidium eutrophilum (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, Aulacoseira ambigua (Grunow) Simonsen f. ambigua, Aulacoseira granulata (Ehrenberg) Simonsen var. granulata, Eunotia bilunaris (Ehrenberg) Mills, Encyonema neogracile Krammer, Fragilaria tenera (W. Smith) Lange-Bertalot, Fragilaria microvaucheriae Wetzel & Ector, Gomphonema graciloides Hustedt, Gomphonema lagenula Kützing and Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith. Altogether the more frequent diatoms totalized 15.3% of 135 taxa identified and 54.7% were sporadic in the reservoir.
Achnanthidium minutissimum and Brachysira neoexilis were the most frequent taxa present in 90% of the samples. Among the very frequent diatoms we found other species included in Achnantidium, Fragilaria and Eunotia. The solitary Discotella stelligera and the short chain Aulacoseira tenella are free living species that entangled among diatoms from the biofilm.
Description and comments of specimens not identified and first registered to the state of Paraná are bellow.
Aulacoseiraceae
Aulacoseira sp.
Frustules solitary or in short chains. Valves circular, shallow ringleist; inconspicuous striae, areolae and spines.
Aulacoseira sp. resembles A. simoniae Tremarin, Torgan & Ludwig and A. tenella, differing by the conspicuous ornamentation of the latter species (Tremarin et al. 2014TREMARIN, P.I., LUDWIG, T.A.V., TORGAN, L.C. 2014. Four new Aulacoseira species (Coscinodiscophyceae) from Matogrossense Pantanal, Brazil. Diatom Res. 29(2): 183-199.). Specimens were rare in samples, making detailed analysis impracticable.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 2. Cyclotella meneguiniana. 3-4. Discostella stelligera. 5-7. Aulacoseira sp. 8-9. A. tenella. 10. A. ambigua var. ambigua f. spiralis. 11. A. brasiliensis. 12-14. A. herzogii var. herzogii. 15-16. A. ambigua var. ambigua f. ambigua. 17-18. A. granulata var. angustissima. 19. Fragilaria mesolepta. 20. Fragilariforma javanica. 21-24. Fragilaria pectinalis. 25. Aulacoseira granulata var. granulata. 26-28. Fragilaria gracilis. 29-30. F. microvaucheriae. 31-34. F. crotonensis. 35-37. F. tenera. 38. Ulnaria acus. 39. U. ulna. 40-43. Fragilaria parva. Scales: 10 µm.
Eunotiaceae
Eunotia cf. formicina Lange-Bertalot in Lange-Bertalot et al., Diatoms of Europe 6: 105; pl. 222, figs 1-7, pl. 223, 2011.
Valves with dorsal margin convex, ventral margin concave, ends rounded, not detached from the valve, striae parallel to radiate near the apices.
Eunotia formicina was recently proposed (Lange-Bertalot et al. 2011LANGE-BERTALOT, H., BAK, M., WITKOWSKI, A. & TAGLIAVENTI, N. 2011. Eunotia and some related genera. In Diatoms of Europe, Diatoms of the European Inland waters and comparable habitats (H. Lange-Bertalot, ed.). Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, v. 6, 747 p.) to nominate morphotypes of E. formica Ehrenberg distinguished by rounded ends, narrower valve (6-8 µm) and denser areolae (25-28 in 10 µm) in the striae (8-12 in 10 µm). Eunotia formica shows cuneate poles, wider valves (7-14 µm) and less denser striae (6-12 in 10 µm). Central delicate gibbosity at ventral margin of E. formicina was not observed in our specimens and the striae are originally less dense.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 44. Eunotia minor. 45. E. monodon. 46-47. E. naegelli. 48. E. bilunaris. 49-50. E. intermedia. 51. E. neocompacta. 52. Actinella leontopithecus-rosalia. 53. Eunotia cf. formicina. 54-55. E. camelus. 56-58. E. meridiana. 59. E. luna var. trapezica. 60. E. pyramidata var. pyramidata. 61. E. paratridentula. 62. E. rabenhorstii var. monodon. 63-64. E. pseudosudetica. 65-67. E. yanomami. 68-70. Encyonema incurvatum. 71. Cymbopleura naviculiformis.72. Eunotia desmogonioides. 73. D. ossiculum. 74. D. transfugum. Scales: 10 µm.
Gomphonemataceae
Gomphonema guaraniarum Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot in Lange-Bertalot, Iconogr. Diatomol. 18: 147, pl. 212, figs 9-14, 2007.
Valves rhombic-lanceolate, slightly heteropolar, ends acute, raphe-sternum linear and straight, central area unilaterally expanded with a stigma at the opposite side, striae distintly punctuate, parallel to radiate toward the ends.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 75-77. Encyonema silesiacum. 78. E. vulgare var. vulgare. 79. Encyonopsis frequentiformis. 80. Encyonema neogracile. 81-82. Placoneis elginensis. 83. P. symmetrica. 84-87. Gomphonema guaraniarum. 88. Geissleria punctifera. 89. G.lateropunctata. 90. Gomphonema parvulum var. subcapitata. 91. Cymbella aspera. 92-94. Gomphonema pseudoargur. 95-96. Encyonopsis microcephala. Scales: 10 µm.
Gomphonema sp.
Valves narrowly lanceolate, heteropolar, ends acute, raphe-sternum linear and straight, central area with a stigma at the end of a stria, striae radiate, areolae inconspicuous.
Gomphonema sp. is similar to G. geisslerae Reichardt & Lange-Bertalot in outline (lenght 18-27.5 µm, width 2.6-3.8 µm), but is wider (Reichardt 1997REICHARDT, E. 1997. Taxonomische Revision dês Artenkomplexes um Gomphonema pumilum (Bacillariophyceae). Nova Hewigia 65: 114-115.).
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 97-101. Gomphonema graciloides. 102. G. subtile. 103. G. hawaiiensis. 104. G. lagenula. 105-107. Achnanthidium caledonicum. 108-109. Planothidium rostratum. 110-112. Achnanthidium catenatum. 113. A. minutissimum. 114-115 A. macrocephalum. 116-117. Gomphonema naviculoides. 118-119. Gomphonema sp. 120. G. parvulum f. saprophilum. 121-122. G. parvulum var. parvulum 123-124 Achnanthidium exiguum. 125-126 Achnanthidium eutrophilum. 127. Humidophila implicata. 128. Humidophila contenta. 129. Lemnicola hungarica. 130. Planothidium biporomum. 131-132. P. heteromorphum. 133-134. Frustulia crassinervia. Scales: 10 µm.
Achnanthidiaceae
Achnanthidium macrocephalum (Hustedt) Round & Bukhtiyarova, Diatom Res. 11: 349, 1996.
Valves lanceolate, ends capitate, sternum narrow and linear, central area round, slightly expanded, raphe straight, striae inconspicuous.
The measurements of analysed specimens agree with the limits given by Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991b)KRAMMER, K. & LANGE-BERTALOT, H. 1991b. Bacillariophyceae: Achnanthaceae. Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema. In Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa (H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, D. Mollenhauer, eds). Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. v. 2, pars 4, 437 p. of species Achnanthes minutissima var. macrocephala Hustedt (lenght 6-14 µm, width 2.5-3 µm). Achnanthidium reimeri (Camburn) Ponader & Potapova present similar outline, but the valve is wider (9.4-13.5 µm long, 2.9-3.2 µm wide) and the apices are more rounded. Also, A. latecephalum Kobayasi has similar outline, but the capitate ends and parallel striae distinguish the species from A. macrocephalum (Ponader & Potapova 2007PONADER, K.C. & POTAPOVA, M.G. 2007. Diatoms from the genus Achnanthidium in flowing waters of the Appalachian Mountains (North America): ecology, distribution and taxonomic notes. Limnologica 37: 227-241.).
Amphipleuraceae
Frustulia quadrisinuata Lange-Bertalot in Lange-Bertalot & Metzeltin, Iconogr. Diatomol. 2: 59-60, pl. 38, figs 10-12, pl. 119, figs 1-1, 1996.
Valves lanceolate with margins slightly triondulate, ends rostrate, raphe-sternum narrow and linear, with longitudinal costa constricted at the central area, raphe straight, striae inconspicuous.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 135-136. Frustulia undosa. 137. F. guayanensis. 138. Neidium iridis. 139. N. affine. 140. B. brebissoni. 141. Brackysira neoexilis. 142-143 Sellaphora saugerresii. 144-145. S. sassiana. 146-147. S. pupula. 148. Sellaphora sp. 149-150. S. sardiniensis. 151-152. S. nigri. 153. S. ventraloconfusa. 154-155. Chamaepinnularia mediocris. 156. Frustulia acidophilissima. 157. F. quadrisinuata. 158. Pinnularia acrosphaeria. 159. P. latarea. 160. P. brauniana. 161. P. stoermeri. Scales: 10 µm.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 162. Pinnularia latevitatta. 163. P. subgibba var. undulata. 164-165. P. gibba. 166. P. butantanum. 167. P. similiformis. 168. P. divergentissima var. minor. 169. P. subcapitata. 170. P. subbrevistriatta. 171-172 Chamaepinnularia brasilianopsis. 173. Capartogramma crucicola. 174. Hippodonta capitatta ssp. iberoamericana. Scales: 10 µm.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 175-176. Navicula angusta. 177. N. viridulacalcis. 178. N. notha. 179. N. cryptotenella. 180. N. veneta. 181-182. N. tridentula. 183-184. Nupela torganiae. 185-186. Craticula submolesta. 187. Mayamaea permitis. 188-189. Naviculadicta ventraloconfusa var. chilensis. 190-191. Nitzschia perminuta. 192-193. Craticula riparia. 194-195. Nitzschia palea. 196-197. N. gracilis. 198-199. N. intermedia. 200. Stauroneis anceps. 201. S. gracilis. Scales: 10 µm.
Sellaphoraceae
Sellaphora sardiniensis Lange-Bertalot, Cavacini, Tagliaventi & Alfinito in Lange-Bertalot, Iconogr. Diatomol. 12: 122; pl. 19, fig. 1-9, pl. 20, fig. 1-5, 2003.
Valves elliptic, ends subcapitate, raphe-sternum narrow and linear, central area elliptic, limited by irregular shortening striae, raphe straight, striae radiate.
Sellaphora sardiniensis resembles S. subpupula Levkov & Nakov, but the latter taxon have central area laterally expanded and denser striae (27-30 in 10 µm) (Lange-Bertalot et al. 2003LANGE-BERTALOT, H., CAVACINI, P., TAGLIAVENTI, N. & ALFINITO, S. 2003. Diatoms of Sardinia. In Iconogr. Diatomol., Annotated Diatom Monographs (H. Lange-Bertalot ed.). Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, v.12, 438 p.; Levkov et al. 2007LEVKOV, Z., KRSTIC, S., METZELTIN, D. & NAKOV, T. 2007. Diatoms of Lakes Prespa and Ohrid: about 500 taxa from ancient lake system. In Iconogr. Diatomol., Annotated Diatom Monographs (H. Lange-Bertalot, ed.). Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, v.16, 613 p.).
Sellaphora sp.
Valves linear-lanceolate, ends subcapitate, raphe-sternum narrow and linear, elliptic central area limited by irregular shortening striae; raphe straight with proximal ends curved to the same side, striae radiate.
Sellaphora sp. is similar to S. rhombicarea Metzeltin, Lange-Bertalot & García-Rodriguez in outline, but differs in the dimensions (lenght 24-50 µm, width 9.5-11 µm, 17-19 striae in 10 µm) (Metzeltin et al. 2005MELTZELTIN, D., LANGE-BERTALOT, H. & GARCÍA-RODRÍGUEZ, F. 2005. Diatoms of Uruguay compared with other taxa from South America and elsewhere. In Iconogr. Diatomol., Annotated Diatom Monographs (H. Lange-Bertalot ed.). Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, v.5, 736 p.). Sellaphora laevissima (Kützing) Mann is larger and striae less dense (lenght 6-9.3 µm and 15-19 striae in 10 µm) (Zimmerman et al. 2010ZIMMERMANN, C., POULIN, M. & PIENITZ, R. 2010. Diatoms of North American: The Pliocene-Pleistocene freshwater flora of Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic. In Iconogr. Diatomol., Annotated Diatom Monographs (H. Lange-Bertalot ed.). Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, v. 21, p.1-405.).
Surirellaceae
Surirella sp.
Valves isopolar, linear to lanceolate, slightly constricted in the middle, ends cuneate-rounded. Aliform chanells parallel, straight to slightly radiated near the ends, striae inconspicuous.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir. 202. Nitzschia vermicularis. 203. N. clausii. 204. Surirella angusta. 205. S. tenuissima. 206. Stenopterobia curvula. 207. S. delicatissima. 208. Surirella lineares var. helvetica. 209. Surirella sp. 210. Rophalodia gibberula. 211. Surirella splendida. 212. S. biseriata var. constricta. Scales: 10 µm.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir (SEM). 213. Internal view of Gomphonema naviculoides, scale: 5 µm. 214. Internal view of G. graciloides, scale: 5 µm. 215. Headpole of G. graciloides in internal view, scale: 1 µm. 216. Median region of G. graciloides showing the proximal raphe ends and the stigma opening in internal view, scale: 2 µm.
Diatoms from Piraquara II reservoir (SEM). 217. External view of Sellaphora sassiana showing the striation pattern, proximal and distal raphe ends, scale: 5 µm. 218. Sellaphora sardinensis in external view showing the shape of areolae, proximal and distal raphe ends, scale: 1 µm. 219. Raphe valve of Achnanthidium macrocephalum in external view, scale: 1 µm. 220-221. Fragilaria pectinalis in external view, scales: 5 µm. 222. Detail of apical pore field of Fragilaria pectinalis, scale: 1 µm.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) for the Masters and pos doctoral scholarships granted to RC Marra and PI Tremarin, respectively; to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the research productivity scholarship awarded to TAV Ludwig. Also, we thank Dr. Maurício Bergamini Scheer for the help with fieldwork and SANEPAR (Companhia de Saneamento do Paraná) for field logistic assistance. Financial support was provided from the Araucária Foundation (5929/2011).
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
2016
History
-
Received
26 Apr 2016 -
Reviewed
23 Sept 2016 -
Accepted
07 Oct 2016