Figure 1
Moenkhausia lepidura, lateral view of entire skeleton, MZUSP 8181, 64.1 mm SL. AF, Anal fin, CF, caudal fin, DF, dorsal fin, En, epineural, Ep, epipleural, PcF, pectoral fin, PvF, pelvic fin.
Figure 2
Moenkhausia lepidura, neurocranium, MZUSP 37458, 66 mm SL, A: dorsal view. B: lateral view. C: ventral view. Boc, basioccipital, Eb, epiphyseal bar, Epo, epioccipital, Exoc, exoccipital, Fr, frontal, LE, lateral ethmoid, Me, mesethmoid, Na, nasal, Osph, orbitosphenoid, Pa, parietal, Pro, prootic, Pto, pterotic, Psph, parasphenoid, Ptsph, pterosphenoid, Rsph, rhinosphenoid, Soc, supraoccipital, Sph, sphenotic, Trc, trabecula communis, Vo, vomer. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Figure 3
Moenkhausia lepidura, infraorbital and opercular series, branchial, hyopalatine and hyoid arches. A: infraorbital series, lateral view, left side, MZUSP 8181, 62.7 mm SL. B: hyopalatine arch and opercular series, lateral view, left side C: lateral view of hyoid arch, left side, MZUSP 6247, 61 mm SL. D: upper portion of branchial arch, right side, ventral view, MZUSP 109841, 60.2 mm SL. E: lower portion of branchial arch, dorsal view, MZUSP 6247, 61 mm SL. ACh, anterior ceratohyal, AECb4, accessory element of ceratobranchial 4, An, antorbital, Bb1-4, basibranchial 1-4, Bh, basihyal, Bhc, basihyal cartilage, BR, branchiostegal rays, Cb1-5, ceratobranchial 1-5, DHh, dorsal hypohyal, Eb1-4, epibranchial 1-4, Ecpt, ectopterygoid, Enpt, endopterygoid, Hb1-3, hypobranchial 1-3, Hy, hyomandibular, Ih, interhyal, Io1-6, infraorbital 1-6, Iop, interopercle, Mpt, metapterygoid, Op, opercle, Pal, palatine, Pb1-4, pharyngobranchial, PCh, posterior ceratohyal, Pop, preopercle, Q, quadrate, Sop, subopercle, Sy, symplectic, TPPb4, tooth plate of pharyngobranchial 4, Uh, urohyal, VHh, ventral hypohyal.
Figure 4
Moenkhausia lepidura, Weberian ossicles. A: Left lateral view, MZUSP 37458, 40 mm SL. White arrow indicates the transverse process of neural arch pedicle of third vertebra. B: Ventral view, MZUSP 37458, 66 mm SL; Boc, basioccipital, Cl, claustrum, Exoc, exoccipital, In, intercalarium, LpC2, lateral process of centrum 2, NA3-4, neural arch 3-4, NC, neural complex, NS4, neural spine 4, OsSo, os suspensorium outer arm, OsSi, os suspensorium inner arm, Sc, scaphium, T, tripus, V5, vertebrae 5.
Figure 5
Moenkhausia lepidura, supraneurals, dorsal and anal fins. A: supraneurals, MZUSP 37458, 66 mm SL. B: dorsal fin and C: anal fin, MZUSP 8181, 62.7 mm SL. ABS, anal-fin bony stay, DR, distal radial of pterygiophore, DBS, dorsal-fin bony stay, MR, middle radial, P-MR, proximal middle radial, PR, proximal radial, Sn, supraneural.
Figure 6
Moenkhausia lepidura, pectoral and pelvic fins. A: pectoral girdle, medial view and B: pectoral girdle, lateral view, MZUSP 37458, 66 mm SL. C: pelvic girdle, ventral view, MZUSP 8181, 62.7 mm SL. Bpt, basipterygium, Cl, cleithrum, Co, coracoid, Exs, extrascapular, IsP, ischiatic process, Mco, mesocoracoid, Pcl1-3, postcleithrum 1-3, Pt, posttemporal, Sucl, supracleithrum, Sc, scapula.
Figure 7
Caudal fin of Moenkhausia lepidura, MZUSP 8181, 64.1 mm SL. CIHPU3-4, inter-haemal spine cartilage of preural centrum 3 and 4, E1-2, epural 1 and 2, H1-6, hypural 1-6, HS, haemal spines, NS, neural spines, Opc, opisthural cartilage, Ph, parhypural, PU2-3, preural centrum 2 and 3, U, compound ural centrum, Un2, uroneural 2.
Figure 8
Lateral view, left side of proximal portion of third rib of A:
Moenkhausia pirauba, MZUSP 73467, 40.8 mm SL. B:
Hemigrammus ulreyi, MZUSP 59538, 29.3 mm SL. C:
Moenkhausia lepidura, MZUSP 37458, 66 mm SL. D:
Parecbasis cyclolepis, MZUSP 25942, 41.7 mm SL. Arrow indicates the distinct conditions found in bony rib lamella of characids. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 9
Gill rakers of Moenkhausia lepidura showing distinct basal expansions full of spines, MZUSP 109841, 60.2 mm SL. A: epibranchial and pharingobranchial of first branchial arch, right side, ventral view. B: close up of the gill rakers of epibranchial 1 showing the presence of a basal expansion full of small spines. Eb1, epibranchial 1, Pb1, pharingobranchial 1.
