Cognitive level and developmental coordination disorder: study with schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years old

Barbacena, Marcella Manfrin; Van Petten, Adriana Maria Valladão Novais; Ferreira, Déborah Lima; Magalhães, Lívia de Castro

doi:10.4322/2526-8910.ctoAO1839

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Original Article • Cad. Bras. Ter. Ocup. 27 (3) • Jul-Sep 2019 • https://doi.org/10.4322/2526-8910.ctoAO1839 copy

Cognitive level and developmental coordination disorder: study with schoolchildren aged 7 to 10 years old

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Introduction

Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have difficulties learning motor tasks, which suggests cognitive alteration, but evidence about the relationship between motor performance and cognitive level are still inconclusive.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between the cognitive level and motor performance of children 7 to 10 years old with and without DCD.

Method

We evaluated 402 children from public schools with the motor coordination test, Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd ed. (MABC-2) and the cognitive test, Raven's Progressive Matrices (Raven). Parents completed the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-Brazil), the Brazil Criterion for Economic Classification and a child's health history. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and association, comparison and correlation tests.

Results

Of the 402 children evaluated, 35 (8,7%) were identified with DCD. No difference was found in cognitive percentiles among children with and without DCD (p = 0,223), but there was a significant association between motor performance and cognitive level in the DCD group (p = 0,023), with a trend towards higher cognitive percentiles in the non-DCD group. There was a significant association (p = 0,009) between the global percentile in MABC-2 and Raven in the total sample. In groups with DCD, there was a significant negative correlation only between MABC-2 and age.

Conclusion

There was a greater association between motor and cognitive tests’ scores than between DCD and cognitive level. The results reinforce the heterogeneous profile of children with DCD in both motor and cognitive domain.

Keywords:
Developmental Coordination Disorder; Cognition; Child

Variables\Motor Disorder		No-DCD		DCD		p
		n	%	n	%	p
Sex	Male	151	86.3	24	13.7	0.002 ¹ 1 Chi-Square Test.
Sex	Female	216	95.2	11	4.8	0.002 ¹ 1 Chi-Square Test.
Economic Classification	A/B1/B2	57	93.4	4	6.6	0.670¹
	C1	111	92.5	9	7.5
	C2	133	91.1	13	8.9
	D-E	66	88.0	9	12.0
Education level of the head of the family	Incomplete Elementary school	21	81	5	19	0.060¹
	Complete Elementary school	82	90	9	10
	Complete Middle school	89	88	12	12
	Complete High school/Incomplete Higher Education.	158	95	9	5
	Complete Higher Education	17	100	0	0
Prematurity	No	309	91,69	28	8.30	1,000¹
Prematurity	Yes	50	89,28	6	10.71	1,000¹
Age in months (Mean; SD)		110.82	13.37	109.97	11.62	0.552² 2 Mann-Whitney test.
Weight at birth (Mean; SD)		3.20	0.61	3.16	0.64	0.400²

Variables		Raven
		Superior		Above the average		Average		p ¹ 1 Chi-Square Test.
		n	%	n	%	n	%	p ¹ 1 Chi-Square Test.
DCD (15%)	No	88	24.0	162	44.1	117	31.9	0.041
	Yes	10	28.6	8	22.9	17	48.6	0.041
General MABC-2 (15%)	Normal	63	24.3	121	46.7	75	29.0	0.023
	Deficit	35	24.5	49	34.3	59	41.3	0.023
Manual Dexterity	Normal	82	24.9	145	44.1	102	31.0	0.103
	Deficit	16	21.9	25	34.2	32	43.8	0.103
Ball Skills	Normal	60	22.8	117	44.5	86	32.7	0.422
	Deficit	38	27.3	53	38.1	48	34.5	0.422
Balance	Normal	57	23.8	112	46.7	71	29.6	0.070
	Deficit	41	25.3	58	35.8	63	38.9	0.070
Severe DCD (5%)	No	91	24.1	164	43.5	122	32.4	0.137
	Yes	7	28.0	6	24.0	12	48.0	0.137
General MABC-2 (5%)	Normal	81	25.4	141	44.2	97	30.4	0.051
	Deficit	17	20.5	29	34.9	37	44.6	0.051
Manual Dexterity	Normal	91	24.9	159	43.6	115	31.5	0.050
	Deficit	7	18.9	11	29.7	19	51.4	0.050
Ball Skills	Normal	77	24.3	139	43.8	101	31.9	0.398
	Deficit	21	24.7	31	36.5	33	38.8	0.398
Balance	Normal	75	24.5	137	44.8	94	30.7	0.105
	Deficit	23	24.0	33	34.4	40	41.7	0.105

Percentile MABC		n	Mean	SD	Median	p ¹ 1 Kruskal-Wallis test.
General	≤5	83	68.72	2.54	75.00	0.009
	(6-15)	60	76.08	2.57	80.00
	> 15	259	78.02	1.11	80.00
Manual Dexterity	≤5	37	64.38	4.18	75.00	0.021
	(6-15)	36	75.75	3.30	80.00
	> 15	329	77.11	1.03	80.00
Ball Skills	≤5	85	73.88	2.35	80.00	0.653
	(6-15)	54	76.89	2.87	80.00
	> 15	263	76.22	1.16	80.00
Static and Dynamic balance	≤5	96	71.06	2.33	75.00	0.114
	(6-15)	66	75.59	2.47	80.00
	> 15	240	77.78	1.16	80.00

Group and Variable	Raven	MABC-2 Percentile	DCDQ-Brazil	Age (months)	Parents education	Economic classification
Non-DCD Group
MABC-2 Percentile	0.137 ^ p<0.01.
DCDQ-Parents	0.028	0.144**
Age/months	-0.015	0.255**	0.121 ^* * p≤0.05.
Parents Instruction	0.060	0.047	0.095	0.049
Economic classification	0.87	0.028	0.087	-0.101	0.494**
Prematurity	-0.025	-0.028	-0.038	-0.055	-0.056	0.093
DCD Group (15%)
MABC-2 Percentile	0.250
DCDQ- Parents	0.270	0.121
Age in months	0.135	-0.337*	-0.025
Parents Instruction	0.009	0.036	0.353*	-0.028
Economic classification	-0.194	-0.079	0.011	0.005	0.391*
Prematurity	0.003	-0.197	0.123	0.344*	0.163	-0.158
Severe DCD Group
MABC-2 Percentile	0.323
DCDQ- Parents	0.298	0.280
Age in months	0.169	-0.452*	-0.093
Parents Instruction	0.130	0.005	0.379	0.033
Economic classification	-0.227	0.085	-0.037	0.036	0.479*
Prematurity¹ 1 Gestational age at birth, in weeks.	0.005	-0.257	-0.110	-0.182	-0.236	-0.294

Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Departamento de Terapia Ocupacional Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235, Caixa Postal 676, CEP: , 13565-905, São Carlos, SP - Brasil, Tel.: 55-16-3361-8749 - São Carlos - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cadto@ufscar.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Lívia de Castro Magalhães, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, EEFFTO, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, e-mail: liviacmag@gmail.com