Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis and its effects on the growth and development of soybean

Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis e seus efeitos no crescimento e desenvolvimento da soja

ABSTRACT:

The objective was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of commercial products based on extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum algae in two applications in phenological stages V4 and R1 and three in V4, R1 and R4 of soybean. The experiment was installed on 11/16/2022. Products based on A. nodosum algae (Acadian^®, Phosamco Bio^®, Bioalgas^® and Phylgreen^®) were applied at a dose of 1 L ha^-1, in two and three applications at phenological stages V4 and R1 and V4, R1 and R4, respectively, organized into nine treatments. In the first application (12/19/2022), the weekly collection of two plants per plot began, obtained the plant height and green mass of the plant. At harvest, plant height, number of productive nodes per plant, plant mass, number of pods per plant, grain mass per plant and number of grains per plant were obtained from 10 random plants. The two central rows of each experimental unit were harvested and threshed, and together with the grain mass of the 10 plants, the thousand grain mass and grain yield were obtained. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and grouping of means. Applications of A. nodosum extracts provide greater height and mass in plants. Acadian^®, Phosamco Bio^®, Bioalgas^® and Phylgreene^® applied to the aerial part increase grain yield. Two applications of Phosamco Bio^® provided superiority for all characteristics evaluated.

Key words:
foliar application; seaweed; biostimulants

RESUMO:

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de produtos comerciais à base de extratos de alga Ascophyllum nodosum em duas aplicações nos estádios fenológicos V4 e R1 e três em V4, R1 e R4 da soja. O experimento foi instalado no dia 16/11/2022. Os produtos à base da alga A. nodosum (Acadian^®, PhosamcoBio^®, Bioalgas^® e Phylgreen^®) foram aplicados na dose de 1 L ha^-1, em duas e três aplicações nos estádios fenológicos V4 e R1 e V4, R1 e R4, respectivamente, organizados em nove tratamentos. Na primeira aplicação (19/12/2022) foi iniciada a coleta semanal de duas plantas por parcela em que foram obtidas a altura de planta e a massa verde da planta. Na colheita, de 10 plantas ao acaso foram obtidas a altura de planta, número de nós produtivos por planta, massa da planta, número de legumes por planta, massa de grãos por planta e o número de grãos por planta. As duas linhas centrais de cada unidade experimental foram colhidas e trilhadas, e juntamente com a massa de grãos das 10 plantas foram obtidas a massa de mil grãos e a produtividade de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e agrupamento de médias. Aplicações de extratos de A. nodosum proporcionam maior altura e massa nas plantas. Acadian^®, PhosamcoBio^®, Bioalgas^® e Phylgreene^® aplicados na parte aérea incrementam a produtividade de grãos. Duas aplicações de PhosamcoBio^®, proporcionaram superioridade para todas as características avaliadas.

Palavras-chave:
aplicação foliar; alga marinha; bioestimulantes

INTRODUCTION

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) belong to the Fabaceae family, which originated in China and have been cultivated for more than five thousand years, and during this period it has undergone several changes in its original characteristics (MORENO, 2016). The growing demand for soy has led to increased investments in the development of new technologies, new products and scientific research (ROSA et al., 2009). Due to the need for advances in the soybean production system, there is a constant search on the part of farmers to increase profitability, which is directly linked to the application of agricultural pesticides; however, this practice aims to provide better management with less environmental degradation (SUGUISAWA et al., 2007).

The use of biostimulants as an agronomic technique to improve the productivity of various crops has grown in recent years. The hormones contained in biostimulants are signaling molecules, naturally present in plants in basically small concentrations, being responsible for marked effects on plant development (TAIZ & ZEIGER, 2013). Plant regulators are being used in soybean cultivation and are achieving great success, which occurs through the application of commercial products that are composed of mixtures of more than one plant regulator, being used in seed treatment and spraying (TAIZ et al., 2017).

KLAHOLD et al. (2006) obtained, with the application of biostimulants, an increase in the number of legumes per plant, the number of grains per plant and the grain productivity of soybean crops. Seaweed-based products, called algae extracts, contain active principles or organic agents free of pesticides, capable of acting, directly or indirectly, on all or part of the cultivated plants, thus increasing productivity (KELTING, 1997). Biostimulants based on extracts from algae such as A. nodosum are already used in several crops, and are commercialized in several countries, bringing benefits in functions such as bioprotectors, rooting agents and biostimulants (SILVA et al., 2012). These provide increased resistance to stresses, whether biotic or abiotic, increasing soil fertility (KHAN et al., 2009; ALAN et al., 2013).

The hypothesis is that the aerial application of products based on A. nodosum promotes growth, accelerates development and increases grain productivity in soybeans. The objective of this study was to test these hypotheses with the foliar application of commercial products based on A. nodosum algae extract in different phenological stages of soybean.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The research was conducted in the experimental area of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen - RS. The soybean cultivar NS5505I2X was used, a cultivar with Intacta 2 Xtend technology, maturation group 5.5, high grain productivity, tolerance to dicamba and architecture favorable to aerial application. Table 1 shows the products based on the Ascophyllum nodosum algae and their composition.

Table 1
Products used in the experiment and their respective composition.

Product	Composition
Acadian®	Type of algae: Ascophyllum nodosum
	Composition: 5.3% water-soluble potassium (61.48 g L-1) and 6% total organic carbon (69.6 g L-1)
	Density at 20 °C: 1.16 g mL-1
PhosamcoBio®	Type of algae: Ascophyllum nodosum
	Composition: 10% nitrogen (117 g L-1), 3% phosphor (35.1 d L-1), 5% potassium (58.5 g L-1), 0.11% manganese (1.2 g L-1), 0.08% copper (0.9 g L-1) and 0.017% boron (0.2 g L-1)
	Density: 1,17 g mL-1 e pH 7.0
Bioalgas®	Type of algae: Ascophyllum nodosum
	Composition: urea, potassium chloride and algae and Bacillus extract
	Density: 1,15 g cm-3
PhylgreenNeo®	Type of algae: Ascophyllum nodosum
	Composition: 1% de nitrogen (10.7 g L-1), 6% of total organic carbon (64,2 g L-1) and 99% of algae extract additive
	Density: 1.07 g cm-3

The region’s climate is humid subtropical, type Cfa, with minimum temperatures between -3 and 18 ºC and average annual precipitation of 1,900 and 2,200 mm (ALVARES et al., 2014). The soil at the site where the experiment was installed is characterized as Dystrophic Red Oxisol. Fertilization was calculated based on soil analysis for an expected grain yield of 3,900 kg ha^-1, adjusting for 375 kg ha^-1 from the formula 2(N)-24(P₂O₅)-12(K₂O). The soil analysis revealed 62% clay, 5.6 pH in water, 3.3% organic matter, 4.8 mg L^-1 phosphorus, 230.4 mg L^-1 potassium, 5.4 cmolc L^-1 calcium, 5.4 cmolc L^-1 magnesium, 0.1 cmolc L^-1 aluminum, 6.6 effective CTC, 12.0 CTC pH7.0 and 55.9 % base saturation.

The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with four replications. Each experimental unit consisted of 4 lines, 5 meters long, spaced 0.45 m apart, with sowing carried out on 11/16/2022. Products based on the algae A. nodosum (Acadian^®, Phosamco Bio^®, Bioalgas^® and Phylgreen^®) were applied at a dose of 1 L ha^-1, in two applications at phenological stages V4 (19/12/2022) and R1 (20/01/2023) and in three applications at phenological stages V4 (12/19/2022), R1 (01/20/2023) and R4 (02/21/2023), organized into nine treatments, 1 and 2 (2 and 3 applications of Bio Algas^®), 3 and 4 (2 and 3 applications of Acadian^®), 5 and 6 (2 and 3 applications of Phosamco Bio^®), 7 and 8 (2 and 3 applications of Phylgreen Neo^® and 9 (Control). Pest and disease control management was carried out preventively and weed control was carried with glyphosate-based herbicide.

On 12/19/2022, the day of the first application, the collection of two plants per plot (side lines) began to determine the growth and development curves. The collected plants were taken to the laboratory, the roots were excluded and then the plant height (cm) and plant green mass (g). From these data, graphs were generated to verify the behavior of soybeans in relation to the different treatments.

At the time of harvest, the characteristics of plant height (PLH, cm), number of productive nodes per plant (NNP, nº), plant mass (MSP, g), number of pods per plant (NPP, nº), grain mass per plant (GMP, g) and the number of grains per plant (NGP, nº). The three central lines of each experimental unit were harvested and threshed and, together with the grain mass of the 10 plants sampled, the characteristics thousand grain mass (TGM, g) and grain productivity (GRY, Kg ha^-1) were obtained, correcting the results for grain moisture of 13%.

The data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance and F test (considering α = 0.05), using the statistical model:

Y _ij =µ+ɡ _i +b _j +ɛ _ij

where µ is the overall mean of the trial, g _i is the effect of genotype i, b _j is the effect of block j, ɛ_ij is the random error. All characteristics revealed significance using the F test (considering α = 0.05), they were subjected to the grouping of means by SCOTT & KNOTT (1974), (considering α = 0.05). All analysis procedures were performed with the Genes statistical program (CRUZ, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Regarding soybean growth and development, we can see in figure 1, in relation to plant height, that in phenological stages V4 and R1, plant height was greater in treatments with algae-based products, when compared to the control. Having the highest averages in stage V4 and R1, treatment 7 (Phylgreen Neo^®) and in stage R4, treatment 5 (Phosamco Bio^®), both with only two applications. In addition to highlightthe two products, the results show that application in three moments would not be necessary.

Figure 1
Plant height and plant mass evaluated from the first application until 20 days before harvest, for treatments 1 and 2 (2 and 3 applications of Bio Algas®), 3 and 4 (2 and 3 applications of Acadian ®), 5 and 6 (2 and 3 applications of Phosamco Bio®), 7 and 8 (2 and 3 applications of Phylgreen Neo®) and 9 (Control), with indication of the phenological stages V4 (fourth node), R1 (beginning flowering) and R4 (fully developed pod).

Applications of biostimulants with A. nodosum extracts, both via foliar use and as a supplement inoculated into seeds, favor the initial establishment of plants, and increase the potential productivity of the crop, by inducing tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses (KHAN et al., 2009). FAN et al. (2011) emphasized that substances from algae extract have a positive effect on the growth of the aerial part of plants and the increase in roots. In the present research, the growth of the aerial part was verified in treatments with algae extract compared to the control.

Regarding the analysis of plant mass, it was found that at stage V4 the highest average was from treatments 2 (Bio Algas^®, 3 applications) and 5 (Phosamco Bio^®, 2 applications), at stage R1 from treatment 6 (Phosamco Bio^®, 3 applications) and in stage R4 of treatment 7 (Phylgreen Neo^®, 2 applications). The lowest averages were demonstrated by the control, thus showing that all treatments had positive effects.

In relation to plant mass, where positive results were found in all treatments, we highlighted the statement by MORANDO et al. (2014) which combines the reduction in leaf area with water stress. Water stress causes a reduction or cessation of plant development due to them seeking to compensate for this imbalance, as the plant seeks additional water from the soil (LENSSEN, 2012). As it was a harvest with low rainfall in the months of December 2022 and January 2023 (Table 2), when the plants were flowering, the algae extract may have provided the necessary support for the growth and development of the plants, minimizing stress.

Table 2
Climatic data, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and biweekly precipitation.

Fortnight	Maximum temperature (ºC)	Minimum temperature (ºC)	Accumulated precipitation (mm)
16 a 11/30/2022	34.6	15.4	119.6
01 a 12/15/2022	31.6	11.0	10.4
16 a 12/31/2022	34.7	18.4	53.6
01 a 01/15/2023	35.0	14.5	58.0
15 a 01/31/2023	34.3	13.3	45.0
01 a 02/15/2023	33.7	13.5	76.2
16 a 02/28/2023	31.0	7.3	151.4
01 a 03/15/2023	31.0	16.8	116.6
16 a 03/31/2023	33.4	14.6	48.6

• Source: Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET).

Quality seeds provide greater plant height and greater stem diameter, as the seeds used in the experiment were of high quality, associated with the use of algae extract allowed better growth and development, resulting in greater plant mass when compared to the control (SCHUCH et al., 2009).

The analysis of variance revealed a significant difference using the F test (P < 0.05) for the characteristics of plant height, number of productive nodes per plant, plant mass, number of vegetables per plant, grain mass per plant, number of grains per plant, thousand grain mass and grain yield, that is, for all characteristics evaluated.

The reliability of the data obtained in the experiment can be confirmed by the low coefficients of variation observed for the characteristics evaluated (Table 3), ranging from 1.66% to 12.52%. For PIMENTEL GOMES (2000), the coefficients of variation are classified as low (<10%), medium (10 to 20%), high (20 and 30%) and very high (>30%).

Table 3
Summary of the analysis of variance for the characteristics plant height (PLH), number of productive nodes per plant (NNP), plant mass (PLM), number of pods per plant (NPP), grain mass per plant (GMP), number of grains per plant (NGP), thousand grain mass (TGM) and grain yield (GRY).

Characteristics	---------------------------------------Medium square-----------------------------------------			CV (%)
	Block	Treatment	Error
PLH	6.979	12.043*	2.414	1.66
NNP	16.037	17.555*	5.297	9.43
PLM	41.312	24.365*	8.405	8.69
NPP	245.821	145.168*	48.053	12.52
GMP	24.240	13.348*	3.527	11.91
NGP	608.971	470.337*	149.254	10.12
TGM	439.945	144.680*	33.338	4.48
GRY	272,125.620	184,674.994*	57,286.365	8.31
GL	3	8	24	GL Total = 35

• GL: degrees of freedom; CV: coefficient of variation. ^*Significant values for F test at 5% error probability; ns: not significant.

Using the means of the evaluated characteristics, detailed in table 4, we noted, treatment 5 (2 Phosamco Bio^® applications), which remained in the superior group for all characteristics evaluated in the experiment and most importantly, it was superior with just 2 applications. OLIVEIRA et al. (2022) observed that Phosamco Bio^® provided an increase in plant height, the number of vegetables per plant, the number of grains per vegetable and thus an increase in grain yield. GHANBARI & KORDI (2019) use Phosamco Bio^® as a fertilizer in their studies with cucumber crops.

Table 4
Average for the characteristics plant height (PLH), number of productive nodes per plant (NNP), plant mass (PLM), number of pods per plant (NPP), grain mass per plant (GMP), number of grains per plant (NGP), thousand grain mass (TGM) and grain yield (GRY), for treatments 1 and 2 (2 and 3 applications of Bio Algas^®), 3 and 4 (2 and 3 applications of Acadian ^®), 5 and 6 (2 and 3 applications of Phosamco Bio^®), 7 and 8 (2 and 3 applications of Phylgreen Neo^®) and 9 (Control).

Treatments	PLH			NNP		PLM		NPP		GMP		NGP		TGM		GRY
	cm			nº		g		nº		g		nº		g		kg ha-1
1	94.0	a	20.7	b	31.8	b	50.2	b	16.9	a	124.1	b	131.6	a	2.890.4	a
2	92.4	b	23.8	b	32.5	b	52.6	b	14.2	b	114.7	b	122.4	b	2.835.9	a
3	94.9	a	23.0	b	31.4	b	50.1	b	14.0	b	105.7	b	125.4	b	2.822.3	a
4	93.7	a	27.0	a	36.3	a	57.2	b	15.7	b	123.0	b	126.7	b	2.842.0	a
5	96.4	a	25.9	a	36.6	a	62.3	a	18.3	a	137.4	a	141.0	a	3.163.5	a
6	93.4	a	24.6	b	34.0	a	53.6	b	16.8	a	118.8	b	135.7	a	3.131.6	a
7	94.8	a	23.2	b	32.4	b	52.6	b	14.2	b	111.1	b	124.4	b	2.891.3	a
8	93.0	b	27.3	a	35.9	a	67.8	a	18.1	a	136.7	a	128.3	b	2.929.0	a
9	90.3	c	24.3	b	29.6	b	52.0	b	13.7	b	115.0	b	125.7	b	2.414.9	b

• Means followed by the same lowercase letter in the column do not differ from each other using the Scott and Knott mean grouping test, at a 5% probability of error.

Next, treatments 6 (3 Phosamco Bio^® applications) and 8 (3 Phylgreen Neo^® applications) stand out, which did not remain in the superior group of SCOTT & KNOTT in two of the characteristics studied. The other treatments showed some specific prominence, but in relation to grain yield, all treatments tested remained in the superior group, except the control. In this study, important increases were found in some way for the characteristics studied, because of treatments with products based on A. nodosum extract, when compared to the control, that is, these provided greater plant growth, consequently increasing the components of grain yield.

Regarding plant height, the lowest result was observed in the control, followed by treatments 2 (3 Bio Algas^® applications) and 8 (3 Phylgreen Neo^® applications), with the other treatments remaining in the highest plant height group. The gain in plant height provides increases in important components of grain yield, but depending on the cultivar used we may have lodging problems.

In this study, we verified in table 2, factors that may have caused some type of stress in the plants, due to reduced precipitation, excessive precipitation, high temperatures and low temperatures, and the plants treated with the A. nodosum extract showed a better response to these stresses. The stress caused by water conditions can be compensated in the grain mass, when they regularize, a fact that the precipitation observed is greater in the grain filling stages (FARIAS et al., 2007).

Different types of stress cause plants to respond in different ways, both when subjected to lack of water and floods, which are currently being highly evaluated due to the large quantity and intensity of rainfall. According to the study by MARTYNENKO et al. (2016), it was verified through thermal images of leaf temperature that stomatal closure occurred due to water stress, showing that plants that received treatment with A. nodosum extract obtained better adaptation to stress.

CONCLUSION

Applications of commercial liquid extracts of Ascophyllum nodosum algae provide greater growth and accelerate the development of soybean plants.

Products based on A. nodosum algae (Acadian^®, Phosamco Bio^®, Bioalgas^® and Phylgreene^®) applied to the aerial part increase soybean grain yield.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for granting the masters scholarships.

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DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST

• DECLARATION OF CONFLICT OF INTEREST
  The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Edited by

• Editors: Alessandro Dal’Col Lúcio (0000-0003-0761-4200) Diego Follmann (0000-0002-7351-7022)

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Mar 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  27 May 2024
• Accepted
  08 Aug 2024
• Reviewed
  19 Dec 2024