Concurrent and face validity of the MacArthur scale for assessing subjective social status: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Ferreira, Wasney de Almeida; Giatti, Luana; Figueiredo, Roberta Carvalho de; Mello, Heliana Ribeiro de; Barreto, Sandhi Maria

doi:10.1590/1413-81232018234.16972016

Wasney de Almeida Ferreira

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30190-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil sandhi.barreto@gmail.com

Luana Giatti

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30190-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil sandhi.barreto@gmail.com

Roberta Carvalho de Figueiredo

Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei. São João Del-Rei MG Brasil

Heliana Ribeiro de Mello

Faculdade de Letras, UFMG. Belo Horizonte MG Brasil

Sandhi Maria Barreto

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Alfredo Balena 190, Santa Efigênia. 30190-100 Belo Horizonte MG Brasil sandhi.barreto@gmail.com

Collaborations

WA Ferreira, SM Barreto, L Giatti and RC Figueiredo outlined the study, conducted the analysis and prepared the final version of the manuscript. WA Ferreira performed the data collection. HR Mello contributed in the analysis, discussion and final version of the manuscript (expert in linguistics and corpus). The paper is part of the doctoral thesis of WA Ferreira (public health, epidemiology area).

		Society Kw (CI: 95%)	Neighborhood Kw (CI: 95%)	Work Kw (CI: 95%)
General		0.55 (0.44;0.66)	0.60 (0.47;0.73)	0.67 (0.52; 0.83)
Gender
	Male	0.58 (0.41;0.75)	0.58 (0.38;0.79)	0.67 (0.49;0.86)
	Female	0.52 (0.40;0.64)	0.61 (0.46;0.76)	0.66 (0.41;0.92)
Age
	39-52	0.56 (0.42;0.69)	0.70 (0.59;0.81)	0.63 (0.40; 0.86)
	53-76	0.55 (0.37;0.72)	0.52 (0.31;0.72)	0.71 (0.51; 0.92)
Higher education
	Yes	0.61 (0.50;0.72)	0.58 (0.45;0.71)	0.66 (0.42;0.90)
	No	0.27 (0.01;0.53)	0.54 (0.27;0.81)	0.59 (0.35;0.84)
Net family income (N° of minimum salaries)
	1-4	0.42 (0.18;0.66)	0.43 (0.14;0.71)	0.63 (0.41; 0.85)
	5-8	0.40 (0.21;0.58)	0.60 (0.41; 0.79)	0.44 (0.01; 0.86)
	9-10	0.35 (0.20;0.51)	0.61 (0.44; 0.77)	0.60 (0.44; 0.77)
Social class
	Lower	0.45 (0.14;0.76)	0.82 (0.74;0.91)	0.64 (0.33;0.95)
	Middle	0.42 (0.17;0.67)	0.57 (0.38;0.75)	0.61 (0.25;0.97)
	Upper	0.50 (0.37;0.63)	0.56 (0.39;0.72)	0.66 (0.52;0.81)
Occupation
	Active	0.52 (0.40;0.64)	0.66 (0.56;0.76)	0.67 (0.51;0.84)
	Retired	0.74 (0.54;0.95)	0.22 (-0.36; 0.80)	0.67 (0.24;1.11)

		Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
		Society	Neighborhood	Work	Society^* * Adjusted for net family income and social class. Likelihood: 0.3342.	Neighborhood^ Adjusted for net family income 1-4 versus 5-10 salaries. Likelihood: 0.4447.
		OR (CI: 95%)	OR (CI: 95%)	OR (CI: 95%)	OR (CI: 95%)	OR (CI: 95%)
Gender
	Male	1.0	1.0	1.0	-	1.0
	Female	1.56 (0.87;2.83)	1.91 (1.05;3.47)	1.01 (0.55;1.86)	-	1.89 (1.03-3.45)
Ager
	53-76	1.0	1.0	1.0	-	-
	39-52	1,41 (0,78;2,53)	0,81(0,45;1,46)	0,96 (0,52;1,75)	-	-
Higher education
	Yes	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	-
	No	3.70 (1.97;6.95)	1,29 (0,70;2,38)	1,36 (0,73;2,55)	3,45 (1,21;9,82	-
Net family income (N° of minimum salaries)
	9-10	1.0	1.0	1.0	-	-
	5-8	0.99 (0.46;2.5)	2.16 (1.00;4.68)	1.79 (0.82;3.90)	-	-
	1-4	2.76 (1.35;5.66)	2.27 (1.09;4.74)	1.70 (0.81;3.56)	-	-
Social class
	Upper	1.0	1.0	1.0	-	-
	Middle	2.26 (1.13;4.50)	1.65 (0.83;3.26)	0.97 (0.48;1.95)	-	-
	Lower	4.43 (1.85;10.65)	1.49 (0.63;3.52)	0.78 (0.32;1.92)	-	-
Occupation
	Retired	1.0	1.0	1.0	-	-
	Active	1.33 (0.53;3.35)	1.11 (0.45;2.76)	1.03 (0.40;2.67)	-	-

Bottom	Middle	Top
WORSE JOBS: have jobs: worse, without stability, without security; have informal underpaid job; or without job; less job offers;	AVERAGE JOBS: have jobs: average, reasonable, satisfactory, better and formal; or have access to and search for jobs; are employees: average public or perhaps highlevel;	BETTER JOBS: have jobs: better, stable and important; more jobs (offers); are big businessmen: businessmen who have schooling, many or some of them; are big politicians;
LOWER LEVEL OF SCHOOLING: have less/little/or do not have education/schooling; fundamental level of schooling; do not have/did not have education or access to education; have less/lower level of training;	AVERAGE LEVEL OF SCHOOLING: have secondary education; or better access to education today; have schooling; a little schooling; completed only normal schooling;	HIGHER LEVEL OF SCHOOLING: have more/better training; privileged training; have PhD; have/did degree/post-graduate degree; have much/higher level of study; although practically the majority did not study; have much/higher level of schooling; but also some do not have much schooling; have a lot of knowledge; also some have little knowledge;
LOWER INCOME: have worse/lower salaries; less than one or two minimum salaries; low salary; or no salary; have very little/do not have money; have low income; or do not have income;	AVERAGE INCOME: have/earn salaries: medium; “get by” with little salary;	HIGH INCOME: have/earn a lot of/more money; have higher salaries;
WORSE LIVING CONDITIONS: have poor/lost their health; do not have private health; do not have health to earn his/her own living; have/had less/few opportunities; do not have food security or have no job; without housing; do not have their own home; are street dwellers; or live on the street; do not have/did not have access to things.	AVERAGE LIVING CONDITIONS: are from the middle class: formerly middle, lower or middle class; reach better positions and climbed to better positions; have average purchasing and political power; may reach “the top”; achieved a certain status; are from the in-crowd: average and from the judiciary; have life: moderate, dignified, stable and improvable; have leisure conditions.	BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS: have a lot of/more power: political, purchasing, economic and of persuasion; are from high society, have important (“central”) jobs; have a lot of/more prestige; social prestige; some because they deserve it/other not.

Bottom	Middle	Top
LOWER STANDARD OF LIVING: have lower/low standard of living; do not manage to maintain a moderate standard of living;	AVERAGE STANDARD OF LIVING have a moderate standard of living; better and more average; are middle class: middle, lower-middle or poor; have salaries; survive on them; around five salaries;	HIGH STANDARD OF LIVING: have a higher/high standard of living, much better, really higher; have greater purchasing, economic and financial power (much above); power “in their hands”; have a lot of and spend a lot of/more money; to show they have money; have better/good salaries; salaries much better than mine;
WORSE HOUSING: have houses: simple, rented, without maintenance; or do not have houses; can't afford their own house; have housing in subhuman conditions; housing incompatible with what they deserve, or no housing; are in/live in favelas; live close to favelas; have to pay rent;	AVERAG HOUSING: have houses: own, average size, reasonable and good; have housing: good, comfortable; do not own the house; are older buildings; former residents of the building; do not have to pay rent; or pay/live in rented accommodation;	BETTER HOUSING: have houses: own, better, very good, luxurious, with security guards; buy things for the house; have more cars; very good cars, in the garage; two, three cars; change cars;
WORSE LIVING CONDITIONS: have worse, unstable lives; precarious conditions; are in the neighborhood; work in the neighborhood; or are from neighboring areas; are some neighbors; from neighboring areas;	AVERAGE LIVING CONDITIONS: have stable, average, normal, but simple, more average lives; managed to improve and “be someone in life”;	BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS: have professional, defined, more stable, comfortable lives; lucky in life;
WORSE JOBS: have jobs: more simple, badly paid, disadvantaged, or do not have;	AVERAGE JOBS: have jobs: fixed, good and average;	BETTER JOBS: have good/better employment; got good jobs; are businessmen; big businessmen;
EXCLUDED: are from/in the neighborhood; do not have any place to live; each day in a different place; are street dwellers, are there or clean the street;	INCLUDED: are/stay in the neighborhood (former residents); have ascended socially (with the consequent social ascension of the neighborhood); have intermediate status in my neighborhood;	INCLUDED/IMPORTANT: are people within the neighborhood (“central”); there are few neighbors; or all the neighbors in the neighborhood
FEW OPPORTUNITIES: do not have/did not have opportunities to enter the job market, society or to be someone;	SAÚDE: do not have private health plan and depend on health center
LESS SCHOOLING: have less/little/no schooling; did not have education for ascend socially.

Bottom	Middle	Top
SUPPORT WORKERS: are from cleaning: servers, helpers, menial workers or employees; are from cleaning/cleaners; are servants: construction or cleaning; are gardeners; are porters; are from the support level, medium support; work in maintenance; are outsourced workers;	TECHNICAL-ADMINISTRATIVE WORKERS: are technicians: administrative, graduate; the majority are technical assistants; are heads of divisions;	IMPORTANT POSITIONS: are principals/deans; are directors: of units, schools, sectors, hospitals, institutions, etc.; are from the management: general or superintendent; are managers; are in the institution: bosses, directors, who decide the “direction” of the institution;
LABORERS: have services: menial, domestic, support, simple, general and less valued; have work: more heavy work, less work time, influenced by the environment;	NEW TEACHERS: are teachers: that have just started, assistants, give more classes; or do not progress;	PROFESSORS WITH PHD: are professors: university professors, heads, highly qualified, PhD;
UNDERVALUED: have positions: lower and less privileged; have/earn lower/worse salaries; depend on minimum salary; or don't have salary;	SALARIED WORKERS: have a salary: average, good, better and bigger; know how to control their salary;	CENTRAL/IMPORTANT: are within my work (“central”), in the environment; or do not have anyone above them; are “parts” that cannot be “discarded”, indispensable.
LESS SCHOOLING: have lower level of/less schooling; or do not need it;	AVERAGELY PRESTIGIOUS: receive some form of recognition for the service they provide; are of secondary school level in my work; have a defined profession; are from maintenance;	EXECUTIVE POSTS: are heads: of department, institutions, services, hospitals; are coordinators; are from the management of the sector; are engineers; are some work colleagues;
COMMERCIAL EMPLOYEES: are employed in commerce; or commercial services;	CIVIL SERVANTS: are public employees; some are very successful; some are of secondary school level.	BUSINESSMEN: are businessmen; senior businessmen;
UNQUALIFIED: are people who do/carry out their profession badly; are employees: poorly qualified, more simple, not satisfied.		POLITICIANS: are involved in politics; in university politics.

[1] Collaborations

WA Ferreira, SM Barreto, L Giatti and RC Figueiredo outlined the study, conducted the analysis and prepared the final version of the manuscript. WA Ferreira performed the data collection. HR Mello contributed in the analysis, discussion and final version of the manuscript (expert in linguistics and corpus). The paper is part of the doctoral thesis of WA Ferreira (public health, epidemiology area).

Brasil

Brasil

Concurrent and face validity of the MacArthur scale for assessing subjective social status: Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Abstract