Studies on Depression |
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Munhoz e al., 20131616. Munhoz TN, Santos IS, Matijasevich A. Major depressive episode among Brazilian adults: a cross-sec-tional population-based study. J Affect Disord 2013; 150(2):401-407.
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Adults, 20+ (n = 2925) |
PHQ-9, cut-off of ≥9 |
Prevalence not reported
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Prevalence Ratio Black: 0.72 (0.56-0.94) Other: 1.12 (0.89-1.41) |
Pavão et al., 20121717. Pavão ALB, Ploubidis GB, Werneck G, Campos MR. Discrimination and health in Brazil: Evidence from a population-based survey. Ethn & Disease 2012; 22.
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Adults, 20+ (n = 3863) |
Self-report of ever told by a physician you have depression |
Prevalence not reported
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Odds Ratio Mulatto: 1.00 (ref) Black: 1.35 (0.91-2.01) |
Almeida-Filho et al. 20041818. Almeida-Filho N, Lessa I, Magalhães L, Araújo MJ, Aquino E, James SA, Kawachi I. Social inequality and depressive disorders in Bahia, Brazil: interactions of gender, ethnicity, and social class. Soc Sci Med 2004; 59(7):1339-1353.
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Adults (n = 2302) |
PSAD subscale of QMPA, cut-off of ≥23 on PSAD combined with ≥13 on depression subscale |
White: 9.4% Moreno: 12.0% Mulatto: 15.7% Black: 11.2%
Non-White (combined): 12.7%
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Odds Ratio Moreno: 1.30 (0.85-2.01) Mulatto: 1.78 (1.09-2.90) Black: 1.14 (0.70-1.87) Non-White (combined): 1.40 (0.94-2.09) |
Studies of depressive symptoms |
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Guimarães et al., 20091919. Guimarães JMN, Lopes CS, Baima J, Sichieri R. Depression symptoms and hypothyroidism in a population-based study of middle-aged Brazilian women. J Affect Disord 2009; 117(1-2):120-123.
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Middle-aged women (n = 1249 |
PRIME-MD, caseness determined by a “yes” to one of three predetermined questions |
White: 42.3% Mulatto: 46.4% Black: 52.8%
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Bretanha et al., 20052020. Bretanha AF, Facchini LA, Nunes BP, Munhoz TN, Tomasi E, Thumé E. Depressive symptoms in elderly living in areas covered by Primary Health Care Units in the urban area of Bagé, RS. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2005; 18(1):1-12.
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Older adults, 60+ (n = 1593) |
GDS-15, cut-off of ≥6 |
White: 17.0% Black: 17.1% Asian/Mulatto/Indigenous: 25.0% |
Prevalence Ratio Black: 0.96 (0.65-1.43) Asian/Mulatto/Indigenous: 1.41 (1.07-1.86) |
Quatrin et al., 20142121. Quatrin LB, Galli R, Moriguchi EH, Gastal FL, Pattussi MP. Collective efficacy and depressive symptoms in Brazilian elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2014; 59(3):624-629.
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Older adults, 60+ (n = 1007) |
GDS-30, cut-off of ≥11 |
White: 27.5% Non-White: 22.7% |
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Blay et al., 20072222. Blay SL, Andreoli SB, Fillenbaum GG, Gastal FL. Depression morbidity in later life: prevalence and correlates in a developing country. Am J Geriatr Psychiary 2007; 15(9):790-799.
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Older adults, 60+ (n = 6961) |
SPES, cut-off of ≥2 |
White: 37.8% African-Brazilian: 46.5% Asian: 34.8% Multiracial: 45.7%
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Odds Ratio Afro-Brazilian: 1.22 (0.98-1.53) Asian: 0.90 (0.35-2.32) Multiracial: 1.21 (0.99-1.48) |
Studies of Common Mental Disorders |
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Anselmi et al., 20082323. Anselmi L, Barros FC, Minten GC, Gigante DP, Horta BL, Victora CG. Prevalence and early determinants of common mental disorders in the 1982 birth cohort, Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2008; 42(Supl. 2):25-32.
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Young adults, 23-24 (n = 4285) |
SRQ-20, cut-off of ≥8 for women, ≥6 for men |
Men: White: 21.9% Black/Mixed: 26.9% Women: White: 30.0% Black/Mixed: 41.1%
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Prevalence Ratio Men: Black/Mixed: 1.18 (0.98-1.42) Women: Black/Mixed: 1.25 (1.09-1.43) |
Bastos et al., 20142424. Bastos JL, Barros AJD, Paradies Y, Faerstein E. Age, class and race discrimination: heir interactions and associations with mental health among Brazilian university students. Cad Saude Publica 2014; 30(1):175-186.
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Undergraduat students (n = 424) |
GHQ-12, cut-off of ≥3 |
White: 37.0%; Brown: 32.8%; Black: 51.6% |
Odds Ratio Black/Brown: 0.9 (0.5-1.4) |
Studies of depression related to pregnancy (pre-natal, post-partum, during pregnancy) |
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Faisal-Curry e Menezes, 20072525. Faisal-Cury A, Menezes PR. Prevalence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy in a private setting sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 2007; 10:25-32.
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Pregnant women (n = 432) |
Antenatal depression: BDI, cut-off of ≥16 |
White: 19.9% Non-White: 19.1%
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Odds Ratio Non-White: 0.95 (0.5-1.81) |
Antenatal anxiety: STAI, cut-off of ≥41 |
White: 58.8% Non-White: 63.0%
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Others: 1.19 (0.70-2.00) |
Melo et al. 20112626. Melo EF, Cecatti JG, Pacagnella RC, Leite DBF, Vulcani DE, Yakuch MY. The prevalence of perinatal depression and its associated factors in two different settings in Brazil. J Affect Disord 2011; 136(3):1204-1208.
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Pregnant women, 18+ (n = 555) |
Antepartum Depression: EPDS, cut-off of ≥12 |
White: 34.9% Non-White: 65.1% |
Prevalence Ratio Non-White: 1.48 (1.09-2.01) |
Postpartum Depression: EPDS, cut-off of ≥12 |
White: not reported Non-White: 70.0% |
Non-White: 1.85 (1.11-3.08) |
Pereira et al. 20092727. Pereira PK, Lovisi GM, Pilowsky DL, Lima LA, Legay LF. Depression during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors among women attending a public health clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cad Saude Publica 2009; 25(12):2725-2736.
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Pregnant women (n = 331) |
Depression during pregnancy: CIDI |
White: 14.1% Non-White: 14.3% |
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Tannous et al., 20082828. Tannous L, Gigante LP, Fuchs SC, Busnello EDA. Postnatal depression in Southern Brazil: prevalence and its demographic and socioeconomic determinants. BMC Psych 2008; 8:1.
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Women who recently gave birth to live infants (n = 271) |
Postnatal depression: EPDS, cut-off of ≥13 |
Caucasian: 16.6%, Non-Caucasian: 28.1%
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Prevalence Ratio Non-Caucasian: 0.80 (0.49-1.32) |
Ruschi et al. 20072929. Ruschi GEC, Sun SY, Mattar R, Filho AC, Zandonade E, Lima VJ. Aspectos epidemiológicos da depressão pós -parto em amostra brasileira. Rev Psiquiatr RS 2007; 29(3):274-280.
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Women 15-45 who gave birth to a live infant 31-180 days prior (n = 292) |
Postnatal depression: EPDS, cut-off of ≥12 |
White: 47.8% Black: 17.4% Brown: 34.8% |
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