Use of vitamins and/or minerals among adults and the elderly in urban areas of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Pavlak, Caroline da Rosa; Mengue, Sotero Serrate

doi:10.1590/1413-81232023289.15032022EN

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FREE THEMES • Ciênc. saúde coletiva 28 (09) • Sept 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232023289.15032022EN copy

Use of vitamins and/or minerals among adults and the elderly in urban areas of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use among urban Brazilian populations aged 20 years and over and to identify associated factors. Data from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of the Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil (PNAUM) were analyzed and a population-based cross-sectional study with probability sampling was performed in urban areas of Brazil’s five geographic regions from September 2013 to February 2014. The estimated prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use was 4.8% (95%CI: 4.3-5.3), higher in women 6.4% (95%CI: 5.7-7.1) and in the elderly population 11.6% (95%CI: 10.5-12.8). Vitamin and/or mineral use was associated with the following factors: women, 60 years of age or older, economic class A/B, chronic disease(s) and self-perceived health held as average and very poor/poor. Multivitamins and multiminerals were the most used ones with 24.5% (95%CI 20.1-29.4), followed by calcium and vitamin D with 23.4% (95%CI 19.7-27.5). Data suggest that elderly women should be the reference public for actions aimed at promoting rational use. Nationwide epidemiological surveys should increase monitoring of these products to support the analysis of trends.

Key words:
Vitamins; Minerals; Micronutrients; Socioeconomic factors; Epidemiological surveys

Classification	Substances
Monocomponent vitamins or associated with each other	Folic acid; folic acid and vitamin D; folic acid and vitamin E; calcitriol; multivitamin; vitamin A; vitamin A and vitamin C; vitamin A and vitamin D; B complex vitamins and vitamin C; Complex B vitamins; vitamin B1; vitamin B2; vitamin B3; vitamin B6; B12 vitamin; vitamin C; vitamin D; vitamin E vitamin B1.
Monocomponent minerals or associated with each other	Calcium; calcium and magnesium; iron; iron and phosphorus; magnesium; magnesium and potassium; potassium; selenium; selenium and chromium; silicon; zinc.
Associated vitamins and minerals	Calcium and vitamin D; calcium, fluorine, phosphorus, vitamin B12 and vitamin D; calcium, fluorine, vitamin B12 and vitamin D; calcium, magnesium and vitamin D; calcium, magnesium, vitamin K and vitamin D; calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and vitamin D; calcium, vitamin K and vitamin D; calcium, vitamin B6, vitamin C and vitamin D; calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin D; calcium, zinc, phosphorus, vitamin B12 and vitamin D; calcium, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, vitamin C and vitamin D; iron and folic acid; iron, vitamin C and B vitamins; iron and vitamin C; iron and B vitamins; iron, phosphorus and B vitamins; iron, phosphorus, magnesium and B vitamins; magnesium and vitamin B3; magnesium and vitamin B6; multivitamin and multimineral product; zinc and vitamin C.
Vitamins and/or minerals associated with medicinal plants, amino acids or fatty acids	B-complex amino acids and vitamins; amino acids and vitamin B12; amino acids, collagen and multivitamin; amino acids, collagen and multivitamins and multiminerals; amino acids and multivitamins and multiminerals; arginine and vitamin C; association of medicinal plants, iron and phosphorus; horse chestnut and vitamin P; horse chestnut, vitamin C and vitamin P; collagen, sodium and vitamin D; gelatin, vitamin A and vitamin C; ginseng, B vitamins and vitamin E; ginseng, amino acids, multivitamin and multiminerals; ginseng and multivitamin and multiminerals; glutamine, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B6; guarana, B complex vitamins and vitamin C; glutein and multivitamin and multiminerals; lutein, zeaxanthin and multivitamin and multiminerals; cod liver oil, vitamin A and vitamin D; linseed oil, lycopene, lutein, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E; omega 3 and vitamin E; omega 3 and B complex vitamins; omega 3, lutein, zeaxanthin, selenium and vitamins A; omega 3 and multivitamin and multiminerals; plantago ovata, chitosan, chromium, vitamin B7 and vitamin C; plantago ovata, collagen and vitamin C; uc II, manganese, copper and zinc; keratin, cystine and vitamin B1.

Features		Sample distribution		Prevalence of vitamin and/or mineral use
Features		% a	CI95%	^{% a}	CI95%
Sex	Male	46.6	45.6-47.7	3.0	2.5-3.6
Sex	Female	53.4	52.3-54.4	6.4	5.7-7.1
Age range (years)	20-39	44.9	43.1-46.7	2.6	2.1-3.3
	40-59	36.2	34.8-37.6	3.9	3.4-4.5
	60 -99	18.9	17.9-19.9	11.6	10.5-12.8
Education ^b	0 to 5 years	43.9	42.3-45.5	4.5	4.0-5.1
	6 to 8 years	14.5	13.7-15.3	4.5	3.7-5.6
	9 to 11 years	30.5	29.3-31.8	5.0	4.4-5.7
	12 or more years	11.1	10.1-12.1	5.5	4.2-7.2
CCEB ^c	D/E	20.7	19.1-22.5	4.3	3.6-5.0
	C	55.1	53.4-56.7	4.4	4.0-4.9
	A/B	24.2	22.1-26.4	6.1	5.0-7.4
Brazilian region	North	6.7	5.2-8.4	3.7	3.0-4.7
	Northeast	23.4	19.3-28.1	5.2	4.7-5.9
	Southeast	47.5	41.7-53.4	5.1	4.3-6.1
	South	14.7	11.8-18.1	3.9	3.2-4.6
	Midwest	7.8	6.1-9.9	4.2	3.4-5.3
Presence of chronic disease	None	64.9	63.6-66.1	2.4	2.0-2.9
	One	20.7	19.9-21.6	5.6	4.9-6.5
	Two or more	14.4	13.6-15.3	14.3	12.7-16.0
Self-perceived health	Very high/high	73.8	72.4-75.3	3.4	3.0-4.0
	Average	22.5	21.2-23.7	8.3	7.4-9.3
	very poor/poor	3.7	3.4-4.1	10.9	8.7-13.6
Total				4.8	4.3-5.3

Features		Unadjusted analysis			Adjusted analysis ^a
Features		OR	CI95%	P ^b	OR	CI95%	P ^b
Sex	Male	Ref.		< 0.0001*	Ref.		< 0.0001*
Sex	Female	2.18	1.76-2.70	< 0.0001*	1.78	1.44-2.20	< 0.0001*
Age range (years)	20-39	Ref.		< 0.0001*	Ref.		< 0.0001*
	40-59	1.51	1.15-1.99		1.02	0.76-1.37
	60 - 99	4.85	3.78-6.22		2.39	1.82-3.13
Education ^c	0 to 5	Ref.		0.275
	6 to 8	1.01	0.80-1.27
	9 to 11	1.12	0.96-1.32
	12 or more	1.24	0.94-1.63
CCEB^d	D/E	Ref.		0.007	Ref.		< 0.0001*
	C	1.04	0.85-1.27		1.12	0.91-1.38
	A/B	1.45	1.12-1.89		1.77	1.36-2.29
Brazilian Region	North	Ref.		0.010	Ref.		0.004
	Northeast	1.43	1.09-1.87		1.14	0.86-1.51
	Southeast	1.39	1.03 -1.88		0.95	0.71-1.29
	South	1.04	0.77-1.40		0.73	0.54-0.98
	Midwest	1.14	0.82-1.58		0.83	0.60-1.15
Presence of chronic disease	None	Ref.		< 0.0001*	Ref.		< 0.0001*
	One	2.38	1.91-2.97		1.62	1.28-2.06
	Two or more	6.69	5.38-8.31		3.49	2.64-4.60
Self-perceived health	Very high/high	Ref.		< 0.0001*	Ref.		0.005
	Average	2,54	2,10-3,08		1,37	1,10-1,71
	Very poor/poor	3,45	2,63-4,53		1,52	1,12-2,05

	Multivitamin and multiminerals (n = 336) *		Calcium and associations (n = 582) *			Iron and associations (n = 249) *
Used for		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)		% (CI95%)
Chronic disease		4.3 (2.4-7.6)		63.3 (57.4-68.8)		16.3 (10.8-24.0)
Acute/ occasional conditions		95.7 (92.4-97.6)		36.7 (31.2-42.6)		83.7 (76.0-89.2)
Principais motivos de uso
	Vitamin supplement	86.3 (77.7-92.0)	Joint disease	40.9 (34.6-47.6)	Vitamin supplement	75.5 (67.6-82.1)
	Other acute conditions	3.7† (0.8-15.4)	Vitamin supplement	28.6 (23.6-34.2)	Other chronic diseases ^b	14.8 (9.5-22.4)

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[1] Chief editors:

Romeu Gomes, Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva