Epidemiology of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Brazil

Brucki, Sonia Maria Dozzi

doi:10.1590/S1980-57642013DN74000002

ABSTRACT

With the worldwide increase in longevity and rising prevalence of cognitive disorders in the aged population, efforts have been made to characterize mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its prevalence and/or incidence in a number of countries, given MCI may be a pre-dementia phase of degenerative conditions. The aim of this review was to retrieve the available data on the prevalence and incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Brazil and compare these with rates found by studies conducted in other countries. The Pubmed and Scielo databases were searched using the following search terms: mild cognitive impairment, prevalence, incidence, including studies in both English and Portuguese languages. Only one study on MCI prevalence has been published in Brazil, reporting a prevalence rate of 6.1% and incidence of 13.2/1000 persons-year among those aged 60 years or over. Prevalence rates for other countries are also reported. The prevalence and incidence of MCI found in Brazil is similar to rates observed in other countries.

Key words:
mild cognitive impairment; epidemiology; prevalence; incidence; Brazil

RESUMO

Com o aumento da longevidade mundial e o crescimento da prevalência de distúrbios cognitivos nesta população, tem-se tentado caracterizar o comprometimento cognitivo leve e sua prevalência e/ou incidência nos diversos países. Uma vez que, este quadro pode ser uma fase pré-demencial dos quadros degenerativos. Esta revisão tentou recolher os dados disponíveis quanto a prevalência e incidência de comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) no Brasil e comparar em relação aos demais estudos em outros países. Foram revistas as bases PubMed e Scielo com os termos: comprometimento cognitivo leve, prevalência, incidência, foram incluídos estudos em inglês, português. Apenas um estudo de prevalência de CCL foi publicado no Brasil, com taxa de 6,1% e incidência de 13,2/1000 pessoas-ano entre aqueles de 60 anos ou mais. São mostradas as taxas nos demais países. A prevalência e incidência de CCL no Brasil encontram-se dentro das faixas observadas entre outros países.

Palavras-chave:
comprometimento cognitivo leve; epidemiologia; prevalência; incidência; Brasil

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REFERENCES

¹
Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999;56:303-308.
²
Petersen, RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 2004;256:183-194.
³
Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG, Kaduszkiewicz H, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in general practice: age-specific prevalence and correlate results from the German study on ageing, cognition and dementia in primary care patients (AgeCoDe). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007;24:307-316.
⁴
Ward A, Arrighi HM, Michels S, Cedarbaum JM. Mild Cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimer's Dement 2012;8:14-21.
⁵
Sosa AL, Albanese E, Stephan BCM, et al. Prevalence, distribution, and impact of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America, China , and India : a 10/66 population-based study. Plos Med 2012;9:e1001170.
⁶
Lee SB, Kim KW, Youn JC, et al. Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes Are Influenced by the Application of Diagnostic Criteria: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;28:23-29.
⁷
Juarez-Cedillo T, Sanchez-Arena R, Sanchez-Garcia S, et al. Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes in the Mexican Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012;34:271-281.
⁸
Dlugaj M, Weimar C, Wege N, et al. Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010;30:362-373.
⁹
Nie H, Xu Y, Liu B, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment about elderly population in China: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011;26:558-563.
¹⁰
Moretti F, De Ronchi D, Palmer K, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of mild cognitive impairment in the general population. Data from an Italian population-based-study: The Faenza Project. Aging Ment Health 2013;17:267-275.
¹¹
Wada-Isoe K, Uemura Y, Nakashita S, et al. Prevalence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Rural Island Town of Ama-cho, Japan. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2012;2:190-199.
¹²
Henao-Arboleda E, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Muñoz C, Pineda DA, Lopera F. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment, amnestic-type, in a Colombian population. Rev Neurol 2008;46:709-713.
¹³
Godinho C, Camozzato AL, Onyszko D, Chaves ML. Estimation of the risk of conversion of mild cognitive impairment of Alzheimer type to Alzheimer's disease in a south Brazilian population-based elderly cohort: the PALA study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:674-681.
¹⁴
Lopes MA, Ferrioli E, Nakano EY, Litvoc J, Bottino CM. High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;32:307-316.
¹⁵
César KG, Brucki SMD, Nitrini R. Prevalence study of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in Tremembé, São Paulo - Preliminary results. Dement Neuropsychol 2013;7(Suppl 1):10.
¹⁶
Caramelli P, Barbosa MT, Beato RG, et al. Variables associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in a low-educated cohort aged 75+ years: The PIETÀ study. Dement Neuropsychol 2013;7(Suppl 1):15-16.
¹⁷
Brucki SMD. Avaliação cognitiva e diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo em indivíduos de baixa escolaridade. Tese de Livre-Docência em Neurologia. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo.
¹⁸
Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, et al. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 2007;29:125-132.
¹⁹
Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Baldereschi M, et al. CIND and MCI in the Italian elderly: frequency, vascular risk factors, progression to dementia. Neurology 2007;68:1909-1916.
²⁰
Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, et al. International Psychogeriatric Association Expert Conference on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet 2006;367:1262-1270.
²¹
Graham JE, Rockwood K, Beattie BL, et al. Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet 1997;349:793-796.
²²
Hanninen T, Koivisto K, Reinikainen KJ, et al. Prevalence of ageing-associated cognitive decline in an elderly population. Age Ageing 1996; 25:201-205.
²³
Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, DeKosky ST, et al. Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: part 1. Arch Neurol 2003;60:1385-1389.
²⁴
Ritchie K. Mild cognitive impairment: an epidemiological perspective. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2004;6:401-408.
²⁵
Ritchie K, Artero S, Touchon J. Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study. Neurology 2001; 56:37-42.
²⁶
Unverzagt FW, Gao S, Baiyewu O, et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment: data from the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging. Neurology 2001;57:1655-1662.
²⁷
Ortiz GG, Arias-Merino ED, Flores-Saiffe ME, Velázquez-Brizuela IE, Macías-Islas MA, Pacheco-Moisés FP. Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Depression among a Population Aged over 60 Years in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2012;2012:175019.
²⁸
Fei M, Qu YC, Wang T, Yin J, Bai JX, Ding QH. Prevalence and distribution of cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) among the aged population and the analysis of socio-demographic characteristics: the community-based cross-sectional study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009;23:130-138.
²⁹
Manly JJ. Tang MX, Schupf N, Stern Y, Vonsattel JP, Mayeux R. Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in multiethnic community. Ann Neurol 2008;63:494-506.
³⁰
Luck T, Luppa M, Briel S, Riedel-Heller SG. Incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 29:164-175.
³¹
Ganguli M, Fu B, Chang J. Vascular risk-factors for development of mild cognitive impairment at the populational level. Oral presentation. Brain aging and dementia in developing countries, Nairobi, Kenya, 4-7 dec, 2012.
³²
Chaves ML, Camozzato AL, Godinho C, Piazenski I, Kaye J. Incidence of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Southern Brazil. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009;22:181-187.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Dec 2013

History

Received
03 June 2013
Accepted
10 Aug 2013

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

[1] ¹
Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999;56:303-308.

[2] ²
Petersen, RC. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med 2004;256:183-194.

[3] ³
Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG, Kaduszkiewicz H, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in general practice: age-specific prevalence and correlate results from the German study on ageing, cognition and dementia in primary care patients (AgeCoDe). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007;24:307-316.

[4] ⁴
Ward A, Arrighi HM, Michels S, Cedarbaum JM. Mild Cognitive impairment: disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates. Alzheimer's Dement 2012;8:14-21.

[5] ⁵
Sosa AL, Albanese E, Stephan BCM, et al. Prevalence, distribution, and impact of mild cognitive impairment in Latin America, China , and India : a 10/66 population-based study. Plos Med 2012;9:e1001170.

[6] ⁶
Lee SB, Kim KW, Youn JC, et al. Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes Are Influenced by the Application of Diagnostic Criteria: Results from the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;28:23-29.

[7] ⁷
Juarez-Cedillo T, Sanchez-Arena R, Sanchez-Garcia S, et al. Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes in the Mexican Population. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2012;34:271-281.

[8] ⁸
Dlugaj M, Weimar C, Wege N, et al. Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes in the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Cohort. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010;30:362-373.

[9] ⁹
Nie H, Xu Y, Liu B, et al. The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment about elderly population in China: a meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011;26:558-563.

[10] ¹⁰
Moretti F, De Ronchi D, Palmer K, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of mild cognitive impairment in the general population. Data from an Italian population-based-study: The Faenza Project. Aging Ment Health 2013;17:267-275.

[11] ¹¹
Wada-Isoe K, Uemura Y, Nakashita S, et al. Prevalence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Rural Island Town of Ama-cho, Japan. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2012;2:190-199.

[12] ¹²
Henao-Arboleda E, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Muñoz C, Pineda DA, Lopera F. Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment, amnestic-type, in a Colombian population. Rev Neurol 2008;46:709-713.

[13] ¹³
Godinho C, Camozzato AL, Onyszko D, Chaves ML. Estimation of the risk of conversion of mild cognitive impairment of Alzheimer type to Alzheimer's disease in a south Brazilian population-based elderly cohort: the PALA study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24:674-681.

[14] ¹⁴
Lopes MA, Ferrioli E, Nakano EY, Litvoc J, Bottino CM. High prevalence of dementia in a community-based survey of older people from Brazil: association with intellectual activity rather than education. J Alzheimers Dis 2012;32:307-316.

[15] ¹⁵
César KG, Brucki SMD, Nitrini R. Prevalence study of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in Tremembé, São Paulo - Preliminary results. Dement Neuropsychol 2013;7(Suppl 1):10.

[16] ¹⁶
Caramelli P, Barbosa MT, Beato RG, et al. Variables associated with cognitive impairment and dementia in a low-educated cohort aged 75+ years: The PIETÀ study. Dement Neuropsychol 2013;7(Suppl 1):15-16.

[17] ¹⁷
Brucki SMD. Avaliação cognitiva e diagnóstico de comprometimento cognitivo em indivíduos de baixa escolaridade. Tese de Livre-Docência em Neurologia. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo.

[18] ¹⁸
Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, et al. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 2007;29:125-132.

[19] ¹⁹
Di Carlo A, Lamassa M, Baldereschi M, et al. CIND and MCI in the Italian elderly: frequency, vascular risk factors, progression to dementia. Neurology 2007;68:1909-1916.

[20] ²⁰
Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, et al. International Psychogeriatric Association Expert Conference on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet 2006;367:1262-1270.

[21] ²¹
Graham JE, Rockwood K, Beattie BL, et al. Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet 1997;349:793-796.

[22] ²²
Hanninen T, Koivisto K, Reinikainen KJ, et al. Prevalence of ageing-associated cognitive decline in an elderly population. Age Ageing 1996; 25:201-205.

[23] ²³
Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, DeKosky ST, et al. Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study: part 1. Arch Neurol 2003;60:1385-1389.

[24] ²⁴
Ritchie K. Mild cognitive impairment: an epidemiological perspective. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2004;6:401-408.

[25] ²⁵
Ritchie K, Artero S, Touchon J. Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: a population-based validation study. Neurology 2001; 56:37-42.

[26] ²⁶
Unverzagt FW, Gao S, Baiyewu O, et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment: data from the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging. Neurology 2001;57:1655-1662.

[27] ²⁷
Ortiz GG, Arias-Merino ED, Flores-Saiffe ME, Velázquez-Brizuela IE, Macías-Islas MA, Pacheco-Moisés FP. Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment and Depression among a Population Aged over 60 Years in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, Mexico. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2012;2012:175019.

[28] ²⁸
Fei M, Qu YC, Wang T, Yin J, Bai JX, Ding QH. Prevalence and distribution of cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) among the aged population and the analysis of socio-demographic characteristics: the community-based cross-sectional study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2009;23:130-138.

[29] ²⁹
Manly JJ. Tang MX, Schupf N, Stern Y, Vonsattel JP, Mayeux R. Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in multiethnic community. Ann Neurol 2008;63:494-506.

[30] ³⁰
Luck T, Luppa M, Briel S, Riedel-Heller SG. Incidence of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 29:164-175.

[31] ³¹
Ganguli M, Fu B, Chang J. Vascular risk-factors for development of mild cognitive impairment at the populational level. Oral presentation. Brain aging and dementia in developing countries, Nairobi, Kenya, 4-7 dec, 2012.

[32] ³²
Chaves ML, Camozzato AL, Godinho C, Piazenski I, Kaye J. Incidence of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in Southern Brazil. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009;22:181-187.

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