Work-life balance in Higher Education: a systematic review of the impact on the well-being of teachers

Equilíbrio entre trabalho e vida no Ensino Superior: uma revisão sistemática do impacto no bem-estar dos professores

Equilibrio entre trabajo y vida en la Educación Superior: una revisión sistemática del impacto en el bienestar de los docentes

Abstract

The work-life balance needs to be exercised by individuals who perform functions in the fields of work and family, including Higher Education teachers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the work-life balance in Higher Education and the impact on the well-being of teachers. Based on a systematic review of 53 articles retrieved from the ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science from 2005 to 2020, this article has a rigorous systematic review methodology using the Mendeley and EndNote software tools. The VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel software tools were also used in the following techniques: citation analysis and co-ocurrence of terms/words. In addition, main topics discussed about the work-life balance among Higher Education teachers, research areas, field of activity and SWOT analysis (opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses) were identified in the literature. Findings suggest that gender inequality, stress level at work and the absence of a healthy workplace impact on the work-life balance and consequently on the well-being of Higher Education teachers.

Work-life balance; Teacher; University; Higher Education

Resumo

O equilíbrio entre trabalho e vida precisa ser exercido por indivíduos que desempenham funções no trabalho e na família, incluindo professores do Ensino Superior. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o equilíbrio entre trabalho e vida no Ensino Superior e o impacto no bem-estar dos professores. Com base em uma revisão sistemática de 53 artigos das bases ScienceDirect, Scopus e Web of Science de 2005 a 2020, este artigo possui uma rigorosa metodologia de revisão sistemática usando as ferramentas de software Mendeley e EndNote. As ferramentas de software VOSviewer e Microsoft Excel também foram utilizadas nas seguintes técnicas: análise de citações e co-ocorrência de termos/palavras. Além disso, foram identificados na literatura os principais tópicos discutidos sobre o work-life balance entre professores do Ensino Superior, áreas de pesquisa, campo de atividade e análise SWOT (oportunidades, ameaças, pontos fortes e fracos). Os resultados sugerem que a desigualdade de gênero, o nível de estresse no trabalho e a ausência de um ambiente de trabalho saudável afetam o work-life balance e consequentemente o bem-estar dos professores do Ensino Superior.

Work-life balance; Professor; Universidade; Ensino Superior

Resumen

El equilibrio entre trabajo y vida debe ser ejercido por personas que desempeñan funciones en el trabajo y en la familia, incluidos los maestros de Educación Superior. El propósito de este artículo es analizar el equilibrio entre trabajo y vida en la Educación Superior y el impacto en el bienestar de los docentes. Basado en una revisión sistemática de 53 artículos de las bases de datos ScienceDirect, Scopus y Web of Science de 2005 a 2020, este artículo tiene una metodología rigurosa de revisión sistemática utilizando las herramientas de software Mendeley y EndNote. Las herramientas de software VOSviewer y Microsoft Excel también se usaron en las siguientes técnicas: análisis de citas y co-ocurrencia de términos/palabras. Además, se identificaron en la literatura los principales temas discutidos sobre el equilibrio trabajo-vida entre los docentes de Educación Superior, áreas de investigación, campo de actividad y análisis SWOT (oportunidades, amenazas, fortalezas y debilidades). Los resultados sugieren que la desigualdad de género, el nivel de estrés en el trabajo y la ausencia de un entorno laboral saludable afectan el equilibrio entre el trabajo y la vida y, en consecuencia, el bienestar de los docentes de Educación Superior.

Equilibrio trabajo-vida; Profesor; Universidad; Enseñanza Superior

1 Introduction

Work-life balance refers to achieving a balance between professional and personal life through the management, organization and prioritization of personal tasks and work routines ( FAZAL et al., 2019 ). Several researches suggest that academic administration develop strategies for maintaining and developing the work-life balance of teachers in their academic careers (AMITH; VINAY; GOWRAMMA, 2019; SONI; BAKHRU, 2019 ).

Considered as the fundamental asset in Higher Education institutions (HEIs), the teacher plays a representative role in the execution of organizational objectives and their performance influences the learning process and student results ( GOODING, 2018 ; SETHI et al., 2017 ), directly intervening in the goals of any Education program (JOHNSON; WILLIS; EVANS, 2019). Research has identified that teachers presented the most unstable work-life balance when compared to other positions in Higher Education institutions ( BEER et al., 2015 ; KANG; PARK; PARK, 2019). Studies that analyzed the teachers’ work-life balance have limitations in terms of explaining the specific aspects that contribute to this instability (EBERMAN; SINGE; EASON, 2019; KRUEGER et al., 2017 ; NILSSON; BLOMQVIST; ANDERSSON, 2017). The understanding of work-life balance indicators is representative in this research audience, since the well-being of teachers can influence their productive effectiveness in teaching, research and management, ultimately interfering in the quality of Higher Education (ABRAMOV; GRUZDEV; TERENTEV, 2017).

The absence of favoring the work-life balance in the face of teachers who work in the university environment can affect their commitment both in the area of teaching and in research, and can also generate distance from family commitments. The work-life balance of teachers can be an attenuator not only for the quality of Education, but also to make undergraduate and graduate programs more sustainable, with impacts in the short and long time ( BEER et al., 2015 ; DEVI; LALU, 2018 ; ZEHRA; RUKHSANA, 2020 ). Therefore, it is something that demands from teachers, during the career formation period, to receive an adequate structure so that the work environment can remain healthy. Higher Education teachers face continuous tension regarding the quality of classes, publication of scientific research, excessive workload, deadlines, constant performance evaluations by programs, requirements for frequent participation in academic events, among other activities inherent to the profession (BEIGI; SHIRMOHAMMADI; KIM, 2016; DUBAS-JAKOBCZYK et al., 2020 ; JOHNSON; WILLIS; EVANS, 2019).

Insecurity in living with the coordinators is aggravating stress ( BERHEIDE et al., 2020 ; PU et al., 2017 ), as well as the various activities that university teachers carry out, in their personal lives as parents and in career building also as students, and in professional life as researchers and employees ( MCCUTCHEON; MORRISON, 2018 ). Regarding the number of factors that generate aggravating stress and the job responsibilities of teachers, maintaining the balance between professional and family life becomes another challenge ( FAZAL et al., 2019 ). Due to the conflicts generated between professional and family environment, some teachers in career construction give up academic life soon after finishing the doctoral course, exercising other professions ( CABAY et al., 2018 ). However, there are data that show that Higher Education institutions do not favor the career building of teaching professionals. Instead, the work environment at universities is seen as expensive by several teachers, which influences the work-life balance in a harmful way (JAIN; MISHRA; YADAV, 2018).

Research on the work-life balance of Higher Education teachers and other professionals working at universities has deepened in factors such as stress level ( DEVI; LALU, 2018 ), workload ( SALTMARSH; RANDELL-MOON, 2015 ) and production scientific ( YOU, 2016 ) in isolation, instead of using a global approach, as it would allow to consider several related aspects in the development of the work-life balance ( KRUEGER et al., 2017 ; SMELTZER et al., 2016 ). Therefore, after researching the literature, this article aims to analyze the work-life balance and the impact on the well-being of Higher Education teachers, through a systematic review of the existing literature, answering the following questions: (i) What are the main impacts of work-life balance on the well-being of Higher Education teachers? (ii) What are the main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for the development of the work-life balance of Higher Education teachers?

The research is structured as follows. This first section presents the introduction and the objectives proposed in the study. The next section presents the methods used to carry out the research. Following are the main results found and, in closing, the conclusion of the study.

2 Methodology

This study has retrieved data from the ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science, a comprehensive database that has been used extensively by various researchers for carrying out systematic reviews ( NORRIS; OPPENHEIM, 2007 ; SEDIGHI, 2016 ). The choice of databases is justified by being the largest bases of bibliographic references and abstracts of the scientific literature of peer review. This provides a multidisciplinary scientific analysis with the integration of innovation, technology and applied research ( ARCHAMBAULT et al., 2009 ). According to Norris and Oppenheim (2007) , ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science feature coverage of high-impact articles and extensive bibliographic coverage in the area of Social Sciences.

The set of keywords used in the search was defined using Boolean operators and truncation symbols (see Figure 1 ). After searching the databases, 1383 articles were found. The authors did no limit time coverage. Thereafter, to select articles of relevance for the study, filtering procedures were adopted. The following criteria were used: (a) exclusion of duplicates using Mendeley (version 1.17.13) and EndNote X6; (b) restriction for inclusion of articles and review, eliminating books, book chapters and conferences; and (c) articles not related to the proposed theme were deleted – filter by title and summary, followed by full reading.

Figure 1
Summary of literature review steps

In total, 607 duplicate articles were eliminated; thus, of the 1,383 remained 776. After the title filter, since there were studies that did not fit in this research, there were 477 left. The filter by abstract was also applied and after reading the abstracts, 246 articles that did not fit the theme were identified and eliminated, and therefore, a total of 723 articles were eliminated by titles and abstracts. At last, after full reading of the articles, 53 articles have been selected for the final portfolio in a rigorous methodology of systematic review.

The final portfolio of the 53 articles is analyzed in the results section, in which the articles were organized by bibliometric analysis and the VOSViewer® software was used to construct visual maps ( VAN ECK; WALTMAN, 2009 ). Bibliometric analysis manifests interconnections among the articles in respect of the frequency with which an article is cited and co-cited by other articles (BESSELAA; HEIMERIKS, 2006). The following techniques of bibliometric analysis have been adopted for this study: citation analysis, and co-occurrence of terms/words. The SWOT analysis was carried out to address the proposed research questions of this study (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats – the initials SWOT). The business strategy tool was invented by a group of Harvard teachers: Learned, Christensen, Andrews and Guth - in order to identify strategic options for a business or project ( LEARNED et al., 1965 ). The citation analysis discusses the countries, institutions, journals and articles that have been scientifically influential according to the number of citations ( DZIKOWSKI, 2018 ). In addition, main topics discussed about the work-life balance, research areas, field of activity (Teaching, research and management) are presented in the literature.

The co-occurrence of terms/words identified the main trends in the field that need to be investigated ( SEDIGHI, 2016 ). In the SWOT analysis, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified. The significance of SWOT analysis is that it provides a good way to examine both positive and negative attributes within a single analysis, determining how best to build solutions for the problem in analysis ( HELMS; NIXON, 2010 ).

3 Results of the characteristics found in the studies

3.1 Citation analysis

This section considers a total of 53 articles written by 152 authors and co-authors published in 39 journals, from 2005 to May 2020, developed by 18 countries in 46 Teaching and research institutions, with a total number of 455 keywords and 2,286 references cited.

With regard to the number of publications, Figure 2 shows the number of articles per country.

Figure 2
Number of publications per country

America is the continent with the largest number of publications related to the topic, since 24 of the 53 articles evaluated are from American countries. Asia also appears with a representative contribution of 16 publications. Among the countries with the highest number of searches are the USA (19 articles) and India (10 articles). The continents of Europe and Oceania are those that appear less prominently in relation to the topic addressed, with 10 and 3 articles respectively.

In the United States of America, research was carried out to contribute with new perspectives on the representation of women in HEIs, which revealed some barriers that included gender discrimination, lack of support from the faculty in the workplace, opposition from family members, need to choose between family and professional obligations ( BEDDOES; PAWLEY, 2014 ; FAZAL et al., 2019 ). According to Lester (2015) , Higher Education institutions need to deal with the individual nature of women’s work-life balance considering the scenario of gender inequality. Similarly, India also appears prominently in research on the issue of gender (MARAGATHAM; AMUDHA; MOTHA, 2017; SUMATHI; VELMURUGAN, 2018 ). It was found that career development opportunities are one of the aspects that women most seek to work in the institution. For this reason, women’s retention can be a vital source of competitive advantage in achieving the organization’s goals and objectives, and the scenario is no different in Higher Education institutions ( DHANYA; KINSLIN, 2017 ).

Regarding the institutions, few appear to be involved in more than one study. Only the University of California (3 studies), Faculty of Engineering at Trivandrum (2 studies) and Faculty of Nursing at the University of Villanova (2 studies). The reduced number of articles per institution allows us to infer that there is no study center that focuses on the proposed theme. Regarding the journals, the ones that published the most were International Journal of Stress Management and Journal of Athletic Training, both with 3 studies. It can be seen that the journals that publish the most on the topic work-life balance of Higher Education teachers are focused on the areas of psychology, administration and physical Education. These journals present studies on work-life balance with objectives aimed at the internal aspects of the institution, with an evaluation of the factors that develop a healthy work environment, such as support from co-workers, increased degree of retention of teachers and opportunities for career improvement.

Complementing the analysis, “^{Appendix A}” shows the characteristics of the studies evaluated, presenting the authors, main topics discussed about work-life balance, study areas and practice field (Teaching, research and management). The articles were classified as most influential scientifically according to the number of citations.

Among the 53 articles, three articles with the highest number of citations were: Houston, Meyer and Paewai (2006), who mention that coordinators and teachers should take responsibility for defining their work functions, to build an active role in workload management; Tytherleigh et al. (2005) , who state that the stress of Higher Education teachers is related to job insecurity; and the research carried out by Grawitch, Trares and Kohler (2007), provides initial support to the proposition that teachers’ work-life balance should be integrated into the plans of Higher Education institutions, to ensure that the work-life imbalance does not affect the well-being of teachers and the quality of Teaching.

The body of literature demonstrates a diversity of research on the theme of work-life balance of teachers in Higher Education institutions. It appears that most journals belong to areas focused on Education (34.0%), Medicine (30.2%), Administration (28.3%) and Psychology (26.4%), emphasizing that some journals are related in more than one research area. Among the main topics discussed by the authors, gender inequality appears in 24.5% of the studies, followed by the level of stress at work with 22.6% and the absence of a healthy workplace with 15.1%, with some articles classified in more than one topic. Figure 3 shows the list of studies evaluated according to the field of activity.

Figure 3
Number of publications by field of activity

Most studies, 58.5% focused on the work-life balance of teachers in an isolated work field, with emphasis on Teaching. Among the 53 articles in the final portfolio, 41.5% showed a relationship in more than one field of activity, with Teaching and research as the main emphasis with 17.0% of the studies evaluated. Only 5.7% of the studies within the theme addressed evidenced the Teaching professionals who work specifically in management. This fact is worrying, since professionals who work in the positions of directors and deans are important for decision-making in Higher Education institutions; they are responsible for establishing policies in the workplace to meet the needs of employees to balance professional and personal responsibilities. However, the fact that there is little research that addresses management can be explained by the small number of teachers who work in university management.

3.2 Co-occurrence analysis

A visual map was created with text data, in which titles and abstracts were considered (see Figure 4 ), the complete counting method was used, with a minimum number of occurrences of 10 keywords, thus 65 terms of a total of 2,291 meet the proposed criterion. Four clusters were identified with 604 elements of link occurrence.

Figure 4
Co-occurrence of terms—final portfolio

Therefore, from the existing results, it is possible to conclude that terms in red of the largest cluster mainly focus on studies that investigate work-life balance in Higher Education institutions, evaluating forms of support to balance the practices exercised by the members of the faculty in the workplace and in personal life.

The second largest cluster with terms in green demonstrates studies regarding the work-life balance and the effect of the stress of the faculty members, highlighting the teachers’ commitment to the university and how this can generate conflicts between work and family. In addition, the green cluster studies portray the issue of gender to assess whether the personal life of women has a greater impact on Teaching activities when compared to men. The main concerns within the theme addressed, in a general context, produced a result that relates to job satisfaction focused on the context of organizational intervention and productivity improvement.

3.3 Main topics of the SWOT analysis

Based on the concept proposed by Helms and Nixon (2010) , a SWOT analysis was carried out on the final portfolio of articles, identifying the opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed theme. Figure 5 presents a SWOT matrix listing the results found in the evaluation of the articles.

Figure 5
SWOT analysis results

Strengths identified were the studies that presented attempts to apply their objectives in practice, proposing strategies to improve work-life balance, such as formulating policies for teachers to improve the organizational climate and reduce gender inequality in undergraduate and graduate programs ( CHUNG et al., 2010 ; DELELLO; MCWHORTER; MARMION, 2018; SALTMARSH; RANDELL-MOON, 2015 ;), organization of seminars on health, well-being and time management (MAKHBUL; SHEIKH; SHEIKH, 2014), in addition to training for coordination with the function of obtaining a structured model to assist institutions to provide feedback in terms of relationship management (EBERMAN; SINGE; EASON, 2019; TOURANGEAU et al., 2015 ).

The different study methods were another strength identified, in which 60.3% of the articles evaluated used questionnaires, 28.2% interviews, 7.7% literature review and, finally, 3.8% interview and document analysis. In addition, the faculty is researched including several programs in the areas of physical Education ( EASON et al., 2018 ; MAZEROLLE; EASON, 2016 ), engineering ( NAYAK; SHARMA, 2018 ; PARAMASIVAM, 2015 ), mathematics ( CABAY et al., 2018 ), nursing ( TOURANGEAU et al., 2015 ), medicine ( KRUEGER et al., 2017 ), pharmacy ( LINDFELT et al., 2018 ), administration ( DHANYA; KINSLIN, 2017 ; SMELTZER et al., 2016 ), among others, at the undergraduate and graduate levels. However, only 14.1% of the studies made comparisons between programs in different areas.

A weakness identified in the literature was the definition of the “work-life balance”, which can generate doubt in the interpretation. The work-life balance is conceptualized in different ways in research and related to other concepts, such as health, psychology, management, engagement in the workplace, creating difficulties to differentiate certain concepts objectively. The concept of work-life balance found widely in research in different areas indicates the complexity of well-being in the professional environment of Higher Education institutions.

In general, some divergences are found in the concepts. Kinman and Jones (2008) portray that work-life balance is a way of balancing roles, in which fulfilling the responsibilities of one domain (work) does not harm the other domain (family). Kang, Park and Park (2019) state that the work-life balance addresses not only the structure of conflicts and family, but involves other concerns such as health, leisure activities, personal development and community commitments. Little research in developing countries was another weakness; the theme was highlighted by the United States of America and India.

As an identified opportunity, a way to expand the study on the work-life balance of Higher Education teachers would be to enlarge the research fields to include more studies in the areas of engineering and information technology, which appear with a smaller number of publications in the reviewed articles. These areas present theories that can assist in the interpretation of complex situations, skills and the development of strategies to avoid conflicts in the professional and personal lives of teachers.

The biggest focus of the HEI is on the development of the teachers’ career, quantifying participation in congresses and seminars or publications ( EASON et al., 2018 ; HADLER, 2010 ). Another opportunity would be to value not only career growth, but also well-being and job satisfaction of teachers, as it can provide changes in the quality of Education. Research shows that if teachers have conflicts between family and professional life during the course of building their careers, and may not even continue to work in the area, everyone involved ends up having losses ( CABAY et al., 2018 ; SETHI et al., 2017 ). Therefore, in relation to this divergence are financial expenses, in which there is no investment in psychological resources for teachers due to the expense of dedication in the various responsibilities ( ZEHRA; RUKHSANA, 2020 ).

For teachers who present a high level of stress, strategies formulated by Higher Education institutions with a focus on psychological and social support were seen as effective for improvements in work-life balance ( DEVI; LALU, 2018 ). The opportunity lies in advancing studies on the subject addressed, evaluating how these strategies can be used by Teaching professionals, eventually aiming at achieving the development of the work-life balance.

Finally, the issue of gender can be an opportunity found. Evaluated studies presented the female gender as a research audience (KANG; PARK; PARK, 2019; SUMATHI; VELMURUGAN, 2018 ). Countries such as the United States of America have a uniform gender distribution of Higher Education teachers, since 49.6% are women. Germany and Japan, on the other hand, show a gender disparity with a percentage of female teachers working in HEIs of 39.3% and 28.4% respectively (OECD, 2017). These data demonstrate that there are disparities between countries; however, women and men may have different reactions to job satisfaction, professional and family responsibilities, stress and conflicts, and therefore, equality of representativeness for both genders is fundamental.

Women showed a lower balance between professional and family life when compared to men (DENSON; SZELÉNYI; BRESONIS, 2018; MCCUTCHEON; MORRISON, 2018 ). In addition, some women sought alternative paths and different careers ( CABAY et al., 2018 ). Another identified threat was the reasons such as workload and excessive activities, which generate stress or cause Teaching professionals in Higher Education institutions to choose to change careers ( HADLER, 2010 ; SUMATHI; VELMURUGAN 2018 ).

There is an urgent need to review the failures in the public administrative policies of universities in relation to working time and family. These policies can be provided by universities (public and private) to offer teachers options to manage the work obligations and family needs. Among these policies, the following stand out: i) programs for the management of teachers’ working time, including leisure habits and family support in personal planning ( SALTMARSH; RANDELL-MOON, 2015 ); ii) smaller classes; iii) faculty meetings using flexible methods, for example, virtual meetings (DELELLO; MCWHORTER; MARMION, 2018); and iv) informal work environment (EBERMAN; SINGE; EASON, 2019).

4 Final considerations

This article presented a systematic review of literature on work-life balance and the impact on the well-being of teachers who work in Higher Education institutions. Based on a systematic review of 53 articles retrieved from ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science for the period of 2005 – May 2020, this article presented a rigorous systematic review methodology. From the final portfolio of the articles, some conclusions were drawn.

The main impacts on teachers’ well-being due to the work-life balance, during the course of their careers in Higher Education institutions were: gender inequality, the level of stress at work and tension, career progress, classroom workload, publication of scientific articles, participation in congresses, compliance with deadlines and performance constants by the programs. The results of the SWOT analysis showed among the strengths the proposal of strategies to improve the work-life balance, such as, for example, formulating policies for teachers, like improving the organizational climate, reducing gender inequality in undergraduate and graduate programs, organizing seminars on health, well-being and time management, and training coordination to formulate a structured model of feedback in terms of relationship management. The various concepts of work-life balance identified in the literature were a weakness, with conceptual divergence between the authors. In addition, the lack of research on the proposed theme in developing countries was another weakness identified. In the opportunity, the increase of the research field in the area of engineering, since this area represented only 9.4% of the analyzed studies. As an identified threat, gender inequality was a topic that appeared as the focus of research in 24.5% of the studies, demonstrating the scenario of a traditional society with a mentality that disapproves of the increase in women’s independence.

Higher Education institutions need to develop a more focused approach to the well-being of teachers, which would increase the chances of teachers maintaining their work-life balance during the development of their academic activities and, in the long run, maintaining quality Teaching. This review showed that Higher Education teachers present certain conflicts to balance family and professional commitments. As future research, it is recommended to study the work-life balance and the performance of teachers in universities, evaluating those who exercise the profession as a priority and those who also work in other professions such as health or business.

Appendix A

Characteristics of the assessed studies

ID	Main topics discussed about work-life balance	Study areas	Practice field (Teaching, research and management)	Citation	Reference
1	Workload management	Education and Administration	Teaching and Research	441	Houston, Meyer and Paewai (2006)
2	Workplace stress; Work overload	Education	Teaching	427	Tytherleigh et al. (2005)
3	Healthy workplace; Employee involvement	Medicine, Psychology and Administration	Teaching	244	Grawitch, Trares and Kohler (2007)
4	Role conflict, Workplace stress	Psychology and Administration	Teaching, Research and Management	168	Kinman and Jones (2008)
5	Workplace stress; Occupational health	Medicine, Psychology and Administration	Teaching and Research	133	Catano et al. (2010)
6	Gender inequality	Psychology	Teaching	111	Tytherleigh et al. (2007)
7	Job satisfaction; Healthcare Educators	Medicine and Education	Teaching, Research and Management	84	Chung et al. (2010)
8	Gender inequality; Workplace stress	Sociology and Social Work	Teaching and Research	78	Baker (2010)
9	Gender inequality	Education	Teaching	71	Beddoes and Pawley (2014)
10	Workplace policies	Sociology	Teaching and Management	52	Sullivan (2014)
11	Healthy workplace; Personnel turnover	Nursing	Teaching	51	Tourangeau et al . (2015)
12	Gender inequality; Organization culture	Education and Psychology	Teaching and Management	37	Lester (2015)
13	Healthcare Educators; Career choice	Medicine and Education	Teaching and Research	37	Sethi et al . (2017)
14	Healthy workplace	Psychology	Teaching	36	Pu et al. (2017)
15	Contemplative practices	Education	Teaching	32	Beer et al . (2015)
16	Career progression; Job satisfaction; Workplace stress	Medicine	Teaching	23	Lindfelt, Ip and Barnett (2015)
17	Employee performance; Work-life conflict	Administration	Teaching	21	Soomro, Breitenecker and Shah (2018)
18	Career progression; Workload management	Psychology, Education and Medicine	Teaching	20	Mazerolle and Eason (2016)
19	Job satisfaction; Healthy workplace	Nursing, Medicine and Education	Teaching	19	Krueger et al . (2017)
20	Work environment; Healthy workplace	Multidisciplinary	Teaching and Management	18	Nilsson, Blomqvist and Andersson (2017)
21	Job satisfaction; Work-life conflict	Multidisciplinary	Teaching	16	Beigi, Shirmohammadi and Kim (2016)
22	Workplace stress; Workload management	Administration and Economics	Research and Management	15	Makhbul, Sheikh and Sheikh (2014)
24	Gender inequality	Multidisciplinary	Teaching and Research	13	Cabay et al . (2018)
23	Race inequality	Education	Teaching and Research	13	Denson, Szelényi and Bresonis (2018)
25	Workplace policies; Risk and reciprocity	Education and Administration	Teaching	13	Saltmarsh and Randell-Moon (2015)
26	Workplace stress	Medicine, Psychology and Administration	Teaching	12	Johnson, Willis and Evans (2019)
27	Workplace stress; Personnel turnover; Career progression	Pharmacy, Medicine and Administration	Teaching and Management	12	Lindfelt et al . (2018)
28	Healthcare Educators	Nursing and Education	Teaching	12	Smeltzer et al . (2016)
30	Healthy workplace	Medicine	Research	10	Hadler (2010)
29	Gender inequality	Education	Teaching	10	Naz, Fazal and Khan (2017)
31	Workplace policies; Career progression	Education, Sociology and Political Science	Teaching and Research	9	Paramasivam (2015)
32	Workplace strategies; Organizational culture	Psychology, Education, Physiotherapy and Medicine	Teaching	8	Eason et al . (2018)
34	Gender inequality; Work-life conflict	Psychology and Sociology	Teaching and Research	8	McCutcheon and Morrison (2018)
33	Workplace stress; Well-being; Leadership	Engineering and Medicine	Management	8	Pignata et al . (2018)
35	Gender inequality	Administration and Economics	Teaching	5	Dhanya and Kinslin (2017)
37	Workload management; Job satisfaction	Multidisciplinary	Teaching, Research and Management	4	Abramov, Gruzdev and Terentev (2017)
36	Faculty performance; Faculty accountability	Education and Administration	Teaching, Research and Management	4	Delello, McWhorter and Marmion (2018)
38	Work life satisfaction	Social and Humanities	Teaching	3	Gooding (2018)
39	Workload management	Administration	Management	3	Rotenberg and Carlos (2018)
41	Career progression; Gender inequality	Psychology and Sociology	Teaching	1	Fazal et al . (2019)
43	Healthy workplace; Physical activity; Workplace stress	Administration and Psychology	Teaching, Research and Management	1	Jain, Mishra and Yadav (2018)
40	Gender inequality; Organizational culture	Psychology, Sociology, Administration and Law	Teaching	1	Kang, Park and Park (2019)
42	Well-being	Administration	Teaching and Management	1	Soni and Bakhru (2019)
44	Healthy workplace	Medicine	Research	1	You (2016)
46	Multirole; Workplace stress; Gender inequality	Engineering and Information Technology	Teaching	0	Amith, Vinay and Gowramma (2019)
52	Work-life conflict	Medicine	Management	0	Berheide et al . (2020)
48	Well-being; Workplace stress	Education and Social Work	Teaching	0	Devi and Lalu (2018)
50	Organizational climate	Pharmacy and Engineering	Teaching and Management	0	Dubas-Jakobczyk et al . (2020)
45	Workplace policies; Work-life conflict	Psychology, Education and Medicine	Teaching	0	Eberman, Singe and Eason (2019)
51	Gender inequality	Economics	Teaching	0	Maragatham, Amudha and Motha (2017)
49	Organization culture	Engineering and Economics	Management and Teaching	0	Nayak and Sharma (2018)
47	Gender inequality; Job satisfaction	Engineering and Administration	Teaching and Management	0	Sumathi and Velmurugan (2018)
53	Flexible career; Workplace policies	Medicine	Teaching	0	Zehra and Rukhsana (2020)

Source: Own Authorship (2020)

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  19 Mar 2021
• Date of issue
  Jul-Sep 2021

History

• Received
  7 July 2020
• Accepted
  21 Jan 2021