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Community development projects
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The first conglomerate is related to community development projects design. Studies on this topic are focused on reinforcing the importance of social capital, such as the ability to promote community resilience in the management of community resources and attachment to place in community development. Likewise, the works show that it is necessary to review the problems of indigenous communities to ensure their source of livelihood and general well-being; therefore, the projects are characterized by the participation of all members of the community in collective decisions, maintaining respect for the rights of all stakeholders and not just for those represented on the board of directors. |
Biczkowski (2020); Butler (2021); Chowdhooree et al. (2020); Coral Guerrero (2018); Del Valle (2020); Emina & Ikegbu (2020); Fox (2020); González et al. (2018); Haugh (2021); Moore (2021); Musavengane & Kloppers (2020); Hughes & Scheyvens (2021); Sáenz (2021); Saifullah et al. (2021); Smets et al. (2020); Torres-Rivera et al. (2021); Uduji & Okolo-Obasi (2018); Downey & Threlkeld (2020); Fry & Hilburn (2020); Jha (2022); McArdle & Murray (2021)
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| Another conclusion is that community development projects in indigenous communities allow communities to be empowered around indigenous principles and to respect their worldview to maintain community relations through the Minga, food sovereignty, and political empowerment that contribute to discussing proposed public policies from the periphery to the center. |
| The planning process for any development activity must address the problem of the disaster and prioritize community concerns so that any development can promote adaptation. Thus, the processes of community participation, conflicts, and disagreements must be reported to strengthen the responsibility of the community project before the interested parties. |
| It is essential to establish the route for the systematization of actions that allow the use of the resources and capacities of the community in order to facilitate the configuration of social innovation processes as a condition of territorial development with a sustainable approach. Thus, local leadership is also empowered and open to alternative approaches that allow community agency. |
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Indigenous Entrepreneurship
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The second cluster of studies is related to designing indigenous entrepreneurship projects, whose common characteristics are using available local resources to achieve self-sufficiency and self-determination and lack of technological support. Thus, activities are carried out as the needs of the communities arise. Hence, their history is decisive to create a competitive advantage for indigenous businesses and companies through a human rights approach by empowering members and their independent businesses. Product differentiation focuses on cultural authenticity, sustainability, and fair-trade practices based on principles. An internal accreditation system for compliance with the principles as well as quality control and product traceability is being implemented so that consumers can verify the ethical credibility of the products and the brand. |
April & Itenge (2020); Barr et al. (2018); Vázquez-Maguirre (2020b); Castillo et al. (2020); Croce (2019a); Gainsford & Evans (2020); Hirsch (2020)Jongwe et al. (2020); Kawharu (2019); MacPherson et al. (2021); Mika et al. (2019a, b); Molina-Ramírez & Barba-Sánchez (2021); Mrabure (2019); Mrabure et al. (2018); Onwuegbuzie & Mafimisebi (2021); Pallarès et al. (2018); Tamtik (2020); Thakhathi (2019); Thakur & Ray (2020); Tipu & Sarker (2020); Tretiakov et al. (2020); Trupp et al.(2021); Vázquez-Maguirre (2020b); Weaven et al. (2019)
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| However, to mobilize rural entrepreneurship, particularly indigenous entrepreneurship, issues such as agency, gender, and decoloniality must be articulated and deepened. This is to balance their cultural values and economic aspirations, which allow building and consolidating a collective and transforming identity that fits the projects. In addition, education and intercultural relations can be vital elements to indigenous position companies as an essential component to promote the economic self-determination of indigenous peoples. |
| Indigenous entrepreneurship does not stem from the same motivations as Western entrepreneurship; it is closer to social entrepreneurship due to the socio-cultural context in which it is developed and to decision-making in community consensus. However, there is a lack of human capital and institutional capacity to suddenly transform indigenous entrepreneurship into highly sophisticated forms of organization that may seem contrary to indigenous ideologies. |
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Indigenous projects
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The third conglomerate of studies is focused on analyzing indigenous projects; there are works on the entrepreneurial experiences of indigenous communities that are an essential key to understanding structural inequalities at different levels in social contexts and managing to design successful projects. Similarly, the discourse on the compatibility between contemporary development models and indigenous value systems is essential since most traditional societies are committed to modernity and cultural values. Therefore, the identification of similarities contributes to identifying the patterns of demand for indigenous products and building a more global profile of the consumers of these products. |
Annandale et al. (2021); Atlas et al. (2021); Boadu et al. (2021); Chercoles et al. (2021); Croce (2019b); Dutta & Elers (2020); Eglash et al. (2019); Howard et al. (2020); Jolly & Thompson-Fawcett (2021); Maclean et al. (2022); Maracle et al. (2020); Pickerill (2018); Ramírez Velázquez (2019); Jackson (2019)
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| Similarly, studies reveal that indigenous projects must be based on a multigenerational understanding of the links between products, people, and ecosystems, to promote adaptive learning, long-term and anticipatory planning logics of indigenous peoples, the need to leave space for the indigenous agency, the importance of indigenous-led processes, and efforts from an indigenous perspective. |
| An indigenous project design requires an effort of decolonization, self-determination, and construction of territory, which maintains indigenous values and preferences. Thus, the leaders who design these projects can protect indigenous intellectual and cultural property through appropriate methodologies, the participation of the “right” people (socially, culturally, and politically), and debates to guarantee that research generates benefits to their communities. |
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Social projects
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Studies that address social projects are grouped in the fourth conglomerate, considering three informative dimensions: the description, the financial aspects, and the scope of the projects. In this regard, one of the findings indicate that these projects can only be successful if the development of community clusters can attract all the resources and talents and fully participate in the community intervention plans and programs. Every time, they must be developed from the promotion and creation of processing and value addition through the convergence of existing schemes and programs. |
Alsaid & Ambilichu (2020); Block et al. (2021); Chandra (2018)Cook et al. (2021); Silva et al. (2018); Haigh (2020); Horn et al. (2021); Kazun (2018); Londoño Marín et al. (2018); López Molero et al. (2020); Luna-Cabrera et al. (2020); Magomedova et al. (2020); Mathiyazhagan (2020); Mohammadi et al. (2021); Moraes et al. (2021); Figueiredo-Oliveira et al. (2019); Pevnaya & Cernicova-Buca (2020); Sosa González et al. (2019); Symeou et al. (2018); Tirado-Beltrán et al. (2020); Uduji & Okolo-Obasi (2019); Uduji et al. (2020); Wang et al. (2019); Farooq (2021); Niigaaniin et al. (2021)
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| This projects design is characterized by the facilitation offered by social relations, shared cultural values, and local knowledge, which meet specific needs that neither the market economy nor the government will meet. Therefore, such design must be reviewed through configurable stages, which offer freedom to define different elements in their drafting and structuring, which indicate that they should focus on the identification and design stages. |
| It is essential to analyze culture and its functions of orientation, integration of values, and normative integration. At the same time, the behavior of the various stakeholders is reviewed, and their interests are aligned. This implies analyzing the perceptions, motivations, and practices of prosocial behavior of the people involved in the project, which generate support networks. Hence, the trajectory of social leadership and the motivation for social entrepreneurship are permeated by education and attitudes towards social learning. |
| A project will work for the result itself and to increase the motivation of the participants who can be given a choice between being needs-oriented or real means-oriented to achieve the objectives. In both cases, the relevance of risk management and the need to appropriately assign responsibilities must be understood to reduce the uncertainty that may hinder project management in general. |
Project design and development in indigenous communities: a literature review
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