Plant community dynamics in an urban forest fragment of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil

Kondrat, Hebert; Aragaki, Sonia; Gomes, Eduardo Pereira Cabral

doi:10.1590/2236-8906-34/2019

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Special article of PEFI • Hoehnea 47 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-34/2019 copy

Plant community dynamics in an urban forest fragment of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil¹ 1 Parte da Dissertação de Mestrado do primeiro Autor

Dinâmica da comunidade vegetal em um fragmento florestal urbano da área metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

We present a synthesis (2006-2012) of plant community dynamics in an area (1 ha) of the largest remnant of Atlantic Rain Forest surrounded by São Paulo city. Plants with ≥ 2.5 cm dbh, including the climbers, were sampled in 10 transects (2 × 50 m), and the smaller (> 1 m height, < 2.5 cm dbh) in 10 subtransects (1 × 50 m). We sampled 901 individuals, 125 species (38 families), 83 classified as late-successional species, 12 threatened with extinction and 56 absent in the area management plan, some Endangered (EN) species. The climbers were the most dynamics, they had the largest decrease in basal area; and the larger (> 5.0 cm dbh) and shorter (< 2.5 cm dbh) trees had the highest mortality rates of the shrub-tree synusia. Late species regeneration was predominant. The studied forest showed progression towards more mature successional stages in the monitoring period.

Keywords:
climbing plants; demography; permanent plots; secondary forest; understory

Species	Family	SG/H	N° Col.	RF (%)		RD (%)
Species	Family	SG/H	N° Col.	2006	2012	2006	2012
Geonoma gamiova Barb.Rodr. +++	Arecaceae	L	-	2.65	2.65	6.06	6.82
Calyptranthes grandifolia O.Berg	Myrtaceae	L	78	2.94	2.95	6.06	5.74
Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma +++	Sapotaceae	L	1	2.35	2.36	3.88	4.34
Dendropanax exilis (Toledo) S.L.Jung +++	Araliaceae	L	105	2.35	2.95	3.42	4.19
Cordiera myrciifolia (K.Schum.) C.H.Perss. & Delprete	Rubiaceae	L	151	2.65	2.65	4.35	4.19
Cupania oblongifolia Mart.	Sapindaceae	E	171	2.35	2.65	3.88	3.88
Rudgea jasminoides (Cham.) Müll.Arg.	Rubiaceae	L	11	2.35	2.06	4.50	3.88
Eugenia pruinosa D.Legrand * +++	Myrtaceae	L	129	2.94	2.95	4.19	3.72
Guarea macrophylla Vahl	Meliaceae	E	15	2.35	2.36	3.73	3.57
Eugenia excelsa O.Berg	Myrtaceae	L	7	2.06	2.36	2.33	2.64
Eugenia handroana D.Legrand +++	Myrtaceae	L	33	2.06	2.06	2.33	2.33
Actinostemon klotzschii (Didr.) Pax +++	Euphorbiaceae	L	6	1.18	1.47	2.17	2.17
Cryptocarya mandioccana Meisn. +++	Lauraceae	L	2	2.06	1.77	1.71	1.86
Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC.	Myrtaceae	E	96	1.76	1.47	2.02	1.86
Euterpe edulis Mart. **	Arecaceae	L	-	0.88	2.06	0.62	1.71
Neomitranthes glomerata (D.Legrand) D.Legrand +++	Myrtaceae	L	83	1.47	1.47	1.71	1.71
Eugenia brevistyla D.Legrand +++	Myrtaceae	L	5	1.18	1.77	0.93	1.55
Myrcia tijucensis Kiaersk. +++	Myrtaceae	L	147	1.76	1.77	1.71	1.55
Faramea montevidensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) DC. +++	Rubiaceae	L	18	1.76	1.77	1.55	1.55
Myrcia aethusa (O.Berg) N.Silveira +++	Myrtaceae	L	163	1.47	1.47	1.55	1.55
Cordia sellowiana Cham.	Boraginaceae	E	197	2.35	1.77	2.02	1.40
Myrcia pubipetala Miq. +++	Myrtaceae	L	99	1.47	1.47	1.55	1.24
Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman	Arecaceae	E	-	1.18	0.88	1.40	1.24
Trichilia silvatica C.DC. **	Meliaceae	L	130	0.88	0.88	1.40	1.24
Calyptranthes lucida Mart. ex DC. +++	Myrtaceae	L	79	1.47	1.47	1.09	1.09
Sloanea obtusifolia (Moric.) Schum. * +++	Elaeocarpaceae	L	14	1.18	1.18	0.93	1.09
Aspidosperma olivaceum Müll.Arg.	Apocynaceae	L	184	1.76	1.77	0.93	0.93
Podocarpus sellowii Klotzsch ex Endl. *	Podocarpaceae	L	172	1.47	1.47	0.78	0.93
Geonoma schottiana Mart.	Arecaceae	L	-	0.59	0.59	0.93	0.93
Amaioua intermedia Mart. ex Schult. & Schult.f.	Rubiaceae	E	167	1.47	1.47	0.78	0.78
Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer *	Lauraceae	L	196	1.18	1.18	0.78	0.78
Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk. +++	Myrtaceae	L	169	1.18	1.18	0.78	0.78
Ecclinusa ramiflora Mart.	Sapotaceae	L	221	0.88	1.18	0.62	0.78
Xylopia brasiliensis Spreng.	Annonaceae	L	27	0.59	0.88	0.62	0.78
Trichilia emarginata (Turcz.) C.DC. ** +++	Meliaceae	L	134	0.88	0.88	0.78	0.78
Psychotria suterella Müll.Arg.	Rubiaceae	L	215	1.18	0.29	1.40	0.78
Sloanea hirsuta (Schott) Planch. ex Benth.	Elaeocarpaceae	L	195	1.18	1.18	0.62	0.62
Myrcia laxiflora Cambess. +++	Myrtaceae	L	153	1.18	1.18	0.62	0.62
Ocotea teleiandra (Meisn.) Mez +++	Lauraceae	L	193	0.88	0.88	0.78	0.62
Mouriri chamissoana Cogn. +++	Melastomataceae	L	101	0.88	0.88	0.62	0.62
Piper solmsianum C.DC.	Piperaceae	E	194	0.88	0.88	0.62	0.62
Casearia sylvestris Sw.	Salicaceae	E	62	0.88	0.88	0.47	0.62
Schefflera calva (Cham.) Frodin & Fiaschi +++	Araliaceae	L	56	0.59	0.59	0.62	0.62
Ocotea venulosa (Nees) Baitello +++	Lauraceae	L	189	0.59	0.59	0.62	0.62
Eugenia neoglomerata Sobral +++	Myrtaceae	L	165	0.59	0.59	0.62	0.62
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	Nyctaginaceae	L	139	1.18	0.59	0.93	0.62
Protium widgrenii Engl.	Burseraceae	E	188	0.88	0.88	0.62	0.47
Machaerium nyctitans (Vell.) Benth.	Fabaceae	E	190	0.88	0.88	0.47	0.47
Ocotea brachybotrya (Meisn.) Mez +++	Lauraceae	L	57	0.59	0.88	0.31	0.47
Posoqueria latifolia (Rudge) Schult. +++	Rubiaceae	E	207	0.88	0.88	0.47	0.47
Cordia ecalyculata Vell.	Boraginaceae	E	200	0.59	0.59	0.47	0.47
Sloanea guianensis (Aubl.) Benth.	Elaeocarpaceae	L	58	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.47
Nectandra oppositifolia Nees +++	Lauraceae	L	204	0.59	0.59	0.47	0.47
Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart.	Meliaceae	L	170	0.59	0.59	0.47	0.47
Trichilia lepidota Mart. +++	Meliaceae	E	181	0.59	0.59	0.47	0.47
Mollinedia schottiana (Spreng.) Perkins	Monimiaceae	L	71	0.29	0.59	0.16	0.47
Brosimum glaziovii Taub. **	Moraceae	L	13	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.47
Coffea arabica L. # +++	Rubiaceae	L	41	0.00	0.59	0.00	0.47
Hirtella hebeclada Moric. ex DC.	Chrysobalanaceae	L	202	0.29	0.29	0.47	0.47
Tapirira guianensis Aubl.	Anacardiaceae	E	205	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Maprounea guianensis Aubl.	Euphorbiaceae	E	168	0.59	0.59	0.47	0.31
Inga sellowiana Benth. *	Fabaceae	E	192	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Cinnamomum triplinerve (Ruiz & Pav.) Kosterm. +++	Lauraceae	L	107	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Ocotea glaziovii Mez +++	Lauraceae	L	142	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Ocotea silvestris Vattimo-Gil +++	Lauraceae	L	64	0.00	0.59	0.00	0.31
Virola bicuhyba (Schott ex Spreng.) Warb. *	Myristicaceae	L	74	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Myrcia strigipes Mart. +++	Myrtaceae	L	125	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk. +++	Myrtaceae	L	154	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Heisteria silvianii Schwacke	Olacaceae	L	166	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Pera glabrata (Schott) Baill.	Peraceae	E	75	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Rudgea gardenioides (Cham.) Müll.Arg. +++	Rubiaceae	L	160	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Matayba juglandifolia (Cambess.) Radlk.	Sapindaceae	E	201	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Solanum pseudoquina A.St.-Hil.	Solanaceae	E	80	0.59	0.59	0.31	0.31
Gonatogyne brasiliensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg. +++	Phyllanthaceae	L	85	0.29	0.29	0.31	0.31
Annona cacans Warm.	Annonaceae	E	141	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Duguetia salicifolia R.E.Fr. ** +++	Annonaceae	L	176	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.	Aquifoliaceae	E	183	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Citronella paniculata (Mart.) R.A.Howard	Cardiopteridaceae	L	177	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Monteverdia evonymoides (Reissek) Biral	Celastraceae	L	186	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Licania hoehnei Pilg.	Chrysobalanaceae	L	191	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Cyathea delgadii Sternb. +++	Cyatheaceae	L	187	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Alchornea triplinervia (Spreng.) Müll.Arg.	Euphorbiaceae	E	213	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Andira anthelmia (Vell.) Benth.	Fabaceae	E	98	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Dalbergia brasiliensis Vogel +++	Fabaceae	E	63	0.29	0.29	0.31	0.16
Inga capitata Desv. +++	Fabaceae	E	118	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Inga sessilis (Vell.) Mart.	Fabaceae	E	59	0.00	0.29	0.00	0.16
Machaerium villosum Vogel	Fabaceae	E	173	0.59	0.29	0.31	0.16
Beilschmiedia emarginata (Meisn.) Kosterm. +++	Lauraceae	L	217	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Cryptocarya saligna Mez +++	Lauraceae	L	224	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Ocotea aciphylla (Nees & Mart.) Mez +++	Lauraceae	L	161	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Ocotea catharinensis Mez ** +++	Lauraceae	L	90	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Ocotea dispersa (Nees & Mart.) Mez	Lauraceae	L	203	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Ocotea laxa (Nees) Mez +++	Lauraceae	L	175	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze	Lecythidaceae	L	174	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Leandra variabilis Raddi +++	Melastomataceae	E	76	0.59	0.29	0.31	0.16
Campomanesia phaea (O.Berg) Landrum	Myrtaceae	E	226	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Eugenia cerasiflora Miq.	Myrtaceae	L	216	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Eugenia cereja D.Legrand +++	Myrtaceae	L	156	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Eugenia supraaxillaris Spring +++	Myrtaceae	L	149	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrcia reitzii (D.Legrand) Mazine +++	Myrtaceae	L	209	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urb. +++	Myrtaceae	L	152	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrcia oblongata DC. +++	Myrtaceae	E	212	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.	Myrtaceae	E	228	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrcia tenuivenosa Kiaersk. +++	Myrtaceae	L	155	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrciaria floribunda (H.West ex Willd.) O.Berg	Myrtaceae	L	227	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Psidium cattleianum Sabine	Myrtaceae	E	115	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Psidium rufum Mart. ex DC. +++	Myrtaceae	E	214	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Siphoneugena densiflora O.Berg +++	Myrtaceae	L	88	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Cybianthus cuneifolius Mart. +++	Primulaceae	E	179	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Myrsine umbellata Mart.	Primulaceae	E	220	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urb.	Rosaceae	E	223	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Ixora gardneriana Benth. +++	Rubiaceae	L	127	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Psychotria vellosiana Benth. +++	Rubiaceae	L	182	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Xylosma glaberrima Sleumer	Salicaceae	E	93	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil. et al.) Hieron. ex Niederl.	Sapindaceae	E	81	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Cupania vernalis Cambess.	Sapindaceae	E	222	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Matayba elaeagnoides Radlk.	Sapindaceae	E	225	0.29	0.29	0.31	0.16
Vochysia magnifica Warm.	Vochysiaceae	L	208	0.29	0.29	0.16	0.16
Guatteria australis A.St.-Hil.	Annonaceae	L	230	0.29	0.00	0.16	0.00
Piptocarpha sp.	Asteraceae	E	-	0.29	0.00	0.16	0.00
Garcinia gardneriana (Planch. & Triana) Zappi	Clusiaceae	L	111	0.29	0.00	0.16	0.00
Cyatheales sp.1	Cyatheales	L	-	0.59	0.00	0.31	0.00
Mollinedia triflora (Spreng.) Tul.	Monimiaceae	L	229	0.29	0.00	0.16	0.00
Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W.C.Burger et al.	Moraceae	E	-	0.29	0.00	0.16	0.00
Myrtaceae sp.1	Myrtaceae	-	-	0.29	0.00	0.16	0.00
Philodendron appendiculatum Nadruz & Mayo	Araceae	He	91	-	-	-	-
Hippocratea volubilis L.	Celastraceae	CP	128	-	-	-	-
Salacia elliptica (Mart.) G.Don	Celastraceae	CP	12	-	-	-	-
Machaerium brasiliense Vogel	Fabaceae	CP	16	-	-	-	-

Groups	Basal Area (m² ha^-1)				λ
Groups	2006	2012	Decrease	Increase	λ
Shrub-tree community	24.32	27.10	1.07	3.85	1.015
Climbing plants	1.564	1.559	0.599	0.594	0.970

Groups	M (% year ^-1)		R (% year ^-1)
Groups	< 2.5	≥ 2.5	< 2.5	≥ 2.5
Shrub-tree synusia	1.94	1.31	2.67	0.82
Climbing plants	8.08	5.18	11.25	1.04
Early-successional plants	3.34	1.48	0	0
Late-successional plants	1.09	1.32	2.84	0.84

Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais Av. Miguel Stefano, 3687 , 04301-902 São Paulo SP / Brasil, Tel.: 55 11 5067-6057, Fax; 55 11 5073-3678 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: hoehneaibt@gmail.com

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[1] 4. Corresponding author: hebert@kondrat.com.br

GROUPS	N₂₀₀₆	N₂₀₁₂	Dead	Recruited	λ
GROUPS	Shrub-tree synusia
< 2.5 cm dbh	243	265 (- 4)	28	50	1.013
≥ 2.5 cm dbh	401	381 (+ 4)	34	14 (+ 4)	0.993
Subtotal	644	646	62	64	1.000
	Climbing plants
< 2.5 cm dbh	66	92	28	54	1.052
≥ 2.5 cm dbh	63	53	17	7	0.951
Subtotal	129	145	45	61	1.018
	Hemiepiphytes
< 2.5 cm dbh	1	3	0	2	1.184
	Early-successional plants
< 2.5 cm dbh	45	40	8	3	0.982
≥ 2.5 cm dbh	105	98	9	2	0.989
Subtotal	150	138	17	5	0.982
	Late-successional plants
< 2.5 cm dbh	198	225 (-4)	20	47	1.020
≥ 2.5 cm dbh	293	283 (+4)	22	12 (+4)	0.997
Subtotal	491	508	42	59	1.005
Total	774	794	107	127	1.003

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Plant community dynamics in an urban forest fragment of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil1 1 Parte da Dissertação de Mestrado do primeiro Autor

Dinâmica da comunidade vegetal em um fragmento florestal urbano da área metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

ABSTRACT

Plant community dynamics in an urban forest fragment of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil¹ 1 Parte da Dissertação de Mestrado do primeiro Autor