Activity patterns of frugivorous phyllostomid bats in an urban fragment in southwest Amazonia, Brazil

ABSTRACT:

The habitat fragmentation modifies the pattern of animal activity. This study aimed to determine the activity pattern of frugivorous bat species in an urban forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia. The study was conducted from August 2013 to September 2014 with 10 mist nets (9m x 2.5m), opened at ground level throughout all the night and totaling 64,800 m².hour/net. Two hundred and sixty-one captures of bats from 28 species were recorded. The period with the highest capture rate and species of bats was the first period of the night (until 00:00). The species with the highest incidence of catches were, in ascending order, Carollia brevicauda (Schinz, 1821), Carollia perpicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823), and Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818). The species of Carollia had activity peaks between the first four hours after sunset; they also showed a reduction of its activities during the subsequent hours. The bats of the genus Artibeus presented a pattern of bimodal activity and they do not seem to respond to the effects of fragmentation, since the pattern of bimodal activity was described for studies in fragments and continuous forest. Thus, we suggest that Artibeus has a high adaptive plasticity, and it is able to exploit the resources offered by the environment. Meanwhile, Carollia has two peaks of activity in continuous forest areas, probably this pattern of activity may be related to the spatial distribution of the resources used by these animals.

KEYWORDS
Amazon forest; forest fragmentation; fruit-eating; pattern hourly activity; Phyllostomidae

Bats are the second largest order of mammals (Voigt & Kingston, 2016), and the Phyllostomidae are the most diverse family among Neotropical bats (Kalko, 1998). The phyllostomids cover various types of trophic interactions; they are a key group in seed dispersal (Giannini & Kalko, 2004), in pollination and predation, and controlling a wide variety of prey (Kunz & Fenton, 2003). Some of these bats are active in pollination and seed dispersal of many pioneer and understory plants (Kunz et al., 2011). According to Bowen et al. (2007), the success of the restoration of perturbed areas is directly linked to the populations of these animals, because frugivorous bats have a preference to eating away from the mother plant. This increase the likelihood of germination and establishment of seeds (Levin et al., 2003).

Bats exhibit a variety of behavioral, morphological, and physiological adaptations for foraging, which are expressed by their habits and influencing their temporal activity patterns (Schnitzler & Kalko, 2001). This is evident when the morphology of bats that have different feeding niches and relatively distinct foraging times is compared (Schnitzler & Kalko, 2001; Kalka & Kalko, 2006). Thus, the availability and spatial-temporal distribution of resources, and even the type of foraging and body mass of bats, act as factors that determine the pattern of activity of each species (Weinbeer et al., 2006). The patterns can be unimodal, bimodal, or even without pronounced peaks (Weinbeer et al., 2006).

The phyllostomids bats usually have a standard unimodal activity, with a decrease of the activities from the first hour after sunset (Charles-Dominique, 1991; Bernard & Fenton, 2002). This pattern may vary according to the availability of ripe fruit (Thies & Kalko, 2004). In contrast, species of insectivorous and carnivorous bats, which consume constant resources, often exhibit a pattern of activity without pronounced peaks (Kalko et al., 1999; Weinbeer & Kalko, 2004; Weinbeer et al., 2006).

The pattern of activity is crucial for understanding the behavior of these animals, which actively seek sex partners, compete for resources, and avoid predators (Thies et al., 2006). Moreover, bats may also be sensitive to habitat fragmentation (Pires et al., 2006). However, according to Kalko & Handley (2001), in environments that require greater locomotion capability (e.g. pastures, roads, and secondary forests), bats are less sensitive to fragmentation due to their great mobility, than species with limited dispersion. Thus, the foraging activity is influenced by the availability of resources, climatic conditions, the risk of predation, the physical condition of the animal, and the reproductive status (Thies et al., 2006). These factors, singly or in combination, limit the foraging activity of bats. In addition to the environmental and biological factors, activity patterns have strong phylogenetic constraints (Kronfeld-Schor & Dayan, 2003), that determine the foraging activity of the species during the night. Moreover, any change in the activity, in response to disturbances and seasonal or habitat physiognomy, modifies the temporal niche of these species and increases the level of competition between them (Presley et al., 2009).

We aim to examine the pattern of temporal and seasonal activity of Phyllostomidae frugivorous bats of an urban forest fragment in southwestern Amazonia from two perspectives. First, we examined the differences in hourly activity throughout the night, considering the abundance of each species. Second, we evaluated if these species modify their activity pattern in response to seasonality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area. The study was conducted at the Parque Zoobotânico (PZ) in the city of Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil, Amazon (9°57’26”S, 67°52’25”W) (Fig. 1). The area comprises an urban forest fragment of approximately 135 ha. The climate of the region according to Am the Köppen (Alvares et al., 2013) is hot and humid, with annual minimum temperature around 24°C and two distinct seasons: dry, from May to September; and rainy, from October to April (Macedo et al., 2013). During the study period, the average temperature was 23.4°C and the cumulative precipitation was 2,412.5 mm; July 2014 was the driest month (12.2 mm) and January 2014 was the rainiest one (462.2 mm) (INMET, 2015). The vegetation of the PZ is formed by mosaic vegetation in different successional stages, with inconspicuous transitions in its plant structure and floristic composition (Calouro et al., 2010). Moreover, a presence of bamboo of the genus Guadua (Bamboideae: Poaceae), common in the southwest of the Amazon (Carvalho et al., 2013), affects forest structure and tree diversity (Silveira, 2005). Thus, the population dynamics of bamboo provided the formation of three basic types of vegetation in the PZ: open rain forest with palm trees, open rain forest with more bamboo than palm trees, and open rain forest with bamboo (Calouro et al., 2010). Another important feature of the PZ is the surrounding matrix, which consists of pastures and, mainly, houses of two neighborhoods in Rio Branco.

Figure 1
Location of the forest fragment (Parque Zoobotânico) in the urban area of Rio Branco, Acre, southwestern Amazonia, Brazil.

Data sampling. Samples were performed from August 2013 to September 2014, two nights each month, with a total of 24 sampling nights. Twelve of these nights were held during the dry season and the other 12 in the wet season to evaluate the effect of seasonality. Every night, 10 mist nets (9 m x 2.5 m) were placed at the ground level, kept open for 12 hours, and checked every 15 minutes. The total sampling effort was 64,800 m² hour/net. The captured bats were placed in cotton bags to collect the following data: species, sex, age, reproductive condition, and body weight. The bats were identified according to the keys of Simmons (2005), Gardner (2007), and Diaz et al. (2011), and then classified into trophic guilds, as proposed by Simmons & Voss (1998). After identification, the individuals were released at the collection site after the closing of the nets. When the identification was not possible in field, the specimens were euthanized and identified in the laboratory through craniometrics and dentition features. Then, they were deposited as voucher specimen at the Mammals of Zoological Collection of the Universidade Federal do Acre.

Statistical analysis. The comparative analyzes were performed using the data capture of Phyllostomidae bats, because according to Reis et al. (2000) using mist nets promotes a greater number of catches of individuals from this family. To compare the temporal pattern and seasonal activities of the frugivorous species, we restrict the analysis for the species with more than ten captures. To compare the level of activity between the first and the second half of the night of the four most abundant species, we used the Mann-Whitney test. This test was also used to compare the species richness between the first and the second half of the night. We compared the abundance distributions of the most captured genera in the two halves of the night with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In addition, we compared the abundance of Carollia and Artibeus according to precipitation using the Mann-Whitney test. All data were analyzed using the BioEstat 5.0.

RESULTS

Two hundred and sixty-one specimens of 28 species of bats were recorded belonging to 20 genera and four families. Among the total, 69.4% of individuals were captured from 18:00 to 00:00, and 30.6% in the period from 00:00 to 06:00. The period ≤ 0:00 showed a greater species richness (n=23) than ≥ 0:01 period (n=12). The species with the highest capture rates were Artibeus lituratus (n=78), A. planirostris (n=60), Carollia perspicillata (n=42), and C. brevicauda (n=31) (Tab. I). Regarding trophic guilds, the frugivorous were the most abundant (85.1% of the total captures), followed by omnivorous (10.7%) and nectarivorous (4.2%). The abundance of frugivorous species did not differ along the night (Z = 1.4412, p = 0.0748). For omnivorous, there was a significant difference between the first and second half of the night (Z=1.8415, p=0.0328).

Tab. I
List of bat species recorded in the Parque Zoobotânico (PZ) in two periods after sunset (≤ 00:00 h and ≥00:01 h). The number of individuals and the percentage of the total captures (T) are indicated. Guild ranking (G) as Simmons & Voss (1998): FR, frugivorous; NE, nectarivorous; IN, insectivorous; CA, carnivorous; ON, omnivorous. The new records for the state of Acre are indicated with *.

Family
Subfamily	G	≤00:00h	≥00:01 h	T	%
Species
Family
Subfamily	G	≤00:00h	≥00:01 h	T	%
Species
Emballonuridae
Saccopteryx canescens Thomas, 1901*	In	3	0	3	0.4
Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber, 1774)	In	1	0	1	1.1
Molossidae
Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766)	In	0	1	1	0.4
Phyllostomidae
Carolliinae
Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)	Fr	35	7	42	16.1
Carollia brevicauda (Schinz, 1821)	Fr	25	6	31	11.5
Glossophaginae
Anoura caudifer (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818)	Ne	0	1	1	0.4
Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766)	Ne	3	4	7	3.0
Glossophaga sp.	Ne	2	0	2	0.8
Hsunycterinae
Hsunycteris thomasi (J. A. Allen, 1904)	Ne	0	1	1	0.4
Micronycterinae
Micronycteris megalotis (Gray, 1842)	In	0	1	1	0.4
Micronycteris microtis Miller, 1898*	In	1	0	1	0.4
Lophostoma silvicola d’Orbigny, 1836	In	3	0	3	1.1
Lophostoma brasiliense Peters, 1866*	In	2	0	2	0.8
Mimon crenulatum (É. Geoffroy, 1803)	In	1	0	1	0.4
Phyllostomus elongatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810)	On	7	3	10	4.0
Phyllostomus hastatus (Pallas, 1767)	On	2	0	2	0.8
Tonatia saurophila Koopman E Williams, 1951	In	1	0	1	0.4
Stenodermatinae
Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818)	Fr	41	37	78	30
Artibeus obscurus (Schinz, 1821)	Fr	1	0	1	0.4
Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823)	Fr	45	15	60	23
Chiroderma trinitatum Goodwin, 1958	Fr	1	0	1	0.4
Dermanura cinerea Gervais, 1856	Fr	2	0	2	0.8
Platyrrhinus brachycephalus (Rouk E Carter, 1972)	Fr	1	0	1	0.4
Platyrrhinus incarum (Thomas, 1912)	Fr	1	0	1	0.4
Platyrrhinus infuscus (Peters, 1880)	Fr	1	0	1	0.4
Sturnira lilium (Thomas, 1912)	Fr	1	1	2	0.8
Uroderma bilobatum Peters, 1866	Fr	0	1	1	0.4
Vespertilionidae
Myotis riparius Handley, 1960	In	3	0	3	1.1
Nº individuals		183	78	261	100

The species of Carollia had peaks of activity between the first four hours after sunset and a posterior decrease of their activities during the subsequent hours. However, considering the level of activity between the first and second half of the night, there was no significant differences in the abundance of C. perspicillata (Z=0.5604, p=0.2876) and C. brevicauda (Z=0.9608, p=0.1683). On the other hand, Artibeus planirostris showed a bimodal pattern of activity, and its abundance differed between the two periods of the night (Fig. 2). With regards to A. lituratus, its pattern of activity did not differ between the first and second half of the night (Z=2.3219, p=0.0101 and Z=0.9608, p=0.1683, respectively).

Figure 2
Number of captures of the four most abundant species throughout the night period, according to hours after sunset, in the Parque Zoobotânico, Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil.

Regarding seasonality, for both species of Carollia we did not registered significant differences among seasons (Z= 1.0445, p=0.1481), while for the species of Artibeus we observed a peak of captures during the dry period (Fig. 3). However, these differences were not statistically significant (Z=1.0445, p=0.1481).

Figure 3
Number of captures of the four most abundant species, according to the rainfall in the Parque Zoobotânico, Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil.

DISCUSSION

Recent studies have observed the community of bats from Parque Zoobotânico (Calouro et al., 2010; Santos et al., 2012), and obtained an abundance and species richness lower than our study. However, these differences were due to the highest sampling effort, temporal scales, and/or different experimental focus. Calouro et al. (2010) evaluated variations in the richness and abundance of bats in response to the edge effect; this may have influenced the abundance of bats.

Seasonality does not seem to have influenced the bat capture rate in this study. The frugivorous species showed an uniform activity, with shorter intervals between peaks of activity. Carollia perspicillata and C. brevicauda showed a high peak of activity in the first four hours, maintaining an uniform foraging activity after the peak; then we observed a reduction of their activity on the rest of the night. This pattern is typical of a small frugivorous that goes through energetic stress, which forces an immediate search for food (Charles-Dominique, 1991). Bernard (2002), in a study on continuous forest in the Amazon, obtained similar results for the frugivorous species, but also registered two peaks of activity for Carollia, one at 19:00 and another at 01:00. The same pattern was observed by Ortêncio-Filho et al. (2010) in three small fragments of Atlantic Forest with C. perspicillata, and Thies et al. (2006) on Barro Colorado Island in Panama with C. castanea as a result of high availability of resources. The large spatial distribution of resources consumed by Carollia in fragments and continuous forests can explain the differences observed between the studies on species of this genus.

For large frugivorous, as Artibeus lituratus and A. planirostris, we observed a peak of activity in the three hours after sunset (19:00 and 20:00 respectively) and an increase of activity near dawn, corresponding to the results found in other forest fragments by Aguiar & Marinho-Filho (2004) and Ortêncio-Filho et al. (2010). In studies conducted in continuous forest, Bernard (2002) observed a bimodal pattern for A. planirostris, which probably is a common feature of the species in continental regions. Moreover, Castro-Arellano et al. (2009) found a high abundance of Artibeus in the early evening. Thus, the hourly activity of bats of this genus apparently tolerates the effects of fragmentation, suggesting that these bats have a high adaptive plasticity.

The temporal and seasonal activity of bats is closely linked to the dynamics and abundance of resources, climatic conditions, predation risk, physical condition, and reproductive animal stage (Thies et al., 2006). The abundance of Carollia perspicillata and C. brevicauda in the PZ does not seem to be affected by seasonal variation, as observed both in forest fragments and continuous forests (Bernard, 2002; Aguiar & Marinho-filho, 2004; Thies et al., 2006; Presley et al., 2009; Ortêncio-Filho et al., 2010). Species of this genus feed on fruits of pioneer plants, which are less seasonal, such as Piper (Ortêncio-Filho et al., 2014). On the other hand, the activity pattern of major frugivorous may change depending on the rainfall, because the fruiting peaks generally coincide with the highest levels of precipitation. In the Amazon, this event occurs in the plants of genus Ficus, which are more abundant during the rainy season and are commonly found in the canopy (Foster & Janson, 1985; Smythe, 1986; Pereira et al., 2010). Bats of Artibeus are very sensitive to seasonal variations of rainfall (Mello, 2009). Artibeus lituratus and A. planirostris were captured over the months with low rainfall, probably because in the dry season when food supplies are scarce, they are forced to consume the understory plants with higher fruiting periods. This variation in the abundance of A. lituratus was also observed by other authors (Aguiar & Marinho-filho, 2004; Presley et al., 2009; Ortêncio-Filho et al., 2010; Pereira et al., 2010; Mancina & Castro-Arellano, 2013).

Fragmentation of habitats is already a reality in the Brazilian Amazon. Understanding variations in the patterns of activity of the different species of bats is an essential step to define which have more or less adaptive plasticity to survive in this new landscape, in addition to supporting the management of these forest fragments and the recovery of the degraded areas.

Acknowledgments

We thank to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and the people responsible for the Parque Zoobotânico da Universidade Federal do Acre for allowing the research in the study area. We also thank to the people who helped us in this study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  2018

History

• Received
  12 Jan 2018
• Accepted
  11 Apr 2018