ABSTRACT
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS) is a rare malignant tumor characterized by benign epithelial component within a malignant fibrous stroma. It occurs as a de novo lesion or from a previous ameloblastic fibroma. The aim of this paper is to report an aggressive and recurrent case of AFS in the maxilla of a 38-year-old patient. Histopathological diagnosis can be challenging, especially when it is based on incisional biopsy specimens. Hence, this report highlights not only the importance of the histological features for diagnosis but also the clinical behavior of AFS based on current literature evidence.
Key words:
neoplasms; maxilla; diagnosis
RESUMO
O fibrossarcoma ameloblástico (FSA) é um tumor maligno raro caracterizado pela presença de componente epitelial benigno em um tecido conjuntivo fibroso maligno. Pode desenvolver-se a partir de um fibroma ameloblástico ou como uma lesão nova. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de um FSA agressivo e recorrente em maxila em um paciente de 38 anos. O diagnóstico histopatológico desse tumor pode ser difícil, principalmente a partir de biópsias incisionais. Este trabalho também discute fatores em relação aos aspectos histopatológicos para o seu diagnóstico, assim como seu comportamento clínico, com base em revisão atual da literatura.
Unitermos:
neoplasias; maxila; diagnóstico diferencial
INTRODUCTION
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS) is an extremely rare malignant odontogenic neoplasm. To date, about 85 cases have been published in the English literature. AFS is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a neoplasm structurally similar to ameloblastic fibroma (AF), but with its ectomesenchymal component showing sarcomatous appearance(11 Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda Taylor A, Garcia AM. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003; 30: 316-20.,22 Batista de Paula AM, Costa Neto JQ, Silva Gusmão E, Guimarães Santos FB, Gomez RS. Immunolocalization of the p53 protein in a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003; 61: 256-58.). It can arise from a pre-existing AF or as a de novo lesion(33 Mosqueda-Taylor A, Meneses-García A, Ruíz-Godoy-Rivera LM, Suárez-Roa ML, Luna-Ortiz K. Tumores odontogénicos malignos. Estúdio retrospectivo y colaborativo de 7 casos. Med Oral. 2003; 8: 110-21.). In addition, it mainly affects males during the third decade of life. The mandible is the most common region and its main clinical features include swelling and pain(11 Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda Taylor A, Garcia AM. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003; 30: 316-20.). In this report, we describe a case of an aggressive AFS in the maxilla. New data on this uncommon neoplasm is also provided in order to guide future studies.
CASE REPORT
A 38-year-old male patient was referred to the Head and Neck Surgery Service with a large firm swelling on the left side of maxilla. The patient mentioned that the swelling had shown fast growth over a period of one month. Pain and tenderness were not reported. Extra-oral examination showed facial asymmetry characterized by enlargement of the malar and lateral region of the nose. No palpable lymph nodes were present. Initial intra-oral examination showed an extensive lesion with tumoral aspect in the region of teeth 23 to 27. Preoperative hematological exams, radiographs, and computed tomography (CT) were requested, and an incisional biopsy suggested the diagnosis of "atypical ameloblastoma". Two weeks after biopsy, the lesion had doubled in size. It showed an exophytic growth pattern and ulcerated appearance, with necrosis and formation of pseudomembrane (Figures 1 and 2). The patient had difficulties in eating, reduced mouth opening and altered phonation. Marked weight loss in the latest few days was also reported. Based on the clinical conditions, a medial maxillectomy with safety margins was performed. The histopathological analysis revealed benign epithelial islands similar to those of follicular ameloblastoma. The islands were composed of peripheral columnar or cuboidal cells arranged in a palisading pattern. Polyhedral cells resembling the stellate reticulum were found in the center of the islands. The epithelial components were widely separated by a malignant ectomesenchymal stroma. This consisted of hypercellular connective tissue with plump polygonal to fusiform stromal cells, which showed mild to moderate cytological atypia. Mitotic cells were dispersed throughout the lesion. A final diagnosis of AFS was performed (Figures 3-5). Evaluation after 15 days of surgery showed no intercurrences. Four months after the treatment, the patient showed good extra-oral healing (Figure 6). However, a new lesion indicating recurrence was detected at the treated area (Figure 7). New surgical removal associated to adjuvant radiotherapy was planned. Unfortunately, the patient refused to undergo further interventions and died four months later.
DISCUSSION
Malignant odontogenic tumors (MOTs) correspond to just a small percentage of the odontogenic neoplasms, with an incidence ranging from 0% to 6.1%. Among MOTs, odontogenic sarcomas are much less frequent than carcinomas(33 Mosqueda-Taylor A, Meneses-García A, Ruíz-Godoy-Rivera LM, Suárez-Roa ML, Luna-Ortiz K. Tumores odontogénicos malignos. Estúdio retrospectivo y colaborativo de 7 casos. Med Oral. 2003; 8: 110-21.). AFS is considered to be the malignant counterpart of AF, consisting of benign odontogenic epithelium with malignant mesenchyme(44 Williams MD, Hanna EY, El-Naggar AK. Anaplastic ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising from recurrent ameloblastic fibroma: restricted molecular abnormalities of certain genes to the malignant transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 104: 72-5.).
In the present case, the tumor affected the posterior region of the maxilla of a 38-year-old male patient. According to a literature review, AFS is really more common in males(44 Williams MD, Hanna EY, El-Naggar AK. Anaplastic ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising from recurrent ameloblastic fibroma: restricted molecular abnormalities of certain genes to the malignant transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 104: 72-5.
5 Lai J, Blanas N, Higgins K, Klieb H. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: report of a case, study of immunophenotype, and comprehensive review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70: 2007-12.
6 Chomette G, Auriol M, Guilbert F, Delcourt A. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the jaws: report of three cases. Pathol Res Pract. 1983; 178: 40-7.-77 Supic G, Jovic N, Zeljic K, Kozomara R, Magic Z. Association of VEGF-A genetic polymorphisms with cancer risk and survival in advanced-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48: 1171-7.). On the other hand, only 84 cases of AFS have been reported in the literature since its first description, with 63 involving the mandible and only 21 the maxilla, as search in the literature up to June 2016 demonstrated.
The history of the present case suggests that the tumor was probably a de novo lesion, since the patient had no history of previous surgery or diseases involving the mandibular region. Carlos-Bregni et al. (2003)(11 Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda Taylor A, Garcia AM. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003; 30: 316-20.) observed that approximately one-third of all AFS derived from a previous AF. There is heterogeneity of signs and symptoms in AFS, with pain and swelling being the most common features(33 Mosqueda-Taylor A, Meneses-García A, Ruíz-Godoy-Rivera LM, Suárez-Roa ML, Luna-Ortiz K. Tumores odontogénicos malignos. Estúdio retrospectivo y colaborativo de 7 casos. Med Oral. 2003; 8: 110-21.). The male-to-female ratio is 1.6:1(11 Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda Taylor A, Garcia AM. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003; 30: 316-20.). The size of the tumor also varies and is related to the time spent for a final diagnosis. We observed that the tumor had grown rapidly from the initial clinical exam until the time of surgery. This fast growth resulted in serious functional consequences for the patient and weight loss.
The initial diagnosis suggestive of ameloblastoma in our case was made on the basis of an incisional biopsy. Establishment of a correct diagnosis of AFS may be challenging because well-differentiated malignant areas may resemble other benign odontogenic tumors, such as ameloblastomas and AF(55 Lai J, Blanas N, Higgins K, Klieb H. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: report of a case, study of immunophenotype, and comprehensive review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70: 2007-12.). Thus, careful histopathological examination is critical. The degree of malignancy is determined based on some parameters, such as cellularity, palisade pattern, number of mitosis and atypia(55 Lai J, Blanas N, Higgins K, Klieb H. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: report of a case, study of immunophenotype, and comprehensive review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70: 2007-12.). In our case, some areas showed hypercellularity, pleomorphism and mild mitosis activity in the mesenchymal component, findings that are indicative of AFS. Unfortunately, there are no helpful immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that could improve final diagnosis. Therefore, the diagnosis of AFS using hematoxylin and eosin staining remains the gold pattern. An IHC panel composed of epithelium markers may be useful in identifying epithelial nests in cases whose epithelial component is rather bland, and thus, excluding the pure sarcomas. In our case, considerable epithelium nests were detected. Hence, IHC evaluation was not necessary to support the diagnosis, because the histopathological aspects described in our case are typical of AFS(11 Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda Taylor A, Garcia AM. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003; 30: 316-20.,66 Chomette G, Auriol M, Guilbert F, Delcourt A. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the jaws: report of three cases. Pathol Res Pract. 1983; 178: 40-7.).
Recurrence is common in AFS, with 37% of the reported cases having at least one episode(11 Carlos-Bregni R, Mosqueda Taylor A, Garcia AM. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003; 30: 316-20.). In contrast, metastasis is not a major characteristic(44 Williams MD, Hanna EY, El-Naggar AK. Anaplastic ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising from recurrent ameloblastic fibroma: restricted molecular abnormalities of certain genes to the malignant transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 104: 72-5.). Fatal cases have usually been associated with uncontrolled local infiltration and numerous recurrences(55 Lai J, Blanas N, Higgins K, Klieb H. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: report of a case, study of immunophenotype, and comprehensive review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70: 2007-12.,66 Chomette G, Auriol M, Guilbert F, Delcourt A. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the jaws: report of three cases. Pathol Res Pract. 1983; 178: 40-7.). Among the 84 cases published until now (including the present), 15 patients (20%) died as a direct result of the AFS, and all had recurrent tumor. Data related to fatal cases are shown in the Table.
Some studies have found predictors of survival rate in oral squamous cell carcinoma, such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) genetic polymorphisms, micro ribonucleic acid (RNA) 99a and others(77 Supic G, Jovic N, Zeljic K, Kozomara R, Magic Z. Association of VEGF-A genetic polymorphisms with cancer risk and survival in advanced-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. Oral Oncol. 2012; 48: 1171-7.,1919 Yan B, Fu Q, Lai L, et al. Downregulation of microRNA 99a in oral squamous cell carcinomas contributes to the growth and survival of oral cancer cells. Mol Med Report. 2012; 6: 675-81.). These new markers should also be studied in AFS in order verify if it is possible to detect the most aggressive cases. A case report by Williams et al. (2007)(44 Williams MD, Hanna EY, El-Naggar AK. Anaplastic ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising from recurrent ameloblastic fibroma: restricted molecular abnormalities of certain genes to the malignant transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 104: 72-5.) showed alterations of the p53 and c-KIT genes restricted to the sarcomatous component. Diffuse nuclear reactivity for p53 and Ki-67 in the atypical mesenchymal cells and diffuse cytoplasmic reactivity for Bcl-2 protein, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin were detected in another case of AFS(55 Lai J, Blanas N, Higgins K, Klieb H. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: report of a case, study of immunophenotype, and comprehensive review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70: 2007-12.).
In ameloblastomas, a significant relation between stromal CD10 and Ki-67 expression in cases of recurrent cases compared to non-recurrent has been described(2020 Abdel-Aziz A, Amin MM. EGFR, CD10 and proliferation marker Ki67 expression in ameloblastoma: possible role in local recurrence. Diagn Pathol. 2012; 7: 14.). Masloub et al. (2011)(2121 Masloub SM, Abdel-Azim AM, Elhamid ESA. CD10 and osteopontin expression in dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma. Diag Pathol. 2011; 6: 44.) concluded that higher expression of CD10 and osteopontin might be a useful tool to identify areas with locally invasive behavior and high risk of recurrence in ameloblastomas. Thus, such markers should be considered in the study of AFS and should be also analyzed in AF, since this lesion is a possible precursor of AFS. In our case, the surgical specimen showed features for diagnosis of AFS, and in some areas, hypercellular connective tissue with plump polygonal to fusiform stromal cells, which showed mild to moderate cytological atypia, and some mitotic cells dispersed throughout the lesion were identified. So, for diagnosis and management of the case, it was not necessary to perform immunohistochemical study.
In the case reported by Bertoni et al. (2016)(2222 Bertoni F, Del Corso G, Bacchini P, Marchetti C, Tarsitano A. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible evolving from a prior ameloblastic fibroma after two years: an unusual finding. Int J Surg Pathol. 2016. in press.), a low-level Ki-67 expression was observed in AFS. The authors also reported that c-KIT gene (CD117) expression is associated with sarcomatous components of AFS, but not those of AF. Loss of heterozygosis (LOH) in the short arms of chromosomes 3 and 9, at the 3p24.3, 9p22-p21, and 9p22 loci, was also evident in AFS. The allelic loss fraction was reported to be 74.6 compared with that of AF, and these findings suggest that genetic changes allow malignant transformation of AF.
Pourdanesb et al. (2015)(2323 Pourdanesh F, Mohamadi M, Moshref M, Soltaninia O. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible with distant metastases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015; 73(10): 2067. e1-7.) reported that clinicopathologic diagnosis at the first presentation is very important to distinguish AF from AFS, what can have a tremendous impact on prognosis and management. These authors reported the case of a 34-year-old woman with a recurrent, rapidly growing, debilitating lesion. The lesion had been previously misdiagnosed as ameloblastoma.
In conclusion, the report of new cases of AFS is crucial to add further information, in relation to treatment, diagnosis and management. Based on current knowledge, it is possible to suggest the use of p53, Ki-67, Bcl-2, α-SMA marker, VEGF-A, genetic polymorphisms and microRNA 99a in order to evaluate the clinical behavior of AFS.
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2Batista de Paula AM, Costa Neto JQ, Silva Gusmão E, Guimarães Santos FB, Gomez RS. Immunolocalization of the p53 protein in a case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003; 61: 256-58.
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4Williams MD, Hanna EY, El-Naggar AK. Anaplastic ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising from recurrent ameloblastic fibroma: restricted molecular abnormalities of certain genes to the malignant transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 104: 72-5.
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19Yan B, Fu Q, Lai L, et al. Downregulation of microRNA 99a in oral squamous cell carcinomas contributes to the growth and survival of oral cancer cells. Mol Med Report. 2012; 6: 675-81.
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20Abdel-Aziz A, Amin MM. EGFR, CD10 and proliferation marker Ki67 expression in ameloblastoma: possible role in local recurrence. Diagn Pathol. 2012; 7: 14.
-
21Masloub SM, Abdel-Azim AM, Elhamid ESA. CD10 and osteopontin expression in dentigerous cyst and ameloblastoma. Diag Pathol. 2011; 6: 44.
-
22Bertoni F, Del Corso G, Bacchini P, Marchetti C, Tarsitano A. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible evolving from a prior ameloblastic fibroma after two years: an unusual finding. Int J Surg Pathol. 2016. in press.
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23Pourdanesh F, Mohamadi M, Moshref M, Soltaninia O. Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma of the mandible with distant metastases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015; 73(10): 2067. e1-7.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Sep-Oct 2016
History
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Received
13 June 2016 -
Reviewed
11 Aug 2016 -
Accepted
20 Oct 2016