Desafios metodológicos no mapeamento de clusters industriais: o caso de São José dos Campos

Kirschbaum, Charles; Vasconcelos, Flávio

doi:10.1590/S1984-92302004000100008

Resumos

Ateoria de Clusters, com origens na teoria marshalliana de distritos industriais, ganhou um novo impulso com os estudos publicados recentemente por Porter. Em sua teoria, aspectos de economia geográfica, complexos industriais e dinâmica competitiva fundem-se para caracterizar o cluster porteriano. O construto do cluster, entretanto, ainda necessita de maior formalização para ser plenamente operacionalizável. Nesse sentido, os críticos de Porter questionam se o conceito de cluster é aplicável aos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo desse artigo é abrir algumas avenidas de investigação que poderiam avançar as problemáticas acima. A partir do exemplo de São José dos Campos, buscou-se mapear os clusters de aeronáutica e armamentos bélicos na região, utilizando-se o índice de especialização (IE). Em seguida, foi estabelecida a relação entre a existência do cluster com a qualidade de vida da região, representada pelo índice IDH-M. Finalmente, apontou-se as possibilidades de expansão da teoria porteriana de clusters, a partir das análises realizadas e de estudos anteriores sobre a região.

The Theory of Clusters, which origins are rooted on marshallian theory of industrial districts, have gained a new thrust with Porter´s recent works. In his theory, elements of Economic Geography, Industrial Complexes, and competitive dynamics are meshed together into the porterian cluster characterization. Nevertheless, the cluster construct is still in need of further formalization in order to be fully operational. On the same token, critics to Porter question whether the concept of cluster is applicable to developing countries. The intention of this article is to open some new avenues of investigation that could advance the issues mentioned. Based on São José dos Campos example, we mapped the region´s aircraft and armament clusters, by using the specialization index (IE). In the sequence, we established the relationship between the cluster existence and the region´s quality of life (represented by the IDH-M index). Finally, we pointed out the possibilities of expansion of the porterian theory of clusters, based on the analysis presented and previous investigation on the region.

Desafios metodológicos no mapeamento de clusters industriais: o caso de São José dos Campos¹ 1 Gostaríamos de agradecer aos professores Claudio Furtado, Ricardo Fasti e Luiz Carlos Di Serio pelo apoio à nossa pesquisa inicial sobre clusters industriais, no contexto da disciplina "Microeconomia da Competitividade", e especialmente ao Prof. Ciro Biderman pelas discussões sobre Índices de Especialização

Charles Kirschbaum^I ; Flávio Vasconcelos^II

^IDoutorando EAESP/FGV

^IIPROF. EAESP/FGV

RESUMO

Ateoria de Clusters, com origens na teoria marshalliana de distritos industriais, ganhou um novo impulso com os estudos publicados recentemente por Porter. Em sua teoria, aspectos de economia geográfica, complexos industriais e dinâmica competitiva fundem-se para caracterizar o cluster porteriano. O construto do cluster, entretanto, ainda necessita de maior formalização para ser plenamente operacionalizável. Nesse sentido, os críticos de Porter questionam se o conceito de cluster é aplicável aos países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo desse artigo é abrir algumas avenidas de investigação que poderiam avançar as problemáticas acima. A partir do exemplo de São José dos Campos, buscou-se mapear os clusters de aeronáutica e armamentos bélicos na região, utilizando-se o índice de especialização (IE). Em seguida, foi estabelecida a relação entre a existência do cluster com a qualidade de vida da região, representada pelo índice IDH-M. Finalmente, apontou-se as possibilidades de expansão da teoria porteriana de clusters, a partir das análises realizadas e de estudos anteriores sobre a região.

ABSTRACT

The Theory of Clusters, which origins are rooted on marshallian theory of industrial districts, have gained a new thrust with Porter´s recent works. In his theory, elements of Economic Geography, Industrial Complexes, and competitive dynamics are meshed together into the porterian cluster characterization. Nevertheless, the cluster construct is still in need of further formalization in order to be fully operational. On the same token, critics to Porter question whether the concept of cluster is applicable to developing countries. The intention of this article is to open some new avenues of investigation that could advance the issues mentioned. Based on São José dos Campos example, we mapped the region´s aircraft and armament clusters, by using the specialization index (IE). In the sequence, we established the relationship between the cluster existence and the region´s quality of life (represented by the IDH-M index). Finally, we pointed out the possibilities of expansion of the porterian theory of clusters, based on the analysis presented and previous investigation on the region.

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AKERLOFF, G.A.; YELLEN, J.L. Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
ALTENBERG, T.; MEYER-STAMER, J. "How to Promote Clusters: Policy Experiences from Latin America". In: World Development, 1999, Volume 27, Issue 9: 1693:1713
ANGEL, D.P. "High Technology agglomeration and the labour market: the case of Silicon Valley". In: Environment and Planning, 1991, A, 23: 1501-1516
ARROW, K.J. "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing". In: Review of Economic Studies, 1962, 29: 155-173
AVRICHIR, I.; CALDAS, M.P. "Discussão da Validade da Teoria de Competitividade Nacional de Porter a partir do Caso Embraer". ENCONTRO ANUAL DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO. Campinas: ANPAD. CD-ROM, 2001
BARKHAM, R. et al. The determinants of Small Firm Growth: Na Inter-regional Study of the United Kingdom 1986-1990. London: Jessica Kingsley, 1996
BLANCHFLOWER, D.G.; OSWALD, A.J. The Wage Curve Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994.
BRITTO, J.; MOTTA E ALBUQUERQUE, E. Estrutura e Dinamismo de Clusters Industriais na Economia Brasileira: Uma Análise Comparativa Exploratória, 2001. Disponível em: http://www.nuca.ie.ufrj.br/infosucro/biblioteca/economiabrasileira/britto_estrutura.doc Acessado em 20/03/2003
_______. "Características Estruturais de Clusters Industriais na Economia Brasileira: Uma Análise Inter-Setorial", 2002. Disponível em: http://www.economia.ufpr.br/portal/atividade/secundario/cluster.htm Acessado em 20/03/2003. Apresentado na VII Encontro Nacional de Economia Política.
CASSIOLATO, J.E.; BERNARDES, R.; LASTRES, H. Transfer of Technology for Successful Integration into the Global Economy: A Case study of Embraer in Brazil New York and Geneva: UNCTAD-ITE, 2002
DOSI, G. "Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation". In: Journal of Economic Literature., 1988, 26: 1120-1171
DOSI, G. et al. Technical Change and Economic Theory London: Pinter, 1987
GHEMAWAT, P. "Distance Still Matters: the hard reality of global expansion". In Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79, 8.
GHEMAWAT, P.; HERRERO, G.A.; MONTEIRO, L. F. "Embraer: The Global Leader in Regional Jets". Cambridge: Harvard Business School Case Studies, No. N9-701- 006, 2000.
GLAESER, E. et al. "Growth in Cities". In: Journal of Political Economy, 100: 1126- 1152, 1992
Goldstein, A. "From National Champion to Global Player: Explaining the Success of EMBRAER". Paris: OECD Development Centre. University of Oxford Centre for Brazilian Studies, 2001 - Working Paper Series Disponível em : http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/GoldsteinA17.PDF, acessado em: 20/03/2003
GORDON, I.R.; MCCANN, P. "Industrial Clusters: Complexes, Agglomeration and/ or Social Networks?". In: Urban Studies, 2000, Vol. 37, No. 3: 513-532
GRANOVETTER, M. S. "The Strength of Weak Ties". In: American Journal of Sociology, 1973, Volume 78, Issue 6: 1360-1380
__________. "Economic Action and Social Structure: the problem of embeddedness". In: American Journal of Sociology, 1985, 91: 481-510
HARRISON, B. "Industrial Districts: old wine in new bottles?". In: Regional Studies, 1992, 26: 469-483
HENDERSON, J.V.; KUNCORO, A.; TURNER, M; "Industrial Development in Cities". In: Journal of Political Economy, 1995, 103: 1067-1085
HOOVER, E. "The Measurement of Industrial Localization" In: Review of Economics and Statistics, 1936, XVIII: 162-171
ISARD, W. "Distance Inputs and the Space Economy. Part II: the location equilibrium of the firm". In: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1951, 65: 373-399.
JAFFE, A.B.; TRAJTENBERG, M.; HENDERSON, R. "Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations". In: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993, 108: 577-598
KETELHÖHN, N.W.; PORTER, M.E. "Building a Cluster: Electronics and Information Technology in Costa Rica". Cambridge: Harvard Business School Case Studies, No. N9-703-422, 2002
KIM, S. "Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities: the trends in U.S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860-1987". In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995, Vol. 110, Issue, 4.
KOGUT, B.; SHAN, W.; WALKER, G. "The Make-or-Cooperate Decision in the Context of an Industry Network". In: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992
KRUGMAN, P.R. "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography". In: The Journal of Political Economy, 1991, Volume 99, Issue 3: 483-499
_____. Geography and Trade Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991b
_____. "Geography Lost and Found". In: Development, Geography, and Economic Theory Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995
LINDQVIST, G.; MALMBERG, A.; SÖLVELL, Ö. Swedish Clusters CIND, Uppsala University., 2003. Disponível em: http://www.isc.hbs.edu/pdf/Swedish_Clusters_(Feb_2003).pdf Acessado em: 20/03/2003
MARSHALL, A. "Industrial Organization, Continued. The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Locations". Em Principles of Economics London: Macmillan and Co, 1920. Disponível em http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP24.html acessado em 26/03/2003
MARTIN, R.; SUNLEY, P. "Desconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or Policy Panacea?". Em Journal of Economic Geography, 2002, 3,1.
MILLER,P ; BOTHAM, R; MARTIN, R.L.; MOORE, B. Business Clusters in the UK: A First Assessment London: Department of Trade and Industry, 2001.
NELSON, R.R.; WINTER, S.G. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
NOHRIA, N. "Information and Search in the Creation of New Business Ventures: The Case of the 128 Venture Group". In: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.
PITELIS, C. (editor). Transaction Costs, Markets and Hierarchies Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.
PORTER, M.E. Vantagem Competitiva das Nações Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1993
______. "Aglomerados e competição: novas agendas para emrpesas, governos e instituições". Em Competição: estratégias competitivas essenciais Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1999.
______. "Building the Microeconomic Foundations of Prosperity: Findings from the Microeconomic Competitiveness Index". In: The Global Competitiveness Report 2002-2003 Cornelius, Peter K. (Org.). World Economic Forum, 2003. Disponível em http://www.isc.hbs.edu/pdf/GCR_0203_mci.pdf#zoom=125 Acessado em 20/03/2003
POWELL, W.; BRANTLEY, P. "Competitive Cooperation in Biotechnology: Learning through Networks?". In: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992
RAIS - Relação Anual de Informações Sociais. Brasília: Ministério do Trabalho, 2001
ROMER, P.M. "Growth Based on Increasing Returns due to Specialization". In: American Economic Review, 1987, 77: 56-72
SCITOVSKY, T. "Two Concepts of External Economies". In: Journal of Political Economy, 1954, 62: 143-151
SCOTT, A.J. New Industrial Spaces. London: Pion, 1988.
SIMPSON, W. Urban Structure and the Labour Market: Worker Mobility, Commuting and Underemployment in Cities. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
SMITH, A. The Wealth of Nations New York: Random House, 1937.
Suzigan, W. "Aglomerações industriais: avaliação e sugestões de políticas". NEIT/IE - UNICAMP, 2001. Disponível em: http://www.eco.unicamp.br/projetos/neit/documentos.htm Acessado em: 20/03/2003
SUZIGAN, W. et al. "Aglomerações industriais no Estado de São Paulo". NEIT/IE - UNICAMP, 2000. http://www.eco.unicamp.br/projetos/neit/documentos.htm Acessado em: 20/03/2003
VAN DER LINDE, C. Findings from the Cluster Meta-Study Harvard Business School, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, 2002. Disponível em http://www.isc.hbs.edu/MetaStudy2002Prz.pdf Acessado em: 20/03/2003
UNDP, IPEA, MINAS GERAIS (Estado) - FUNDAÇÃO JOÃO PINHEIRO, 2000. Novo Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil Disponível em http://www.undp.org.br Acessado em 20/03/2003
WEBER, A. Theory of the Location of Industries Chicago: University Chicago Press, 1909/1929.

1

Gostaríamos de agradecer aos professores Claudio Furtado, Ricardo Fasti e Luiz Carlos Di Serio pelo apoio à nossa pesquisa inicial sobre clusters industriais, no contexto da disciplina "Microeconomia da Competitividade", e especialmente ao Prof. Ciro Biderman pelas discussões sobre Índices de Especialização

Datas de Publicação

Publicação nesta coleção
31 Out 2014
Data do Fascículo
Abr 2004

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

[1] AKERLOFF, G.A.; YELLEN, J.L. Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

[2] ALTENBERG, T.; MEYER-STAMER, J. "How to Promote Clusters: Policy Experiences from Latin America". In: World Development, 1999, Volume 27, Issue 9: 1693:1713

[3] ANGEL, D.P. "High Technology agglomeration and the labour market: the case of Silicon Valley". In: Environment and Planning, 1991, A, 23: 1501-1516

[4] ARROW, K.J. "The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing". In: Review of Economic Studies, 1962, 29: 155-173

[5] AVRICHIR, I.; CALDAS, M.P. "Discussão da Validade da Teoria de Competitividade Nacional de Porter a partir do Caso Embraer". ENCONTRO ANUAL DA ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO. Campinas: ANPAD. CD-ROM, 2001

[6] BARKHAM, R. et al. The determinants of Small Firm Growth: Na Inter-regional Study of the United Kingdom 1986-1990. London: Jessica Kingsley, 1996

[7] BLANCHFLOWER, D.G.; OSWALD, A.J. The Wage Curve Cambridge: MIT Press, 1994.

[8] BRITTO, J.; MOTTA E ALBUQUERQUE, E. Estrutura e Dinamismo de Clusters Industriais na Economia Brasileira: Uma Análise Comparativa Exploratória, 2001. Disponível em: http://www.nuca.ie.ufrj.br/infosucro/biblioteca/economiabrasileira/britto_estrutura.doc Acessado em 20/03/2003

[9] _______. "Características Estruturais de Clusters Industriais na Economia Brasileira: Uma Análise Inter-Setorial", 2002. Disponível em: http://www.economia.ufpr.br/portal/atividade/secundario/cluster.htm Acessado em 20/03/2003. Apresentado na VII Encontro Nacional de Economia Política.

[10] CASSIOLATO, J.E.; BERNARDES, R.; LASTRES, H. Transfer of Technology for Successful Integration into the Global Economy: A Case study of Embraer in Brazil New York and Geneva: UNCTAD-ITE, 2002

[11] DOSI, G. "Sources, procedures, and microeconomic effects of innovation". In: Journal of Economic Literature., 1988, 26: 1120-1171

[12] DOSI, G. et al. Technical Change and Economic Theory London: Pinter, 1987

[13] GHEMAWAT, P. "Distance Still Matters: the hard reality of global expansion". In Harvard Business Review, 2001, 79, 8.

[14] GHEMAWAT, P.; HERRERO, G.A.; MONTEIRO, L. F. "Embraer: The Global Leader in Regional Jets". Cambridge: Harvard Business School Case Studies, No. N9-701- 006, 2000.

[15] GLAESER, E. et al. "Growth in Cities". In: Journal of Political Economy, 100: 1126- 1152, 1992

[16] Goldstein, A. "From National Champion to Global Player: Explaining the Success of EMBRAER". Paris: OECD Development Centre. University of Oxford Centre for Brazilian Studies, 2001 - Working Paper Series Disponível em : http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/GoldsteinA17.PDF, acessado em: 20/03/2003

[17] GORDON, I.R.; MCCANN, P. "Industrial Clusters: Complexes, Agglomeration and/ or Social Networks?". In: Urban Studies, 2000, Vol. 37, No. 3: 513-532

[18] GRANOVETTER, M. S. "The Strength of Weak Ties". In: American Journal of Sociology, 1973, Volume 78, Issue 6: 1360-1380

[19] __________. "Economic Action and Social Structure: the problem of embeddedness". In: American Journal of Sociology, 1985, 91: 481-510

[20] HARRISON, B. "Industrial Districts: old wine in new bottles?". In: Regional Studies, 1992, 26: 469-483

[21] HENDERSON, J.V.; KUNCORO, A.; TURNER, M; "Industrial Development in Cities". In: Journal of Political Economy, 1995, 103: 1067-1085

[22] HOOVER, E. "The Measurement of Industrial Localization" In: Review of Economics and Statistics, 1936, XVIII: 162-171

[23] ISARD, W. "Distance Inputs and the Space Economy. Part II: the location equilibrium of the firm". In: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1951, 65: 373-399.

[24] JAFFE, A.B.; TRAJTENBERG, M.; HENDERSON, R. "Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations". In: Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1993, 108: 577-598

[25] KETELHÖHN, N.W.; PORTER, M.E. "Building a Cluster: Electronics and Information Technology in Costa Rica". Cambridge: Harvard Business School Case Studies, No. N9-703-422, 2002

[26] KIM, S. "Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities: the trends in U.S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860-1987". In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1995, Vol. 110, Issue, 4.

[27] KOGUT, B.; SHAN, W.; WALKER, G. "The Make-or-Cooperate Decision in the Context of an Industry Network". In: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992

[28] KRUGMAN, P.R. "Increasing Returns and Economic Geography". In: The Journal of Political Economy, 1991, Volume 99, Issue 3: 483-499

[29] _____. Geography and Trade Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991b

[30] _____. "Geography Lost and Found". In: Development, Geography, and Economic Theory Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995

[31] LINDQVIST, G.; MALMBERG, A.; SÖLVELL, Ö. Swedish Clusters CIND, Uppsala University., 2003. Disponível em: http://www.isc.hbs.edu/pdf/Swedish_Clusters_(Feb_2003).pdf Acessado em: 20/03/2003

[32] MARSHALL, A. "Industrial Organization, Continued. The Concentration of Specialized Industries in Particular Locations". Em Principles of Economics London: Macmillan and Co, 1920. Disponível em http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP24.html acessado em 26/03/2003

[33] MARTIN, R.; SUNLEY, P. "Desconstructing Clusters: Chaotic Concept or Policy Panacea?". Em Journal of Economic Geography, 2002, 3,1.

[34] MILLER,P ; BOTHAM, R; MARTIN, R.L.; MOORE, B. Business Clusters in the UK: A First Assessment London: Department of Trade and Industry, 2001.

[35] NELSON, R.R.; WINTER, S.G. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.

[36] NOHRIA, N. "Information and Search in the Creation of New Business Ventures: The Case of the 128 Venture Group". In: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.

[37] PITELIS, C. (editor). Transaction Costs, Markets and Hierarchies Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.

[38] PORTER, M.E. Vantagem Competitiva das Nações Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1993

[39] ______. "Aglomerados e competição: novas agendas para emrpesas, governos e instituições". Em Competição: estratégias competitivas essenciais Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 1999.

[40] ______. "Building the Microeconomic Foundations of Prosperity: Findings from the Microeconomic Competitiveness Index". In: The Global Competitiveness Report 2002-2003 Cornelius, Peter K. (Org.). World Economic Forum, 2003. Disponível em http://www.isc.hbs.edu/pdf/GCR_0203_mci.pdf#zoom=125 Acessado em 20/03/2003

[41] POWELL, W.; BRANTLEY, P. "Competitive Cooperation in Biotechnology: Learning through Networks?". In: Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form, and Action Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992

[42] RAIS - Relação Anual de Informações Sociais. Brasília: Ministério do Trabalho, 2001

[43] ROMER, P.M. "Growth Based on Increasing Returns due to Specialization". In: American Economic Review, 1987, 77: 56-72

[44] SCITOVSKY, T. "Two Concepts of External Economies". In: Journal of Political Economy, 1954, 62: 143-151

[45] SCOTT, A.J. New Industrial Spaces. London: Pion, 1988.

[46] SIMPSON, W. Urban Structure and the Labour Market: Worker Mobility, Commuting and Underemployment in Cities. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

[47] SMITH, A. The Wealth of Nations New York: Random House, 1937.

[48] Suzigan, W. "Aglomerações industriais: avaliação e sugestões de políticas". NEIT/IE - UNICAMP, 2001. Disponível em: http://www.eco.unicamp.br/projetos/neit/documentos.htm Acessado em: 20/03/2003

[49] SUZIGAN, W. et al. "Aglomerações industriais no Estado de São Paulo". NEIT/IE - UNICAMP, 2000. http://www.eco.unicamp.br/projetos/neit/documentos.htm Acessado em: 20/03/2003

[50] VAN DER LINDE, C. Findings from the Cluster Meta-Study Harvard Business School, Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness, 2002. Disponível em http://www.isc.hbs.edu/MetaStudy2002Prz.pdf Acessado em: 20/03/2003

[51] UNDP, IPEA, MINAS GERAIS (Estado) - FUNDAÇÃO JOÃO PINHEIRO, 2000. Novo Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano no Brasil Disponível em http://www.undp.org.br Acessado em 20/03/2003

[52] WEBER, A. Theory of the Location of Industries Chicago: University Chicago Press, 1909/1929.

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Desafios metodológicos no mapeamento de clusters industriais: o caso de São José dos Campos

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