Da produção ao consumo: traçando a dinâmica de C, N e S nos agroecossistemas brasileiros com uso de isótopos estáveis

Pesquisadores brasileiros têm tido um papel pioneiro no desenvolvimento e na aplicação das metodologias de isótopos estáveis, em termos de abundância natural e de níveis enriquecidos, para traçar os fluxos de carbono e nutrientes em ecossistemas terrestres, que incluem os naturais e os agroecossistemas. Contribuições significativas têm sido feitas nas áreas de fixação biológica de N₂, de dinâmica de carbono nos solos, de síntese e avaliação de fertilizantes marcados, e da tecnologia dos alimentos. Essas contribuições têm se originado de diversas unidades decentralizadas da Embrapa, de institutos de pesquisa e de universidades federais ou estaduais. Para capitalizar a experiência brasileira existente, é necessária a provisão, nas instituições, de instalações analíticas para pesquisa com isótopos estáveis, a fim de fortalecer a capacidade nacional e manter a competitividade internacional das pesquisas.

Termos para indexação:
fixação biológica de N₂; eficiência de uso de fertilizantes; tecnologia de alimentos; fertilizante marcado; carbono do solo; isótopos estáveis

Autoria

Phillip Michael Chalk

Embrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Botânico, no 1.024, Jardim Botânico, CEP 22460-000 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: chalkphillip@gmail.comEmbrapa SolosBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilEmbrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Botânico, no 1.024, Jardim Botânico, CEP 22460-000 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: chalkphillip@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tabelas | Fórmulas

Tabelas (8)
Fórmulas (2)

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Table 1
Isotopic composition of the important elements in biological sciences. Adapted from Berglund & Wieser (2011)BERGLUND, M.; WIESER, M.E. Isotopic compositions of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, v.83, p.397-410, 2011. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02.
https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02... .

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Table 2
Brazilian studies of Embrapa Agrobiologia, using ¹⁵N-based methodologies to quantify endophytic N₂ fixation in C₄ forages and in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum).

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Table 3
Brazilian field studies using 15N dilution to quantify symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes⁽¹⁾ (1) Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris; soybean, Glycine max; and groundnut, Arachis hypogaea. (2)Wheat, Triticum aestivum; Nn, non-nodulating; Weeds, Digitaria horizontalis, Sorghum arundinaceum, and Cenchrus echinatus; C4 grasses, Urochloa brizantha, U. arrecta, and Panicum maximum; Weeds, Sorghum sp., Zea mays, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, and Sida glaziovii; and Nnlegume, the non-nodulating legumes Bauhinia cheilanta and Caesalpinia pyramidalis. (3)E, 15N enrichment; and NA, 15N natural abundance. (4)Patm, proportional dependence of the legume on biologically-fixed N. (5)B value was assumed to be zero (Ramos et al., 2001), -1.3‰ (Teixeira et al., 2006). (6)Stem tissue, low range is dry season, and high range is wet season. .

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Table 4
δ¹³C signatures of Brazilian soils under forest and after a number of years of C₄ pasture or sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) established on cleared forest.

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Table 5
Synthesis of labeled fertilizers at Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura of Universidade de São Paulo, as well as fertilizer use efficiency.

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Table 6
The use of stable isotope δ values to authenticate Brazilian foods and beverages.

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Table 7
δ¹⁸O in water and δ¹³C in ethanol in wines from three regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Dutra et al., 2011DUTRA, S.V.; ADAMI, L.; MARCON, A.R.; CARNIELI, G.J.; ROANI, C.A.; SPINELLI, F.R.; LEONARDELLI, S.; DUCATTI, C.; MOREIRA, M.Z.; VANDERLINDE, R. Determination of the geographical origin of Brazilian wines by isotope and mineral analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, v.401, p.1571-1576, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5181-2.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5181-... )⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by equal letters do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. .

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Table 8
Brazilian institutions involved in stable isotope research in terrestrial and agroecosystems⁽¹⁾ (1) While endeavoring to be comprehensive, some institutions may have been inadvertently overlooked. (2)IRMS, isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. .

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Table 1 Isotopic composition of the important elements in biological sciences. Adapted from Berglund & Wieser (2011)BERGLUND, M.; WIESER, M.E. Isotopic compositions of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry, v.83, p.397-410, 2011. DOI: 10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02.
https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-REP-10-06-02... .

⁽¹⁾Superscript is mass number. ⁽²⁾Best measurement from a single terrestrial source. ⁽³⁾Terrestrial materials.

Table 2 Brazilian studies of Embrapa Agrobiologia, using ¹⁵N-based methodologies to quantify endophytic N₂ fixation in C₄ forages and in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum).

⁽¹⁾Bahia grass, Paspalum notatum; Guinea grass, Panicum maximum; signal grass, Urochloa brizantha, U. decumbens, U. humidicola, U. ruziziensis, and U. arrecta; elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum; and sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum. ⁽²⁾E, ¹⁵N enrichment; and NA, ¹⁵N natural abundance. ⁽³⁾P_atm, proportional dependence of the legume on biologically-fixed N.

Table 3 Brazilian field studies using 15N dilution to quantify symbiotic N2 fixation in legumes⁽¹⁾ (1) Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris; soybean, Glycine max; and groundnut, Arachis hypogaea. (2)Wheat, Triticum aestivum; Nn, non-nodulating; Weeds, Digitaria horizontalis, Sorghum arundinaceum, and Cenchrus echinatus; C4 grasses, Urochloa brizantha, U. arrecta, and Panicum maximum; Weeds, Sorghum sp., Zea mays, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, and Sida glaziovii; and Nnlegume, the non-nodulating legumes Bauhinia cheilanta and Caesalpinia pyramidalis. (3)E, 15N enrichment; and NA, 15N natural abundance. (4)Patm, proportional dependence of the legume on biologically-fixed N. (5)B value was assumed to be zero (Ramos et al., 2001), -1.3‰ (Teixeira et al., 2006). (6)Stem tissue, low range is dry season, and high range is wet season. .

⁽¹⁾
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris; soybean, Glycine max; and groundnut, Arachis hypogaea. ⁽²⁾Wheat, Triticum aestivum; Nn, non-nodulating; Weeds, Digitaria horizontalis, Sorghum arundinaceum, and Cenchrus echinatus; C₄ grasses, Urochloa brizantha, U. arrecta, and Panicum maximum; Weeds, Sorghum sp., Zea mays, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, and Sida glaziovii; and Nnlegume, the non-nodulating legumes Bauhinia cheilanta and Caesalpinia pyramidalis. ⁽³⁾E, ¹⁵N enrichment; and NA, ¹⁵N natural abundance. ⁽⁴⁾P_atm, proportional dependence of the legume on biologically-fixed N. ⁽⁵⁾B value was assumed to be zero (Ramos et al., 2001RAMOS, M.G.; VILLATORO, M.A.A.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B.J.R.; BODDEY, R.M. Quantification of the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to tropical green manure crops and the residual benefit to a subsequent maize crop using 15N-isotope techniques. Journal of Biotechnology, v.91, p.105-115, 2001. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00335-2.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00... ), -1.3‰ (Teixeira et al., 2006TEIXEIRA, F.C.P.; REINERT, F.; RUMJANEK, N.G.; BODDEY, R.M. Quantification of the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to Cratylia mollis using the 15N natural abundance technique in the semi-arid Caatinga region of Brazil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.38, p.1989-1993, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.11.013.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.1... ). ⁽⁶⁾Stem tissue, low range is dry season, and high range is wet season.

Table 4 δ¹³C signatures of Brazilian soils under forest and after a number of years of C₄ pasture or sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) established on cleared forest.

⁽¹⁾Equation of proportional N recovery per plant.

Table 5 Synthesis of labeled fertilizers at Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura of Universidade de São Paulo, as well as fertilizer use efficiency.

⁽¹⁾Rice, Oryza sativa; sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea; sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum; and coffee, Coffea arabica. ⁽²⁾Recovery in plant tops, in which data in parentheses represent growth periods in days.

Table 6 The use of stable isotope δ values to authenticate Brazilian foods and beverages.

⁽¹⁾The geographic origin of the seized samples of the illicit drug marijuana has also been determined by stable isotope (¹³C, ¹⁵N) analysis (Shibuya et al., 2006SHIBUYA, E.K.; SARKIS, J.E.S.; NEGRINI NETO, O.; MOREIRA, M.Z.; VICTORIA, R.L. Sourcing Brazilian marijuana by applying IRMS analysis to seized samples. Forensic Science International, v.160, p.35-43, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.08.011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005... ). ⁽²⁾Cachara, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum.

Table 7 δ¹⁸O in water and δ¹³C in ethanol in wines from three regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Dutra et al., 2011DUTRA, S.V.; ADAMI, L.; MARCON, A.R.; CARNIELI, G.J.; ROANI, C.A.; SPINELLI, F.R.; LEONARDELLI, S.; DUCATTI, C.; MOREIRA, M.Z.; VANDERLINDE, R. Determination of the geographical origin of Brazilian wines by isotope and mineral analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, v.401, p.1571-1576, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5181-2.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5181-... )⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by equal letters do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. .

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 8 Brazilian institutions involved in stable isotope research in terrestrial and agroecosystems⁽¹⁾ (1) While endeavoring to be comprehensive, some institutions may have been inadvertently overlooked. (2)IRMS, isotope-ratio mass spectrometer. .

⁽¹⁾
While endeavoring to be comprehensive, some institutions may have been inadvertently overlooked. ⁽²⁾IRMS, isotope-ratio mass spectrometer.

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Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: pab@embrapa.br

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Da produção ao consumo: traçando a dinâmica de C, N e S nos agroecossistemas brasileiros com uso de isótopos estáveis

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[TFN01] ⁽¹⁾Superscript is mass number. ⁽²⁾Best measurement from a single terrestrial source. ⁽³⁾Terrestrial materials.