Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparison between Interactive Behaviors of Full-Term and Preterm Infants

Chiodelli, Taís; Rodrigues, Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim; Pereira, Veronica Aparecida; Santos, Pedro Lopes dos; Fuertes, Marina

doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3102

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Developmental Psychology • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 31 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3102 linkcopy

Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparison between Interactive Behaviors of Full-Term and Preterm Infants

Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparação entre Comportamentos Interativos de Bebês Nascidos a Termo e Prematuros

Face-to-Face Still-Face: Comparación entre Conductas Interactivas de Bebés Nacidos a Término y Prematuros

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Some studies indicate differences in self-regulatory behaviors of infants, depending on their gestational age. This paper aimed to compare interactive behaviors of full-term and preterm infants in the Face-to-Face Still-Face (FFSF) paradigm. Thirty prematurely born infants and thirty full-term infants were observed in the FFSF’s experimental procedure, which consists in exposing the infant to two episodes of interaction with the mother plus another episode in which the interaction gets interrupted. The Coding System and Analysis of Infant Behaviors Expressed in Still-Face adapted was used to analyze the infants’ interactive behaviors. Significant differences were observed in self-comfort behaviors. All the infants showed the still-face and the recovery effect, and full-term infants showed a carry-over effect. Results contribute to planning interventions that will help mothers promote more positive dyadic interactions.

Keywords:
premature birth; mother-child relations; emotional regulation

		PT Sample		FT Sample		t	p
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	t	p
Play episode
PSO
	Looking at the mother’s face	24.73	8.36	18.26	11.72	-2.462	0.017
	Looking at the mother’s body	7.71	6.56	12.23	9.07	2.207	0.031
NSO
	Excessive motor activity	2.70	3.71	0.93	1.50	-2.419	0.019
SC
	Handling objects	4.89	8.82	13.77	10.69	3.508	0.001
	Total SC	23.40	15.94	36.70	16.83	3.143	0.003
Still-Face episode
PSO
	Looking at the mother’s body	0.49	0.81	3.92	8.57	2.184	0.033
SC
	Squeezing hands against each other	4.74	7.75	1.49	2.71	-2.167	0.034
	Handling objects	12.74	12.31	20.34	12.28	2.395	0.020
Reunion episode
PSO
	Looking at the mother’s body	6.36	6.78	11.61	11.32	2.174	0.034
SC
	Closing the eyes	1.23	2.35	0.30	0.91	-2.020	0.048
	Handling objects	2.66	6.16	10.95	10.84	3.640	0.001
	Total SC	21.20	12.49	31.55	22.31	2.217	0.031

		Play episode	Still-Face episode	Reunion episode	F	p	Post hoc Tukey
		M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	F	p	Post hoc Tukey
PSO
	Looking at the mother’s face	25 (8.36)	21 (10.23)	22 (11.29)	1.205	0.305
	Looking at the mother’s body	8 (6.53)	0 (0.80)	6 (6.79)	14.744	<0.001	P> SF; SF <R
	Smiling	7 (6.61)	2 (4.93)	4 (5.55)	5.319	0.007	P> SF
	Reaching for the mother	2 (3.12)	0 (0.59)	2 (3.02)	3.455	0.036	P> SF
	Positive or neutral vocalizations	8 (7.56)	4 (5.95)	5 (6.24)	2.860	0.063
	Positive excitation	3 (5.53)	4 (6.89)	5 (5.96)	0.278	0.758
	Total PSO	47 (20.27)	32 (22.64)	43 (21.99)	4.184	0.018	P> SF
NSO
	Negative facial expression	6 (8.41)	8 (7.65)	10 (10.44)	1.704	0.188
	Vocal protests	6 (7.74)	9 (10.38)	6 (4.63)	1.841	0.165
	Escaping from the mother	0 (0.44)	1 (1.02)	1 (2.09)	0.915	0.405
	Arching the body	1 (1.44)	2 (4.86)	1 (2.91)	0.687	0.506
	Pushing away from the mother	2 (5.45)	0 (0.54)	1 (1.80)	2.302	0.106
	Crying	1 (2.27)	2 (3.74)	6 (8.75)	6.512	0.002	P <R; SF<R
	Excessive motor activity	3 (3.72)	7 (7.84)	3 (4.93)	4.682	0.012	P<SF;SF>R
	Total NSO	23 (23.89)	31 (25.93)	33 (29.08)	1.338	0.268
SC
	Mother’s gaze aversion	14 (8.01)	20 (10.06)	13 (8.31)	5.767	0.004	P<SF; SF>R
	Closing the eyes	0 (0.54)	0 (0.74)	1 (2.35)	3.672	0.029	P<R
	Oral mouth	2 (3.98)	5 (8.57)	3 (4.41)	2.347	0.102
	Oral objects	0 (1.65)	0 (1.63)	1 (1.56)	0.015	0.986
	Avoiding mother	2 (3.46)	2 (2.69)	1 (1.28)	0.614	0.543
	Squeezing hands against each other	0 (0.96)	5 (7.75)	1 (2.88)	6.757	0.002	P<SF; SF>R
	Handling objects	5 (8.82)	13 (12.31)	3 (6.15)	9.422	<0.001	P<SF; SF>R
	Total SC	23 (15.91)	45 (20.80)	21 (12.46)	18.504	<0.001	P<SF;SF>R

		Play episode	Still-Face episode	Reunion episode	F	p	Post hoc Tukey
		Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	F	p	Post hoc Tukey
PSO
	Looking at the mother’s face	18 (11.69)	17 (9.99)	19 (11.13)	0.201	0.818
	Looking at the mother’s body	12 (9.05)	4 (8.56)	12 (11.32)	6.765	0.002	P>SF; SF<R
	Smiling	7 (7.62)	2 (3.14)	5 (7.07)	4.201	0.018	P> SF
	Reaching for the mother	1 (1.73)	0 (0.34)	1 (2.73)	3.078	0.051
	Positive or neutral vocalizations	7 (6.89)	5 (5.44)	5 (7.94)	0.711	0.494
	Positive excitation	2 (3.26)	3 (5.15)	3 (5.36)	0.519	0.597
	Total PSO	47 (22.86)	31 (17.54)	45 (26.62)	4.475	0.014	P>SF;SF<R
NSO
	Negative facial expression	4 (5.15)	10 (10.17)	11 (11.81)	5.598	0.005	P<SF; P<R
	Vocal protests	3 (4.07)	10 (7.88)	7 (8.02)	7.274	0.001	P<SF; P<R
	Escaping from the mother	0 (0.84)	1 (2.49)	1 (1.69)	1.473	0.235
	Arching the body	1 (2.00)	2 (2.59)	1 (2.76)	0.663	0.518
	Pushing away from the mother	0 (0.69)	0 (0.36)	1 (1.07)	2.306	0.106
	Crying	1 (1.74)	3 (6.17)	5 (7.77)	3.471	0.035	P <R
	Excessive motor activity	1 (1.50)	6 (6.17)	3 (6.73)	5.448	0.006	P<SF
	Total NSO	13 (15.16)	34 (26.69)	33 (31.33)	6.693	0.002	P<SF;P<R
SC
	Mother’s gaze aversion	15 (9.34)	22 (8.89)	14 (12.93)	4.868	0.010	P<SF;SF>R
	Closing the eyes	1 (1.29)	0 (0.88)	0 (0.94)	1.082	0.343
	Oral mouth	2 (4.27)	3 (4.76)	2 (5.53)	0.741	0.480
	Oral objects	3 (7.49)	2 (6.71)	1 (5.83)	0.230	0.795
	Avoiding mother	1 (1.41)	2 (2.75)	2 (5.25)	0.822	0.443
	Squeezing hands against each other	1 (1.59)	1 (2.64)	0 (1.04)	1.115	0.101
	Handling objects	14 (10.68)	20 (12.26)	11 (10.85)	5.461	0.006	SF>R
	Total SC	37 (16.83)	51 (17.56)	32 (22.36)	8.573	<0.001	P<SF;SF>R

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Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 , Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
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[TFN1] Note.PSO = Positive Social Orientation; NSO = Negative Social Orientation; SC = Self-Comfort; PT Sample = Preterm infants; FT Sample = Full-term infants; FFSF = Face-to-Face Still-Face; *p value obtained by the Student’s t test.