A new, conspicuously coloured snapping shrimp from the north-western Indian Ocean (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus)

Abstract

A new, brightly coloured and morphologically distinctive species of the alpheid genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 is described based on a single female specimen collected in shallow waters of Masirah Island, Oman. Alpheus sarapis sp. nov. appears to be morphologically somewhat intermediate between the A. leviusculus Dana, 1852, A. edwardsii (Audouin, 1826) and A. paracrinitus Miers, 1881 species groups, although the presence of slight sinuses on the major chela palm suggests that it may be a derived member of either of the former two groups.

Keywords
Caridea; Alpheid shrimp; New taxon; Oman, Indo-West Pacific; Marine biodiversity

INTRODUCTION

The snapping shrimp genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 is well represented in the western Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea and the Arabian-Persian Gulf, with over 100 species (Banner & Banner, 1981, 1983; Dehghani et al., 2019a, 2019b; Anker, 2022, 2024). Most shallow-water species of this speciose genus form challenging cryptic and pseudocryptic species complexes, which need thorough revisions (e.g., Anker, 2001, 2023a, 2024). On the other hand, morphologically distinctive, obviously new species of Alpheus are rather rare (e.g., Anker & De Grave, 2009; Anker, 2020, 2023b; De Grave et al., 2020).

During a BioBlitz survey of Masirah Island, Oman, in November 2022 (see Acknowledgments), a female specimen of Alpheus with a conspicuous and unique colour pattern and distinctive morphology was collected by scuba diving on a rocky reef, in very shallow water. The specimen was subsequently confirmed to belong to an undescribed species with yet uncertain affinities within the genus. In the present study, this species is described as new to science.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The type specimen is deposited in the collection of the Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (FLMNH UF). Carapace length (cl, in mm) was measured along the carapace midline from the tip of the rostrum to the posterior margin of the carapace.

SYSTEMATICS

Family Alpheidae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus Alpheus Fabricius, 1798 Alpheus sarapis sp. nov. (Figs. 1,2,3,4)

Figure 1
Alpheus sarapis sp. nov., holotype, female (cl 4.2 mm) from Masirah Island, Oman, FLMNH UF 72874: (A) frontal region, dorsal; (B) same, lateral; (C) telson, dorsal; (D) tooth on ventromesial carina of first article of antennular peduncle, lateral (drawn without scale); (E) third maxilliped, lateral; (F) second pereiopod, lateral; (G) third pereiopod, lateral; (H) same, propodus and dactylus, mesial; (I) fourth pereiopod, lateral; (J) fifth pereiopod, lateral; (K) same, propodus and dactylus, mesial; (L) uropod, dorsal; (M) same, detail of posterior margin of endopod, dorsal.

Figure 2
Alpheus sarapis sp. nov., holotype, female (cl 4.2 mm) from Masirah Island, Oman, FLMNH UF 72874: (A) left (major) cheliped, lateral; (B) same, carpus and chela, lateral; (C) same, carpus and chela, mesial; (D) same, dactylus, lateral; (E) right (minor) cheliped, lateral; (F) same, mesial; (G) same, carpus and chela, lateral.

Figure 3
Alpheus sarapis sp. nov., holotype, female (cl 4.2 mm) from Masirah Island, Oman, FLMNH UF 72874: (A) habitus in life, dorsal; (B) same, right lateral; (C) same, left lateral. Photographs by the author.

Figure 4
Alpheus sarapis sp. nov., holotype, female (cl 4.2 mm) from Masirah Island, Oman, FLMNH UF 72874: (A) habitus in life, left dorsolateral; (B) anterior half of cephalothorax, frontal appendages and chelipeds, dorsal; (C) chelipeds and left second pereiopod, left ventrolateral. Photographs by the author.

Type material: Holotype: female (cl 4.2 mm), FLMNH UF 72874, Oman, Ash Sharqiyah South Governate, Masirah Island, NE from base of northern peninsula, 20.61157, 58.92423, boulders and rocks on coarse sand, hand collecting under rocks, depth 4-5 m, leg. C. Meyer et al., 15.11.2022 (BOMAN-14063).

Description: Small-sized species of Alpheus (holotype: cl 4.2 mm). Carapace glabrous, anterior portion somewhat swollen. Rostrum well developed, subtriangular, about 1.7 times as long as wide at base, subacute distally, reaching far beyond midlength of first article of antennular peduncle but not reaching its distal margin, slightly descending in lateral view; rostral carina broad, rounded, gently sloping into rostro-orbital (= adrostral) furrows, flattening past base of orbital hoods (Fig. 1A, B). Orbital hoods rounded, projecting anteriorly, slightly angular laterally in dorsal view; frontal margin between rostrum and orbital hood shallowly concave; rostro-orbital furrows distinct, relatively shallow, not extending past base of orbital hoods (Fig. 1A). Rostro-orbital process present, low, broadly W-shaped. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded (Fig. 1B); cardiac notch well developed, deep.

Telson moderately broad, tapering posteriorly, about 1.8 times as long as maximal width; dorsal surface with two pairs of stout spiniform setae, both inserted at some distance from lateral margin, first pair at about telson mid-length, second pair at about 0.7 of telson length; posterior margin broadly rounded, without median row of spiniform setae, however, with several long, dorsally erect setae; posterolateral angles each with one pair of slender spiniform setae, mesial stouter and almost three times as long as lateral (Fig. 1C).

Eyes well developed, with large, normally pigmented corneas; anterior margin with small blunt tooth; ocellar beak (= bec ocellaire) protruding between eyes, visible in lateral view (Fig. 1A, B).

Antennular peduncle neither slender nor stout; stylocerite slightly convex laterally, ending in sharp point, latter reaching well beyond distal margin of first article; ventromesial carina with low subtriangular tooth, latter without anterior point; second article about 1.8 times as long as wide; lateral antennular flagellum with secondary ramus fused to main ramus over most of its length, distally recognisable as short stump, with several groups of aesthetascs, most proximal on eighth subdivision (Fig. 1A, B, D). Antenna with basicerite stout, armed with sharp tooth on distoventral margin; scaphocerite well developed, lateral margin almost straight, blade rather narrow broad, distolateral tooth very strong, slightly curved mesially, reaching well beyond distal margin of blade, reaching or slightly overreaching end of antennular peduncle; carpocerite long, exceeding both scaphocerite and end of antennular peduncle (Fig. 1A, B).

Mouthparts not dissected, typical for genus in external observation. Third maxilliped moderately slender; coxa with subacutely projecting lateral plate above straplike epipod; antepenultimate article not expanded, its distodorsal margin blunt, not noticeably projecting; penultimate article about 2.5 times as long as distal width, moderately setose; ultimate article about twice as long as penultimate article, tapering distally, with numerous rows of serrulate setae on ventromesial surface and variously long simple setae; exopod reaching beyond distal margin of antepenultimate article; arthrobranch well developed (Fig. 1E).

Major cheliped much larger and more robust than minor cheliped (Figs. 2,3,4); ischium short, stout, smooth; merus stout, about three times as long as distal width, smooth, flattened ventrally, distodorsal margin ending bluntly, ventromesial margin smooth, unarmed distally; carpus short, cup-shaped, wider than long; chela slightly elongate, moderately enlarged, not particularly swollen, not overly setose; palm slightly compressed laterally, ovate in cross-section, smooth, length/height ratio around 2.1; subdistal dorsal surface of palm with very shallow depression, not extending transversally onto lateral or mesial surfaces, not forming longitudinal grooves; subdistal ventral surface of palm with smooth shallow sinus, not forming distinct shoulder; fingers about 0.4 length of palm, more setose than palm; dactylus somewhat longer than pollex, rounded, plunger prominent, with small distal bulge; adhesive disks well developed (Fig. 2AB,C,D).

Minor cheliped with ischium, merus and carpus generally similar to those of major cheliped; merus 2.5 times as long as maximal width; carpus noticeably longer than that of major cheliped; chela slender, not particularly elongate, moderately setose; palm subcylindrical in cross-section, smooth, without grooves or notches, length/height ratio 2.4; fingers about as long as palm, not gaping, without balaeniceps setae, tips crossing (Fig. 2E,F,G). Male minor cheliped currently unknown.

Second pereiopod moderately slender; merus about six times as long as wide; carpus with first subarticle by far longest, ratio of carpal subarticles: 3.5/2/1/1.2/1.8; chela longer than distal-most carpal subarticle (Fig. 1F). Third pereiopod moderately slender; ischium with small spiniform seta on ventrolateral surface; merus slightly swollen, slightly more than 4.5 times as long as maximal width, unarmed distoventrally; carpus about half-length of merus, much more slender than merus; propodus 1.2 times as long as carpus, more setose, with six stout spin-iform setae along ventral margin and one distal pair of spiniform setae near propodo-dactylar articulation; dactylus about 0.4 length of propodus, faintly curving distally, simple, subconical (Fig. 1G, H). Fourth pereiopod generally similar to third, noticeably more slender (Fig. Fifth pereiopod shorter and more slender than third and fourth pereiopods; ischium unarmed; merus not swollen, about 4.4 times as long as wide; carpus more slender than merus, about 0.6 length of merus; propodus somewhat longer than carpus, distal half with 10 or so rows of microserrulate setae on ventrolateral surface (grooming brush), ventromesial margin with three slender spiniform setae, including one distal spiniform seta near propodo-dactylar articulation; dactylus similar to that of third and fourth pereiopods, about 0.4 length of propodus (Fig. 1J, K).

Uropod with both mesial and lateral lobes of protopod ending in sharp tooth; exopod broad, with stout subtriangular distolateral tooth and strong distolateral spiniform seta, diaeresis sinuous, with three broadly rounded lobes; endopod noticeably narrower than exopod, ovate, distal margin armed with row of small spiniform setae (Fig. 1L, M).

Colour pattern: Background whitish; carapace with broad reddish brown band near posterior margin, not extending to ventral half, and reddish markings on anterolateral surface; pleon conspicuously transversely banded, with six broad reddish brown bands, one per pleonite, posterior-most band widest; telson whitish in anterior half, reddish brown in posterior half; antennular peduncles dark red, flagella pale orange proximally; antennal peduncles and scaphocerites orange brown, flagella pale orange; major cheliped dark orange red with longitudinal white band extending from merus through carpus onto palm of chela, on both mesial and lateral sides, white band on palm somewhat irregular and more contrasting on mesial side; pollex deep red proximally, white distally; dactylus pale orange proximally, white distally; minor cheliped similar to major cheliped, white band on palm of chela narrower, fingers orange red in proximal half, white in distal half; second to fifth pereiopods and pleopods mostly translucent, colourless, with some rusty patches on third pereiopod; uropod similar to telson, whitish in anterior half, reddish brown in posterior half (Figs. 3, 4).

Etymology: The new species is named after one of the historical names of Masirah Island, Sarapis (also spelled Serapis), under which it appeared in the Greco-Roman “Periplus of the Erythraean Sea” (Gaury, 1957); used as a noun in apposition.

Ecology: The holotype was collected by flipping large rocks and boulders at a depth of 4-5 m; the species appears to be free living.

Distribution: Presently known only from the type locality off Masirah Island, Oman, in the north-western Indian Ocean.

Remarks: Despite the fact that A. sarapis sp. nov. does not seem to have close relatives within the genus Alpheus, the combination of morphological characters of the orbital hoods and major chela of A. sarapis sp. nov. suggests the new species’ affinities with the A. leviusculus Dana, 1852, A. edwardsii (Audouin, 1826), and A. paracrinitus Miers, 1881 species groups, as defined by Anker et al. (2009), Banner & Banner (1982), and Anker (2020), respectively. Indeed, in the general shape of the major chela, A. sarapis sp. nov. is somewhat intermediate between the A. leviusculus/A. edwardsii groups and A. paracrinitus group. The uncertainty regarding the placement of the new species in one of the previously established species group is partly due to the presently unknown characters of the male minor cheliped, even though it must be noted that the balaeniceps condition on the fingers of this appendage occurs in some members of all three groups (Banner & Banner, 1982; Anker, 2020). Another contributing factor is the apparent non-monophyly of the A. leviusculus and A. edwardsii species groups (Hurt et al., 2021). Thus, the situation of A. sarapis sp. nov. is reminiscent of the echiuran-associated snapping shrimp A. ikedosoma Komai, 2015, which was tentatively placed in the A. brevirostris Olivier, 1811 species group, despite the presence of several characters shared with members of the A. paracrinitus group (Komai, 2015).

The most plausible hypothesis on the phylogenetic affinity of A. sarapis sp. nov. is that it could be a morphologically derived species of either A. leviusculus species group or A. edwardsii species group. In almost all species currently assigned to these two groups, the major chela palm has two transverse grooves, a dorsal and a ventral one, with usually distinct adjacent shoulders (e.g., Banner & Banner, 1982; Chace, 1988). However, in some species of the latter group, the ventral notch and shoulder of the major chela palm are less obvious, although usually remaining distinct or present as a shallow sinus. These species are, for instance, A. leptochirus Coutière, 1905, A. leptochiroides De Man, 1909, A. proseuchirus De Man, 1908, A. pareuchirus Coutière, 1905, A. imitatrix De Man, 1909, A. balaenodigitus Banner & Banner, 1982, A. tricolor Anker, 2001 and A. fasqueli Anker, 2001, described from various parts of the Indo-West Pacific. However, in these species, the major chela palm bears a well-developed dorsal groove and shoulder (although not very prominent in A. balaenodigitus), typically prolonged by a longitudinal groove on the mesial and lateral surfaces, which is not the case of A. sarapis sp. nov. (cf. Coutière, 1905; De Man, 1908, 1909a, 1911; Banner & Banner, 1982; Anker, 2001; Anker & De Grave, 2016; Anker & Fransen, 2019).

The presence of shallow dorsal and ventral sinuses on the major chela and the absence of a strong distodorsal lobe on the antepenultimate article of the third maxilliped separates A. sarapis sp. nov. from most species of the A. paracrinitus group, as defined by Anker (2020). The major chela palm of all species currently placed in the A. paracrinitus group is moderately elongate, cylindrical, and typically has no constrictions, grooves, or sinuses. However, the major chela of the possibly young specimen from Iran identified as A. aff. paracrinitus in Dehghani et al. (2019a: fig. 6E) has a shallow, very broad ventral sinus, suggesting that this condition may also occur in this group. Even not considering the features of the major chela, A. sarapis sp. nov. species can be easily differentiated from all Indo-West Pacific species of the A. paracrinitus group, viz. A. alpheopsides Coutière, 1905, A. paralpheopsides Coutière, 1905. A. tenuipes De Man, 1910, A. labis Banner & Banner, 1982, A. vanuatu Anker, 2020, A. mitis Dana, 1852, and the form described as A. paracrinitus var. bengalensis Coutière, 1905, which was considered as a valid species (A. bengalensis) by Holthuis (1958), but later placed in the synonymy of A. paracrinitus by Crosnier & Forest (1966) (cf. Coutière, 1905; De Man, 1910, 1911; Banner & Banner, 1982; Anker, 2020). For instance, one of the most obvious features distinguishing the new species from the A. paracrinitus group is the absence of distal tooth on the cheliped meri; this tooth is present in distal to subdistal position (rarely at meral mid-length) in all above-listed species, although it seems to be reduced or absent in A.paracrinitus var. bengalensis (Coutière, 1905). However, A. sarapis sp. nov. can be easily separated from A. paracrinitus var. bengalensis, in addition to the presence of sinuses on the major chela palm (see above), by the relative proportions of the first two subarticles of the second pereiopod carpus (1.7 : 1 vs. 1 : 1 in A. paracrinitus var. bengalensis) (cf. Fig. 1F; Coutière, 1905: fig. 37c).

In A. ehlersii De Man, 1909, which is another phylogenetically enigmatic species placed in the non-monophyletic A. diadema Dana, 1852 group by Banner & Banner (1982), the major chela palm has a deep dorsal constriction rather than a shallow sinus, as in the new species. However, in A. ehlersii, the mesial margin of each cheliped merus is armed with a row of small spiniform setae and ending in a stout sharp tooth, whereas the frontal margin on each side of the rostrum bears a rounded projection (De Man, 1909b; Banner & Banner, 1982); each of these three characters would be incongruent with the diagnosis of A. sarapis sp. nov.

The colour pattern of A. sarapis sp. nov., in particular the long white patch on the red background on the mesial face of the major chela (Figs. 3, 4), is one of the most diagnostic characters of the new species, which can be used for its quick and easy identification in the field. Male specimens and molecular analyses are needed to complete the species’ description and elucidate its phylogenetic position within Alpheus.

FUNDING INFORMATION:

This study did not involve any funding other than financial support for fieldwork, as listed below.

https://www.revistas.usp.br/paz

https://www.scielo.br/paz

https://zoobank.org/0B08D98B-DB54-4DB3-811B-ED8BC8B388A5

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The material used in the present study was collected during the BioBlitz survey of Masirah Island, Oman, in November 2022 (PI: Gustav Paulay, FLMNH). The author is especially grateful to Chris Meyer (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.), who collected the holotype of the new species, as well as to all participants of the Masirah survey. AA’s participation in the Omani BioBlitz expeditions was supported by KAUST (FCC/1/1973-49-01) and baseline research funds to Francesca Benzoni (KAUST). Charles H.J.M. Fransen (Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden) thoroughly reviewed the originally submitted manuscript.

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CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

Edited by:

Marcos Domingos Siqueira Tavares

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 Mar 2025
• Date of issue
  2025

History

• Received
  07 Aug 2024
• Accepted
  09 Dec 2024
• Published
  10 Feb 2025