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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to reveal the histopathological results of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 lesions and to investigate whether targeted biopsy is essential in these lesions. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients with 176 lesions, being categorized as Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2.1, who underwent transrectal ultrasound-magnetic resonance imaging fusion biopsy were included in the study. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 62.4 years. The median of prostate-specific antigen, prostate-specific antigen density, free prostate-specific antigen, and free/total prostate-specific antigen were 6.64 ng/mL, 0.10 ng/mL2, 1.24 ng/mL, and 0.18 ng/mL, respectively. In patient- and lesion-based analysis, the prevalence of adenocarcinoma was 12.7 and 9%, and clinically significant prostate cancer was 2.3 and 1.7%, respectively. The rate of prostate cancer detected by systematic biopsy alone was 7.8%, and 1.5% of these were clinically significant. There was no significant difference in prostate-specific antigen or prostate-specific antigen density between patients with histopathologically malignant and benign Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 lesions (p≥0.233). prostate-specific antigen density was higher in malignant patients, considering only 89 patients with index lesion P3 (p=0.046). Family history was significantly higher in malignant patients (p=0.028). CONCLUSION: Since clinically significant prostate cancer is very low in Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 lesions, clinical findings and risk factors should be considered in the biopsy decision in patients with index lesion Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3. However, in patients with index lesions Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 4 and 5, targeting these Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 areas might be important with regard to the extent of the disease.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the risk of falls and associated factors among hospitalized pregnant women and to evaluate the measurement consistency between the Itaki II Fall Risk Scale and the Assessment Scale for Risk of Falling in Pregnant Women. METHODS: This descriptive, correlational study was performed in the obstetrics ward of a university hospital between March and August 2024. A total of 165 pregnant women were included in the study. Data were collected using the Assessment Scale for Risk of Falling in Pregnant Women questionnaire and the Itaki II Fall Risk Scale. For data analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Spearman's correlation, linear regression, and Bland-Altman analysis were employed. RESULTS: The prevalence of falls during pregnancy was 10.3%. The median total Assessment Scale for Risk of Falling in Pregnant Women score was 9, whereas the median Itaki II Fall Risk Scale score was 2. Gestational weight gain, gestational age, spouse's education level, and the presence of chronic diseases were significantly associated with fall risk (p<0.05). A low-level significant correlation was found between the scales, and Bland-Altman analyses indicated that there was no measurement coherence between the two scales. CONCLUSION: Early identification of pregnant women at risk of falls and implementation of appropriate preventive strategies are critical for patient safety. Therefore, it is recommended to develop a reliable fall risk assessment tool tailored for hospitalized pregnant women and to provide education programs and environmental modifications.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Currently, there are no reliable screening methods available for the early diagnosis or prognostic evaluation of the disease. MicroRNAs are small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecules primarily involved in the regulation of gene expression. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare serum levels of microRNA-204 and microRNA-652-3p between patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer and healthy controls in order to determine their potential diagnostic and prognostic value as candidate biomarkers. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from a total of 226 participants, comprising 150 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer and 76 healthy controls. Relative expression levels of microRNA-204 and microRNA-652-3p were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The present study demonstrated that serum levels of microRNA-204 and microRNA-652-3p were significantly elevated in patients with endometrial cancer compared with healthy controls. Overexpression of these microRNAs was significantly associated with disease stage and adverse prognosis. Moreover, patients with high microRNA-204 and microRNA-652-3p expression exhibited significantly shorter survival than those with low expression. Elevated expression of both microRNAs was also significantly associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence. CONCLUSION: Serum levels of microRNA-204 and microRNA-652-3p distinguished patients with endometrial cancer from healthy controls. In addition, both microRNAs were associated with prognosis, including an increased risk of disease recurrence. These findings require confirmation in larger, independently validated cohorts.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Primary spontaneous pneumothorax is characterized by the accumulation of air within the pleural space in the absence underlying lung diseases. This study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics, treatment modalities, and recurrence rates of child and adolescent patients diagnosed with primary spontaneous pneumothorax in our clinic. METHODS: Patients under the age of 18 diagnosed with primary spontaneous pneumothorax via chest X-ray and thoracic computed tomography were included in the study. Patients’ age, gender, presenting complaints, side of pneumothorax, treatment method, complication status, history of recurrence, smoking status, body mass index, and Haller index were recorded. The pneumothorax ratio was calculated radiologically according to the British Thoracic Society guidelines and using the Kircher-Swartzel formula. RESULTS: Total of 33 patients were included in the study. During follow-up, 15 recurrent episodes occurred, yielding a total of 48 pneumothorax episodes for analysis. No patient experienced more than two total episodes. A statistically significant relationship was identified between the pneumothorax percentage and the development of recurrence. No statistically significant difference was found between body mass/Haller/gender index and the development of recurrence. No significant association was found between the side of pneumothorax (left, right, or bilateral) and the development of either recurrence or complications. CONCLUSION: Although management strategies similar to adult protocols are applied in childhood pneumothorax, individualized treatment planning based on patient characteristics is of paramount importance. Large-scale studies are required to establish a standardized treatment protocol.