Economic performance of off-grid photovoltaic systems for irrigation

Bruning, Jhosefe; Robaina, Adroaldo D.; Peiter, Marcia X.; Chaiben Neto, Miguel; Rodrigues, Silvana A.; Ferreira, Laura D.; Pereira, Tonismar dos S.; Kayser, Luiz P.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n1p57-63

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 27 (1) • Jan 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n1p57-63 copy

Economic performance of off-grid photovoltaic systems for irrigation¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

Desempenho econômico de sistemas fotovoltaicos off-grid para irrigação

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

HIGHLIGHTS:

The implementation costs of off-grid photovoltaic system decreases with increasing generation power.

Off-grid systems with higher powers (22.1 kW) have an energy cost higher than that practiced by the energy concessionaire.

The variation in revenues and implementation costs demonstrates the profitability of photovol-taic projects for rural areas.

ABSTRACT

Renewable energies are alternatives to replace fossil fuels and are crucial for the sustainability of the agricultural sector, besides being an important alternative for pumping water in irrigation. Thus, understanding revenues and expenses is fundamental in economic feasibility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the behavior of economic indicators in off-grid solar energy system for irrigation based on different scenarios. Photovoltaic projects were developed for different irrigation powers ranging from 0.736 to 22.1 kW, and the costs for implementation and operation, as well as the occurrence of economy of scale were evaluated, and the levelized cost of energy for each power analyzed was determined. In addition, sensitivity analyses were performed, considering the variation in product price and investment cost, to demonstrate the responses in relation to economic indicators. Photovoltaic energy projects showed increasing costs with the increase in power, and the normalized cost per kW followed an economy of scale, while the levelized cost of energy showed feasibility, except for the power of 22.1 kW. The sensitivity analyses showed profitability for the analyzed configurations.

Key words:
solar power system; stand-alone; levelized cost of energy; sensitivity analysis

Nominal current (A)	CC max. input voltage (Vcc)	CC operating voltage CC (Vcc)	Inverter maximum power (cv)
4.3	810	450-760	1.50
4.3	810	450-760	2.00
6.1	810	450-760	3.00
10.0	810	450-760	5.00
14.0	810	450-760	7.50
14.6	780	350-780	7.50
16.0	810	450-760	10.00
24.0	810	450-760	15.00
31.0	810	450-760	20.00
32.0	810	450-760	20.38
45.0	810	450-760	30.00
62.0	780	350-780	40.70

Pumping system power (kW)	Percentage variation of product price
Pumping system power (kW)	30%	25%	20%	15%	10%	5%	0%	-5%	-10%	-15%	-20%	-25%	-30%
	NPV (1000 US$)
0.7	4.3	4.0	3.7	3.4	3.1	2.8	2.5	2.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	0.9	0.6
1.1	8.0	7.5	7.1	6.6	6.1	5.7	5.2	4.7	4.3	3.8	3.4	2.9	2.4
1.5	11.7	11.0	10.4	9.8	9.2	8.6	8.0	7.3	6.7	6.1	5.5	4.9	4.3
2.2	18.7	17.8	16.8	15.9	15.0	14.1	13.1	12.2	11.3	10.4	9.4	8.5	7.6
2.9	23.1	21.9	20.6	19.4	18.2	16.9	15.7	14.5	13.2	12.0	10.8	9.5	8.3
3.7	29.9	28.3	26.8	25.2	23.7	22.1	20.6	19.1	17.5	16.0	14.4	12.9	11.3
4.4	37.9	36.1	34.2	32.3	30.5	28.6	26.8	24.9	23.1	21.2	19.4	17.5	15.7
5.5	48.7	46.4	44.0	41.7	39.4	37.1	34.8	32.5	30.2	27.8	25.5	23.2	20.9
7.4	63.4	60.3	57.2	54.1	51.0	47.9	44.8	41.8	38.7	35.6	32.5	29.4	26.3
9.2	77.8	74.0	70.1	66.2	62.4	58.5	54.7	50.8	46.9	43.1	39.2	35.4	31.5
11.0	97.1	92.5	87.9	83.3	78.6	74.0	69.4	64.7	60.1	55.5	50.8	46.2	41.6
14.7	131.9	125.7	119.5	113.3	107.2	101.0	94.8	88.6	82.5	76.3	70.1	63.9	57.8
18.4	165.3	157.6	149.9	142.1	134.4	126.7	119.0	111.3	103.5	95.8	88.1	80.4	72.7
22.1	205.6	196.3	187.1	177.8	168.6	159.3	150.0	140.8	131.5	122.2	113.0	103.7	94.5
	IRR (%)
0.7	14.6	13.8	13.1	12.3	11.5	10.7	9.9	9.1	8.3	7.4	6.5	5.6	4.6
1.1	21.4	20.4	19.4	18.5	17.5	16.5	15.5	14.5	13.5	12.5	11.4	10.3	9.2
1.5	26.8	25.7	24.5	23.4	22.2	21.1	19.9	18.7	17.5	16.3	15.1	13.9	12.6
2.2	20.7	19.7	18.8	17.9	16.9	16.0	15.0	14.1	13.1	12.1	11.1	10.0	9.0
2.9	25.6	24.5	23.4	22.3	21.2	20.1	18.9	17.8	16.7	15.5	14.4	13.2	12.0
3.7	28.0	26.8	25.6	24.4	23.2	22.1	20.9	19.7	18.4	17.2	16.0	14.7	13.4
4.4	33.0	31.6	30.3	28.9	27.6	26.2	24.8	23.5	22.1	20.7	19.3	17.9	16.5
5.5	37.8	36.3	34.7	33.2	31.6	30.1	28.5	27.0	25.4	23.9	22.3	20.7	19.1
7.4	33.9	32.5	31.1	29.7	28.3	26.9	25.5	24.1	22.7	21.3	19.8	18.4	16.9
9.2	31.7	30.4	29.1	27.8	26.4	25.1	23.8	22.5	21.1	19.8	18.4	17.1	15.7
11.0	37.6	36.1	34.6	33.0	31.5	29.9	28.4	26.9	25.3	23.8	22.2	20.6	19.0
14.7	40.5	38.8	37.2	35.6	33.9	32.3	30.6	29.0	27.3	25.7	24.0	22.3	20.6
18.4	39.9	38.3	36.6	35.0	33.4	31.8	30.2	28.6	27.0	25.3	23.7	22.0	20.4
22.1	48.2	46.3	44.4	42.5	40.5	38.6	36.7	34.7	32.8	30.9	28.9	27.0	25.0
	B/C
0.7	2.2	2.1	2.0	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.2
1.1	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.0	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.6
1.5	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.1	2.0
2.2	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.6	2.5	2.4	2.3	2.2	2.1	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.6
2.9	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.1	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.6	2.5	2.3	2.2	2.0	1.9
3.7	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.3	3.1	3.0	2.8	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.1
4.4	4.6	4.4	4.3	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.5
5.5	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.2	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.0	2.8
7.4	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.1	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.1	2.9	2.7	2.5
9.2	4.4	4.2	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.0	2.9	2.7	2.5	2.4
11.0	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.1	3.9	3.7	3.5	3.3	3.1	2.9	2.8
14.7	5.5	5.3	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.4	4.2	4.0	3.8	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.0
18.4	5.6	5.3	5.1	4.9	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.1	3.9	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.0
22.1	6.7	6.4	6.2	5.9	5.7	5.4	5.1	4.9	4.6	4.4	4.1	3.9	3.6

Pumping system power (kW)	Percentage variation of the implementation costs
Pumping system power (kW)	30%	25%	20%	15%	10%	5%	0%	-5%	-10%	-15%	-20%	-25%	-30%
	NPV (1000 US$)
0.7	1.3	1.5	1.7	1.9	2.1	2.3	2.5	2.7	2.8	3.0	3.2	3.4	3.6
1.1	4.0	4.2	4.4	4.6	4.8	5.0	5.2	5.4	5.6	5.8	6.0	6.2	6.4
1.5	6.6	6.8	7.1	7.3	7.5	7.7	8.0	8.2	8.4	8.6	8.8	9.1	9.3
2.2	11.5	11.8	12.0	12.3	12.6	12.9	13.1	13.4	13.7	14.0	14.2	14.5	14.8
2.9	13.0	13.4	13.9	14.3	14.8	15.2	15.7	16.2	16.6	17.1	17.5	18.0	18.4
3.7	17.5	18.0	18.5	19.0	19.6	20.1	20.6	21.1	21.6	22.2	22.7	23.2	23.7
4.4	23.6	24.2	24.7	25.2	25.7	26.3	26.8	27.3	27.8	28.4	28.9	29.4	29.9
5.5	31.2	31.8	32.4	33.0	33.6	34.2	34.8	35.4	36.0	36.6	37.1	37.7	38.3
7.4	39.7	40.5	41.4	42.2	43.1	44.0	44.8	45.7	46.6	47.4	48.3	49.2	50.0
9.2	47.8	48.9	50.1	51.2	52.4	53.5	54.7	55.8	57.0	58.1	59.3	60.4	61.6
11.0	62.2	63.4	64.6	65.8	67.0	68.2	69.4	70.5	71.7	72.9	74.1	75.3	76.5
14.7	86.0	87.5	88.9	90.4	91.9	93.4	94.8	96.3	97.8	99.2	100.7	102.2	103.6
18.4	108.1	109.9	111.7	113.5	115.4	117.2	119.0	120.8	122.6	124.4	126.2	128.1	129.9
22.1	139.2	141.0	142.8	144.6	146.4	148.2	150.0	151.8	153.7	155.5	157.3	159.1	160.9
	IRR (%)
0.7	5.9	6.5	7.1	7.7	8.4	9.1	9.9	10.8	11.7	12.7	13.9	15.1	16.5
1.1	10.7	11.4	12.1	12.8	13.7	14.5	15.5	16.6	17.7	19.0	20.4	22.0	23.8
1.5	14.3	15.1	15.9	16.8	17.7	18.8	19.9	21.1	22.5	24.0	25.7	27.6	29.8
2.2	10.4	11.0	11.7	12.5	13.3	14.1	15.0	16.0	17.2	18.4	19.8	21.3	23.0
2.9	13.6	14.3	15.1	16.0	16.9	17.9	18.9	20.1	21.4	22.9	24.5	26.3	28.4
3.7	15.2	15.9	16.8	17.7	18.6	19.7	20.9	22.1	23.5	25.1	26.8	28.8	31.0
4.4	18.4	19.3	20.2	21.2	22.3	23.5	24.8	26.3	27.9	29.7	31.7	33.9	36.5
5.5	21.3	22.3	23.3	24.5	25.7	27.1	28.5	30.2	32.0	34.0	36.3	38.9	41.8
7.4	18.9	19.8	20.8	21.8	22.9	24.2	25.5	27.0	28.6	30.5	32.5	34.8	37.5
9.2	17.6	18.4	19.3	20.3	21.4	22.5	23.8	25.2	26.7	28.5	30.4	32.6	35.1
11.0	21.2	22.1	23.2	24.3	25.6	26.9	28.4	30.0	31.8	33.9	36.1	38.7	41.6
14.7	22.9	24.0	25.1	26.3	27.6	29.0	30.6	32.4	34.3	36.4	38.9	41.6	44.7
18.4	22.6	23.6	24.7	25.9	27.2	28.6	30.2	31.9	33.8	35.9	38.3	41.0	44.1
22.1	27.7	28.9	30.2	31.6	33.1	34.8	36.7	38.7	41.0	43.5	46.4	49.6	53.3
	B/C
0.7	1.3	1.3	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.8	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.4
1.1	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.8	3.0	3.2
1.5	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.8	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.7	4.0
2.2	1.7	1.8	1.9	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.8	3.0	3.2
2.9	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.9	3.0	3.2	3.4	3.6	3.9
3.7	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.8	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.7	4.0	4.2
4.4	2.7	2.8	3.0	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.6	3.7	4.0	4.2	4.4	4.7	5.1
5.5	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.9	4.2	4.4	4.6	4.9	5.3	5.6
7.4	2.8	2.9	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.8	4.0	4.2	4.5	4.8	5.1
9.2	2.6	2.7	2.8	2.9	3.1	3.2	3.4	3.6	3.8	4.0	4.2	4.5	4.8
11.0	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.9	4.1	4.3	4.6	4.9	5.2	5.6
14.7	3.3	3.4	3.5	3.7	3.8	4.0	4.2	4.4	4.7	5.0	5.3	5.6	6.0
18.4	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.9	4.1	4.3	4.5	4.8	5.0	5.3	5.7	6.1
22.1	4.0	4.1	4.3	4.5	4.7	4.9	5.1	5.4	5.7	6.0	6.4	6.8	7.3
	LCOE (US$ kW h^-1)
0.7	0.018	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.015	0.014	0.013	0.013	0.012	0.011	0.011	0.010
1.1	0.019	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.016	0.015	0.014	0.013	0.013	0.012	0.011	0.010
1.5	0.009	0.009	0.009	0.008	0.008	0.007	0.007	0.007	0.006	0.006	0.006	0.005	0.005
2.2	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.015	0.014	0.014	0.013	0.012	0.012	0.011	0.010	0.010	0.009
2.9	0.019	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.016	0.015	0.014	0.013	0.013	0.012	0.011	0.010
3.7	0.019	0.018	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.015	0.014	0.013	0.012	0.012	0.011	0.010
4.4	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.014	0.014	0.013	0.012	0.012	0.011	0.010
5.5	0.026	0.025	0.024	0.023	0.022	0.021	0.020	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.014
7.4	0.022	0.021	0.020	0.019	0.018	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.014	0.013	0.013	0.012
9.2	0.019	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.016	0.015	0.014	0.013	0.013	0.012	0.011	0.010
11.0	0.026	0.025	0.024	0.023	0.022	0.021	0.020	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.014
14.7	0.032	0.030	0.029	0.028	0.027	0.026	0.024	0.023	0.022	0.021	0.019	0.018	0.017
18.4	0.026	0.025	0.024	0.023	0.022	0.021	0.020	0.019	0.018	0.017	0.016	0.015	0.014
22.1	0.083	0.080	0.077	0.073	0.070	0.067	0.064	0.061	0.057	0.054	0.051	0.048	0.045

Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola Unidade Acadêmica de Engenharia Agrícola, UFCG, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, Bodocongó, Bloco CM, 1º andar, CEP 58429-140, Campina Grande, PB, Brasil, Tel. +55 83 2101 1056 - Campina Grande - PB - Brazil
E-mail: revistagriambi@gmail.com

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[1] * Corresponding author - E-mail: jhosefe.b@gmail.com

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Economic performance of off-grid photovoltaic systems for irrigation1 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil

Desempenho econômico de sistemas fotovoltaicos off-grid para irrigação

HIGHLIGHTS:

ABSTRACT

Economic performance of off-grid photovoltaic systems for irrigation¹ 1 Research developed at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil