Dris norms for ‘Keitt’ mango in the Brazilian Semiarid Region:Diagnosis and validation

Nutritional standards based on long-term data improve the nutritional diagnosis of the crop, as they make norms more precise and establish more refined criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the mango crop using the DRIS methodology to identify nutritional limitations and validate norms. A da-tabase of 202 commercial plots was used, whose leaves were collected in the floral induction period between 2011 and 2018 in the Brazilian semiarid region. The productivity of 'Keitt' mango under the Brazilian semiarid conditions was not related to NBI-DRIS. Nutrient concentration presents positive and significant relationship with the respective DRIS indices, enabling the determination of the balance point, establishing a nutritional standard and enabling the use of foliar diagnosis for the variety. The order of nutrients with the highest frequency of limitations due to lack, in decreasing order, was: Zn > Al > Na > Cu > S > B > Mn > P = K > Fe > Ca > N > Mg, and limitation due to excess, in decreasing order was: Fe > Na > Mg > Al > Cu > B = N > S > Ca > P = K > Zn > Mn.

Index terms
Nutritional diagnosis; Floral induction; Mangifera indica

Authorship

Leonardo Tullio

Federal University of Paraná, Soil Science Doctorate Program, Curitiba, Brazil. Email: leonardo.tullio@outlook.com Federal University of ParanáBrasilCuritiba, PR, Brasil Federal University of Paraná, Soil Science Doctorate Program, Curitiba, Brazil. Email: leonardo.tullio@outlook.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-8823

Danilo Eduardo Rozane Danilo Eduardo Rozane E-mail:danilo.rozane@unesp.br

São Paulo State University, Registro, Brazil. Email: danilo.rozane@unesp.br São Paulo State UniversityBrasilRegistro, SP, Brasil São Paulo State University, Registro, Brazil. Email: danilo.rozane@unesp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-3689

Danilo Eduardo Rozane E-mail:danilo.rozane@unesp.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (4)
Tables (6)
Formulas (5)

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Figure 1
Relationship between average NBI mean values and yield of 'Keitt' mango orchards in the Brazilian semiarid region.

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Figure 2
Relationship between DRIS indices and the concentration of macronutrients in 'Keitt' mango leaves.

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Figure 3
Relationship between DRIS indices and the concentration of micronutrients in 'Keitt' mango leaves.

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Figure 4
Cate-Nelson partitioning for the relationship between NBI and yield for the 202 ‘Keitt’ mango plots. NPV = Negative Predictive Value; PPV = Positive Predictive Value; TN = True Negative; FP = False Positive; TP = True Positive; FN = False Negative; Ac. = Accuracy; Esp. = Specificity; Sens. = Sensitivity.

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Table 1
Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of logarithms of nutrient ratios of the reference population.

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Table 2
Distribution (%), according to criterion established by Wadt (2005), of the potential fertilization response of the 'Keitt' mango crop in the Brazilian semiarid region from the low-yield population.

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Table 3
Calculation of the chi-square distribution of the frequency of 'Keitt' mango leaf samples from the low-yield population (1).

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Table 4
Frequency distribution of 'Keitt' mango leaf samples into nutritional classes defined by the DRIS method, from the low-yield population.

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Table 5
DRIS nutritional balance point for nutrients of the 'Keitt' mango crop in the Brazilian semiarid region.

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Table 6
Nutrient distribution range in “Keitt” mango leaves established by the DRIS norm calculation and literature.

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Figure 1 Relationship between average NBI mean values and yield of 'Keitt' mango orchards in the Brazilian semiarid region.

Figure 2 Relationship between DRIS indices and the concentration of macronutrients in 'Keitt' mango leaves.

Figure 3 Relationship between DRIS indices and the concentration of micronutrients in 'Keitt' mango leaves.

Figure 4 Cate-Nelson partitioning for the relationship between NBI and yield for the 202 ‘Keitt’ mango plots. NPV = Negative Predictive Value; PPV = Positive Predictive Value; TN = True Negative; FP = False Positive; TP = True Positive; FN = False Negative; Ac. = Accuracy; Esp. = Specificity; Sens. = Sensitivity.

Table 1 Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of logarithms of nutrient ratios of the reference population.

N/	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	0.96	0.05	-0.20	0.86	1.00	-0.88	0.05	-0.91	-1.55	-0.68	-1.08	-1.10
Standard deviation	0.17	0.13	0.16	0.14	0.21	0.23	0.27	0.19	0.30	0.25	0.22	0.28
CV %	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.09	0.06	0.05	0.08
P/	N	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	-0.96	-0.91	-1.16	-0.10	0.04	-1.84	-0.92	-1.88	-2.51	-1.64	-2.05	-2.06
Standard deviation	0.17	0.13	0.15	0.17	0.22	0.23	0.28	0.23	0.30	0.25	0.25	0.28
CV %	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.05	0.05	0.08	0.05	0.09	0.06	0.06	0.08
K/	N	P	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	-0.05	0.91	-0.25	0.81	0.95	-0.93	0.00	-0.96	-1.60	-0.73	-1.13	-1.15
Standard deviation	0.13	0.13	0.16	0.13	0.19	0.22	0.27	0.18	0.30	0.24	0.23	0.28
CV %	0.02	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.03	0.09	0.06	0.05	0.08
Ca/	N	P	K	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	0.20	1.16	0.25	1.06	1.20	-0.68	0.24	-0.72	-1.35	-0.48	-0.89	-0.90
Standard deviation	0.16	0.15	0.16	0.14	0.22	0.20	0.28	0.21	0.29	0.25	0.22	0.28
CV %	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.08	0.04	0.08	0.06	0.05	0.08
Mg/	N	P	K	Ca	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	-0.86	0.10	-0.81	-1.06	-0.14	-1.74	-0.82	-1.78	-2.41	-1.54	-1.95	-1.96
Standard deviation	0.14	0.17	0.13	0.14	0.21	0.22	0.29	0.20	0.28	0.26	0.22	0.30
CV %	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.08	0.04	0.08	0.07	0.05	0.09
S/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	-1.00	-0.04	-0.95	-1.20	-0.14	-1.88	-0.95	-1.91	-2.55	-1.67	-2.08	-2.10
Standard deviation	0.21	0.22	0.19	0.22	0.21	0.27	0.27	0.24	0.34	0.28	0.27	0.30
CV %	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.11	0.08	0.07	0.09
B/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	0.88	1.84	0.93	0.68	1.74	1.88	0.93	-0.03	-0.67	0.21	-0.20	-0.22
Standard deviation	0.23	0.23	0.22	0.20	0.22	0.27	0.33	0.26	0.32	0.28	0.26	0.28
CV %	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.07	0.10	0.07	0.10	0.08	0.07	0.08
Cu/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	-0.05	0.92	0.00	-0.24	0.82	0.95	-0.93	-0.96	-1.60	-0.72	-1.13	-1.15
Standard deviation	0.27	0.28	0.27	0.28	0.29	0.27	0.33	0.28	0.38	0.33	0.35	0.33
CV %	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.10	0.08	0.14	0.11	0.12	0.10
Fe/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Mn	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	0.91	1.88	0.96	0.72	1.78	1.91	0.03	0.96	0.24	0.24	-0.17	-0.19
Standard deviation	0.19	0.23	0.18	0.21	0.20	0.24	0.26	0.28	0.22	0.22	0.26	0.25
CV %	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.05	0.05	0.07	0.06
Mn/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Zn	Na	Al
Mean	1.55	2.51	1.60	1.35	2.41	2.55	0.67	1.60	0.63	0.87	0.47	0.45
Standard deviation	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.29	0.28	0.34	0.32	0.38	0.31	0.32	0.33	0.35
CV %	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.08	0.11	0.10	0.14	0.09	0.10	0.11	0.12
Zn/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Na	Al
Mean	0.68	1.64	0.73	0.48	1.54	1.67	-0.21	0.72	-0.24	-0.87	-0.41	-0.43
Standard deviation	0.25	0.25	0.24	0.25	0.26	0.28	0.28	0.33	0.22	0.32	0.30	0.30
CV %	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.07	0.08	0.08	0.11	0.05	0.10	0.09	0.09
Na/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Al
Mean	1.08	2.05	1.13	0.89	1.95	2.08	0.20	1.13	0.17	-0.47	0.41	-0.02
Standard deviation	0.22	0.25	0.23	0.22	0.22	0.27	0.26	0.35	0.26	0.33	0.30	0.30
CV %	0.05	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.07	0.07	0.12	0.07	0.11	0.09	0.09
Al/	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn	Na
Mean	1.10	2.06	1.15	0.90	1.96	2.10	0.22	1.15	0.19	-0.45	0.43	0.02
Standard deviation	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.30	0.30	0.28	0.33	0.25	0.35	0.30	0.30
CV %	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.09	0.09	0.08	0.10	0.06	0.12	0.09	0.09

Table 2 Distribution (%), according to criterion established by Wadt (2005), of the potential fertilization response of the 'Keitt' mango crop in the Brazilian semiarid region from the low-yield population.

Nutrient	p⁽²⁾	pz	z	nz	n
N	6.6	3.3	68.6	14.9	6.6
P	7.4	10.7	65.3	12.4	4.1
K	6.6	11.6	65.3	12.4	4.1
Ca	5.0	6.6	69.4	14.0	5.0
Mg	2.5	6.6	64.5	19.0	7.4
S	10.7	13.2	56.2	11.6	8.3
B	7.4	15.7	55.4	15.7	5.8
Cu	10.7	14.9	50.4	9.1	14.9
Fe	4.1	13.2	48.8	14.0	19.8
Mn	3.3	19.0	69.4	6.6	1.7
Zn	14.0	19.8	53.7	5.8	6.6
Na	7.4	19.8	44.6	15.7	12.4
Al	14.0	18.2	43.0	21.5	3.3

⁽²⁾
p: positive, with high probability; pz: positive, with low probability; z: null; nz: negative, with low probability; n: negative, with high probability, according to Wadt (2005).

Table 3 Calculation of the chi-square distribution of the frequency of 'Keitt' mango leaf samples from the low-yield population (1).

Nutrient	OF⁽³⁾	FE	(OF-EF)²/EF
N	6.6	7.7	0.2
P	7.4	7.7	0.0
K	6.6	7.7	0.2
Ca	5.0	7.7	1.0
Mg	2.5	7.7	3.5
S	10.7	7.7	1.2
B	7.4	7.7	0.0
Cu	10.7	7.7	1.2
Fe	4.1	7.7	1.6
Mn	3.3	7.7	2.5
Zn	14.0	7.7	5.3
Na	7.4	7.7	0.0
Al	14.0	7.7	5.3
	Chi-square		21.91 **

^*
(1) With response potential to positive and very likely fertilization (p), according to Wadt (2005). (3) OF and EF correspond to observed and expected frequencies, respectively. ** Significant at 1%.

Table 4 Frequency distribution of 'Keitt' mango leaf samples into nutritional classes defined by the DRIS method, from the low-yield population.

Nutrient	LL⁽¹⁾	NL	LE	Total
N	9.9	68.6	21.5	100
P	18.2	65.3	16.5	100
K	18.2	65.3	16.5	100
Ca	11.6	69.4	19.0	100
Mg	9.1	64.5	26.4	100
S	24.0	56.2	19.8	100
B	23.1	55.4	21.5	100
Cu	25.6	50.4	24.0	100
Fe	17.4	48.8	33.9	100
Mn	22.3	69.4	8.3	100
Zn	33.9	53.7	12.4	100
Na	27.3	44.6	28.1	100
Al	32.2	43.0	24.8	100

⁽¹⁾
LL- limiting due to lack; NL- non-limiting; LE- limiting due to excess.

Table 5 DRIS nutritional balance point for nutrients of the 'Keitt' mango crop in the Brazilian semiarid region.

Nutrient	DRIS nutritional balance point⁽¹⁾
N (g.kg^-1)	16.4
P (g.kg^-1)	1.8
K (g.kg^-1)	14.8
Ca (g.kg^-1)	25.9
Mg (g.kg^-1)	2.3
S (g.kg^-1)	1.8
B (mg.kg^-1)	135.3
Cu (mg.kg^-1)	17.9
Fe (mg.kg^-1)	142.6
Mn (mg.kg^-1)	651.0
Zn (mg.kg^-1)	94.5
Na (mg.kg^-1)	219.2
Al (mg.kg^-1)	261.8

⁽¹⁾
Nutrient concentration in leaves of nutritionally balanced 'Keitt' mango plants.

Table 6 Nutrient distribution range in “Keitt” mango leaves established by the DRIS norm calculation and literature.

Nutrient	Method	Adequate range	Adequate content
N	DRIS	13.7 - 19.1	16.4
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	12.0 - 14.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	12.9
	Araújo (2010)	-	13.8
P	DRIS	1.5 - 2.1	1.8
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	0.8 - 1.6	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	1.2
	Araújo (2010)	-	1.0
K	DRIS	12.4 - 17.2	14.8
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	5.0 - 10.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	6.9
	Araújo (2010)	-	8.5
Ca	DRIS	21.8 - 30.0	25.9
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	20 - 35	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	41.4
	Araújo (2010)	-	23.4
Mg	DRIS	1.9 - 2.7	2.3
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	2.5 - 5.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	4.0
	Araújo (2010)	-	2.4
S	DRIS	1.3 - 2.3	1.8
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	0.8 - 1.8	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	-
	Araújo (2010)	-	0.7
B	DRIS	93.2 - 177.4	135.3
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	50.0 - 100.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	-
	Araújo (2010)	-	82.7
Cu	DRIS	7.1 - 28.7	17.9
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	10.0 - 50.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	78.0
	Araújo (2010)	-	12.3
Fe	DRIS	68.4 - 216.8	142.6
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	50.0 - 200.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	114.0
	Araújo (2010)	-	84.5
Mn	DRIS	451.1 - 850.9	651.0
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	50.0 - 100.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	189.0
	Araújo (2010)	-	174.1
Zn	DRIS	53.0 - 136.0	94.5
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	20.0 - 40.0	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	96.0
	Araújo (2010)	-	28.6
Na	DRIS	116.5 - 321.9	219.2
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	-	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	-
	Araújo (2010)	-	-
Al	DRIS	132.4 - 391.2	261.8
	Quaggio et al. (1996)	-	-
	Medeiros et al. (2005)	-	-
	Araújo (2010)	-	-

^*
DRIS, floral induction phase; Quaggio et al. (1996), flowering phase; Medeiros et al. (2005), pre-flowering phase; Araújo (2010), pre-flowering phase.

I Y = \frac{\sum f [\frac{A}{B}] - \sum f [\frac{A}{B}]}{n}

N B I = |I N| + |I P| + |I K| + |I C a| + |I M g| + |I S| + |I B| + |I C u| + |I F e| + |I M n| + |I Z n| + |I N a| + |I A l|

N B I m e a n = \frac{N B I}{n}

E F % = [\frac{\frac{T o t a l N o . o f p l o t s e v a l u a t e d}{T o t a l N o . o f n u t r i e n t s}}{T o t a l N o . o f p l o t s e v a l u a t e d}] \times 100

O F % = [\frac{N o . o f p l o t s i n w h i c h t h e n u t r i e n t w a s (p)}{N o . o f p l o t s e v a l u a t e d}] \times 100

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Dris norms for ‘Keitt’ mango in the Brazilian Semiarid Region:Diagnosis and validation

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[1] Danilo Eduardo Rozane E-mail:danilo.rozane@unesp.br