Surface water resources of Santa Catarina state’s southern region - geochemical background of the coal mining territory

Cardoso, Albert Teixeira; Fan, Fernando Mainardi; Franzen, Melissa; Simão, Gustavo; Troian, Guilherme Casarotto

doi:10.1590/2318-0331.272220220084

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Scientific/Technical Article • RBRH 27 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.272220220084 copy

Surface water resources of Santa Catarina state’s southern region - geochemical background of the coal mining territory

Recursos hídricos superficiais da região sul de Santa Catarina - background geoquímico da região afetada pela mineração de carvão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In the environmental reclaiming process, it is essential to distinguish between chemical elements concentrations that occur naturally in water resources (geochemical background), from those originated from anthropogenic activities. Despite the environmental efforts that have been carried out for more than two decades in the southern Brazilian region impacted by coal mining, its geochemical background is still not completely known. Filling this environmental knowledge gap was the objective of this work, which systematically analyzed the results of monitoring efforts carried out by the Geological Survey of Brazil (SGB/CPRM) across three years. Quality parameter distributions of rivers and streams unaffected by anthropogenic impact were analyzed. The database was used to perform principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, and to define the background values, which was done through the boxplot and ± 2 MAD (Median Absolute Deviation) methods. The results of multivariate statistical analyses clustered the monitoring sites into two groups, one related to the sedimentary rocks of the Paraná Basin and another to the crystalline basement rocks. The sedimentary group had a greater correlation with the parameters Eh, SO₄^2-, Ca, Mg, EC, Mn, Acidity, Zn and Na; while, and the crystalline rocks group were better correlated with pH, Cu, Al, K, and Fe. The results of the geochemical background were similar for both methods, with values of pH, Fe, Al, and Mn being slightly different from those defined in Brazilian legislation (CONAMA 357/05 and MS 888/21).

Keywords:
Geochemical background; Surface water resources; Santa Catarina carboniferous basin

Parameter	Unit	Analysis site	Quantification limits	Analysis method
pH	...	Field	0.1	AP-800 Probe (Aquaread)
Redox potential (E_H)	(V)	Field	0.01	AP-800 Probe (Aquaread)
Dissolved oxygen (DO)	(mg.L^-1)	Field	0.01	AP-800 Probe (Aquaread)
Electrical conductivity (EC)	µS.cm^-1	Field	0.1	AP-800 Probe (Aquaread)
Acidity	mg. CaCO_3.L^-1	Laboratory	0.5	Potentiometric tritation
Sulfate (SO₄^2-)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.5	Gravimetric analysis
Total Iron (Fe)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.01	ICP OES^* * Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry.
Total Aluminium (Al)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.01	ICP OES*
Total Manganese (Mn)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.002	ICP OES*
Sodium (Na)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.07	ICP OES*
Magnesium (Mg)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.01	ICP OES*
Calcium (Ca)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.025	ICP OES*
Potassium (K)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.07	ICP OES*
Copper (Cu)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.002	ICP OES*
Cadmium (Cd)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.002	ICP OES*
Lead (Pb)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.005	ICP OES*
Zinc (Zn)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.005	ICP OES*
Arsenic (As)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.002	HVG ICP OES^ Hydride Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry.
Mercury (Hg)	(mg.L^-1)	Laboratory	0.0003	ICP OES*

Parameter	Average	SD^* * Standard Deviation.	median	minimum	maximum	CV^ Coefficient of variation. (%)	CONAMA 357	MS 888/21
pH	6.8	0.7	6.8	5.1	8.6	10.2	6 a 9	6 a 9.5
Eh	0.32	0.09	0.32	0.17	0.50	27.1	-	-
DO	8.1	1.3	8.1	5.2	13.2	16.7	5.0	-
EC	88.4	36.4	83.0	39.0	220.0	41.2	-	-
Acid	5.9	5.5	4.5	<0.5	30.2	94.2	-	-
SO₄^2-	10.9	9.1	8.6	<0.5	42.8	83.4	250	250
Fe	0.34	0.43	0.23	<0.01	2.53	127.7	0.3	0.3
Mn	0.02	0.02	0.01	<0.002	0.15	133.4	0.1	0.1
Al	0.16	0.56	<0.01	<0.01	4.40	341.5	0.1	0.2
Na	4.33	1.33	3.86	2.61	8.14	30.7	-	200
Mg	2.17	0.80	2.12	0.51	4.49	36.7	-	-
Ca	5.55	1.83	5.41	2.08	10.70	33.0	-	-
K	1.05	0.49	0.92	0.38	3.45	46.8	-	-
Cu	0.007	0.030	<0.002	<0.002	0.256	413.1	0.009	2
Cd	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	-	0.001	0.003
Pb	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	-	0.01	0.01
Zn	0.012	0.022	0.005	<0.005	0.184	186.3	0.18	5
As	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	-	0.01	0.01
Hg	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	0.002	-	0.0002	0.001

	pH	E_H	DO	EC	Acid	SO₄^2-	Fe	Mn	Al	Na	Mg	Ca	K	Cu
E_H	-0.55
DO	0.19	-0.26
EC	-0.08	-0.10	-0.47
Acid	-0.43	0.09	-0.26	0.34
SO₄^2-	-0.16	0.17	-0.40	0.32	0.36
Fe	-0.13	-0.10	0.09	-0.01	0.25	-0.06
Mn	-0.31	0.21	-0.59	0.32	0.46	0.61	0.34
Al	0.05	-0.21	0.49	-0.33	0.07	-0.27	0.76	-0.08
Na	-0.08	-0.31	-0.27	0.54	0.19	0.10	0.30	0.42	0.02
Mg	-0.34	0.18	-0.65	0.75	0.61	0.57	0.02	0.64	-0.36	0.39
Ca	-0.07	0.04	-0.37	0.73	0.38	0.31	-0.23	0.19	-0.46	0.22	0.80
K	-0.09	-0.22	0.30	-0.16	0.02	-0.41	0.66	0.05	0.55	0.36	-0.23	-0.33
Cu	0.35	-0.40	0.31	-0.11	-0.27	-0.24	0.22	-0.29	0.28	0.29	-0.42	-0.32	0.37
Zn	-0.16	0.02	0.12	0.12	0.41	0.01	0.19	0.26	0.18	0.06	0.30	0.30	0.11	-0.30

		Descriptive statistics				Background values						CONAMA 357 Resolution	MS Portaria 888/21
		Descriptive statistics				Boxplot		Median ± 2 MAD		Defined Limits
		Mean	Median	Min	Max	Lower Limit (Q1-1,5 IQR)	Upper Limit (Q3+1,5 IQR)	Lower Limit (median -2 MAD)	Upper Limit (median + 2 MAD)	Lower	Upper
pH	....	6.73	6.75	5.1	8.6	5.1	8.3	5.4	8.1	5.4	8.1	6 a 9	6 a 9.5
E_H	(V)	0.32	0.32	0.17	0.5	0.01	0.61	0.11	0.53	0.01	0.53	-	-
EC	(µS.cm^-1)	94.9	89	40.8	220	19.5	159.3	51.5	153.7	19.5	153.7	-	-
Acidity	(mg. CaCO³.L^-1)	6.3	4.9	0.5	30.2	<0.5	13.6	1.2	19.2	<0.5	13.6	-	-
SO₄^2-	(mg.L^-1)	11.9	9.9	0.4	42.8	<0.5	29.4	2.3	41.7	<0.5	29.4	250	250
Fe	(mg.L^-1)	0.3	0.18	0.01	1.6	<0.01	1.01	<0.01	3.27	<0.01	1.01	0.3	0.3
Mn	(mg.L^-1)	0.02	0.01	0.001	0.15	<0.002	0.06	<0.002	0.194	<0.002	0.06	0.1	0.1
Al	(mg.L^-1)	0.06	<0.01	0.01	0.66	<0.01	0.22	<0.01	0.01	<0.01	0.01	0.1	0.2
Na	(mg.L^-1)	4.42	3.92	2.61	8.14	0.97	7.58	2.2	6.99	0.97	6.99	-	200
Mg	(mg.L^-1)	2.38	2.23	1.4	4.49	0.66	3.89	1.29	3.85	0.66	3.85	-	-
Ca	(mg.L^-1)	5.9	5.54	2.94	10.7	1.16	10.39	2.97	10.35	1.16	10.35	-	-
K	(mg.L^-1)	0.97	0.87	0.38	2.41	0.04	1.83	0.45	1.69	0.04	1.69	-	-
Cu	(mg.L^-1)	0.007	<0.002	<0.002	0.256	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	0.009	2
Cd	(mg.L^-1)	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	0	0.005
Pb	(mg.L^-1)	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	<0.005	0.01	0.01
Zn	(mg.L^-1)	0.013	0.007	0.003	0.184	<0.005	0.027	<0.005	0.117	<0.005	0.027	0.18	5
As	(mg.L^-1)	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	<0.002	0.01	0.01
Hg	(mg.L^-1)	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	<0.0003	0.0002	0.001

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[1] E-mails: albert.cardoso@sgb.gov.br (ATC), fernando.fan@ufrgs.br (FMF), melissa.franzen@sgb.gov.br (MF), simao.geologia@gmail.com (GS), guilherme.troian@sgb.gov.br (GCT)