Soil compaction in areas of maize used for silage with the application of wastewater

Melo, Dirceu de; Nóbrega, Lúcia Helena Pereira; Maggi, Marcio Furlan; Gnoatto, Estor; Marchetti, Ivair

doi:10.5935/1806-6690.20190024

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Agricultural Engineering • Rev. Ciênc. Agron. 50 (2) • Apr-Jun 2019 • https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20190024 copy

Soil compaction in areas of maize used for silage with the application of wastewater¹ 1 Parte da Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, PGEAGRI, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/Unioeste

Compactação do solo em áreas de milho para silagem com aplicação de água residuária

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The mechanical resistance of the soil to penetration (RP) was evaluated over two consecutive years in areas where off-season maize is produced for silage. Removal of the aerial part of the maize during the ensiling process leaves the soil exposed and subject to compaction, which may compromise a no-till system (NTS). The aim of this study therefore, was to monitor the RP of a soil under plant cover associated with the application of wastewater from pig farming (WPF) in areas of maize ensiling under NTS. The study was conducted in Matelândia, in the State of Paraná, employing seven management systems: soybean/silage/oats and turnip (SSOT); soybean/oats and turnip (SOT); soybean/silage/scarification + oats and turnip (SSSOT); soybean/silage and brachiaria (SSB); soybean/silage/oats (SSO); soybean and silage (SS) and soybean and maize (SM), repeated over two consecutive years. In the treatments that included WPF, 100 m³ ha^-1 yr^-1 were applied, split into two equal doses: one on the maize and the other on the cover crops. The experimental design was of randomised complete blocks (RCB), with four replications per treatment, and four samples per replication. The system with no cover crops had a higher RP; the 0.10 to 0.15 m layer of soil had the highest RP; whereas the application of WPF at a dose of 100 m³ ha^-1 yr^-1 decreased the RP.

Key words:
Mechanical resistance of the soil to penetration; Crop rotation; Systems of soil management

Management system	Summer	Winter	Scarification	Cover crops
T1 (SSOT)	Soybean	Maize for silage	No	Oats and turnip
T2 (SOT)	Soybean	Fallow	No	Oats and turnip
T3 (SSSOT)	Soybean	Maize for silage	Yes	Oats and turnip
T4 (SSB)	Soybean	Maize for silage	No	Brachiaria
T5 (SSO)	Soybean	Maize for silage	No	Oats
T6 (SS)	Soybean	Maize for silage	No	No
T7 (SM)	Soybean	Maize for grain	No	No

Source of variation	September 2013				February 2014
Source of variation	DF	SS	MS	F	DF	SS	MS	F
Depth	7	55.56	7.94	0.00^ significant at 1%;	7	55.36	7.91	0.00^ significant at 1%;
WPF	1	1.01	1.01	0.00^ significant at 1%;	1	0.34	0.34	0.01*
Management	6	28.03	0.05	0.00^ significant at 1%;	6	6.44	1.07	0.00^ significant at 1%;
Depth^* * significant at 5% WPF	7	0.31	0.45	0.66^ns ns not significant at 5% probability;	7	0.20	0.03	0.80^ns ns not significant at 5% probability;
Depth^* * significant at 5% Management	42	19.08	2.19	0.00^ significant at 1%;	42	14.93	0.36	0.00^ significant at 1%;
WPF^* * significant at 5% Management	6	13.15	0.10	0.00^ significant at 1%;	6	4.70	0.78	0.00^ significant at 1%;
Depth^* * significant at 5% WPF^* * significant at 5% Management	42	4.49	0.06	0.00^ significant at 1%;	42	4.23	0.10	0.00^ significant at 1%;
CV (%)	13.24				13.54
Overall Mean (Mpa)	1.91				1.71
	September 2014				February 2015
	DF	SS	MS	F	DF	SS	MS	F
Depth	7	45.50	6.50	0.00^ significant at 1%;	7	44.81	6.40	0.00^ significant at 1%;
WPF	1	6.09	6.09	0.00^ significant at 1%;	1	0.26	0.26	0.04*
Management	6	16.13	2.69	0.00^ significant at 1%;	6	11.45	1.91	0.00^ significant at 1%;
Depth*WPF	7	1.57	0.22	0.00^ significant at 1%;	7	0.34	0.05	0.57^ns ns not significant at 5% probability;
Depth*Management	42	14.70	0.35	0.00^ significant at 1%;	42	15.10	0.36	0.00^ significant at 1%;
WPF*Management	6	9.83	1.64	0.00^ significant at 1%;	6	1.25	0.21	0.00^ significant at 1%;
DepthWPFManagement	42	4.70	0.11	0.00^ significant at 1%;	42	3.92	0.09	0.01^* * significant at 5%
CV (%)	14.21				13.56
Overall Mean (Mpa)	1.79				1.78

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Soil compaction in areas of maize used for silage with the application of wastewater1 1 Parte da Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, PGEAGRI, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/Unioeste

Compactação do solo em áreas de milho para silagem com aplicação de água residuária

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction in areas of maize used for silage with the application of wastewater¹ 1 Parte da Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, PGEAGRI, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná/Unioeste