ABSTRACT
The banana tree is grown in an extensive tropical region throughout the world, usually by small producers. The present work had the objective of evaluating irrigation systems in banana production in the Açu-RN Valley, aiming at alternatives so that they can be recommended to farmers in the Açu Valley region. The experiment was carried out in the area of the School Farm of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, located in the municipality of Ipanguaçu-RN. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with subdivided plots and eight replications. The irrigation systems were: irrigation, drip irrigation, micro sprinkler and alternative irrigation. The plots were composed of eight useful plants with spacing in double rows 4 x 2 x 2 m. Eight characteristics related to production were evaluated: bunch mass (MC); number of leaves (NP); number of fruits per cluster (NFC); mean mass of the leaves (MMP); diameter of the fruit of the second seed (DF2P); length of the fruit of the second seed (CF2P); mean fruit mass (MMF); productivity (Prod). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. In the first cycle of production the sprinkler irrigation system was the one that presented better results the productivity of the Pacovan banana tree; in the 3rd cycle the alternative irrigation system was the one that showed better results the productivity of the banana tree; where the electrical conductivity correlated with the sodium adsorption ratio in the irrigation water, contributed to a moderate limitation of use.
Keywords:
Fruit crop; Agroecology; Water management; Organic fertilization
RESUMO
A bananeira é cultivada em uma extensa região tropical em todo mundo, geralmente por pequenos produtores. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar sistemas de irrigação na produção de banana no Vale do Açu-RN, visando alternativas para que possam ser recomendados aos agricultores da região do Vale do Açu. O experimento foi realizado na área da Fazenda Escola do IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, localizado no município de Ipanguaçu-RN. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de três ciclos de produção, em delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e oito repetições, sendo representados por quatro sistemas de irrigação: aspersão, gotejamento, microaspersão e alternativo. As parcelas foram constituídas de oito plantas úteis com espaçamento em fileiras duplas 4 x 2 x 2 m. Foram avaliadas oito características relacionadas à produção: massa do cacho (MC); nº de pencas (NP); nº de frutos por cacho (NFC); massa média das pencas (MMP); diâmetro do fruto da segunda penca (DF2P); comprimento do fruto da segunda penca (CF2P); massa média de frutos (MMF); produtividade média (Prod). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. No 1º ciclo de produção o sistema de irrigação por aspersão foi o que apresentou melhores resultados a produtividade da bananeira Pacovan; no 3º ciclo o sistema de irrigação alternativo foi o que mostrou melhores resultados a produtividade da bananeira; onde a condutividade elétrica correlacionada com a razão de adsorção do sódio na água de irrigação, contribuiram para moderada limitação de uso.
Palavras-chave:
Fruticultura; Agroecologia; Manejo de água; Adubação orgânica
INTRODUCTION
Banana is grown in tropical regions throughout the world, usually by small producers. In Brazil, banana is planted in all states, including several ecosystems, and is the fourth largest produce and the seventh most exported fruit in the country. Each year, an estimated 99,216 tons are produced, generating 35.57 million US dollars (MARQUES, 2013).
In the State of Rio Grande do Norte, banana production is concentrated in the lower Açu irrigated district (DIBA) and in the area of the Del Monte company, a region between the municipalities of Assú, Ipanguaçu, Alto do Rodrigues, and Carnaubais. These municipalities produce 86,000 tons of banana per year, representing 50% of the total production in this state (IBGE, 2016INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE. Produção agrícola municipal. 2016. Disponível em: <Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br
>. Acesso em: 16 de jan. 2016.
http://www.ibge.gov.br...
).
Among banana cultivars planted in the Açu-RN Valley, the cultivar “Grand Naine” of the Cavendish sub-group is mostly produced by the company Del Monte and destined for the foreign market. On the other hand, the cultivar “Pacovan” of the sub-group Prata is cultivated by small and medium producers, mainly in the DIBA, and serves the local and regional markets in the states Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, and Paraíba.
All banana cultivars have similar nutrition properties and are consumed throughout the world. Recently, the consumer market has started to demand pesticide-free products, mainly of agroecological origin (SANTOS, 2010SANTOS, S. C. L. Pesquisa participativa na avaliação de armadilhas e controle populacional de Cosmopolites sordidus. 2010. 140 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia: Área de Concentração em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, 2010.). However, it is necessary to increase the yields of these systems, which could be achieved by adjusting fertilization rates, spacing between plants, and irrigation types. In this context, this study considered banana cultivation on an ecological basis, providing not only a research environment, but also a demonstration unit for students and banana producers in the region. The present work aimed to analyze irrigation systems in the organic banana production in the Açu-RN region.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Climatic data
The experiment was carried out in the area of the IFRN Campus, Ipanguaçu School Farm, in the municipality of Ipanguaçu-RN (5 ° 32 '0.85 "south latitude, west longitude 36 ° 53' 1, 11 "), at an elevation of 16 m above sea level. The soil was classified as a Neosol, and the climate is BSwh according to the classification of Koeppen. Monthly precipitation data were collected from the automatic meteorological station of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu during the period from 2011 to 2013 (Figure 1).
Monthly temperature data, provided through the automatic meteorological station of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, was obtained for the period from 2011 to 2013 (Figure 2).
Monthly data on relative air humidity, provided through the automatic meteorological station of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, was obtained for the period from 2011 to 2013 (Figure 3).
Monthly data on net radiation, provided through the automatic meteorological station of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, was obtained for the period from 2011 to 2013 (Figure 4).
Soil analysis
Soil sampling was carried out via mechanical tracing, following the protocols of the (EMBRAPA, 2006EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Sistema Brasileiro de classificação de solos. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Embrapa Solos, 2006. 412 p. ). We sampled the depths 0 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm and analyzed the chemical characteristics in 2010 and 2011 (Tables 1 and 2). In 2012, we only sampled and analyzed the depth 0 to 20 cm (Table 3).
Water analysis and planting
Analysis of the Amazon well water supplying water to the banana irrigation system (Table 4).
Planting was carried out through rhizomes that were removed from selected seedlings of the horn type. Cleaning and disinfection of the rhizomes were performed to ensure phytosanitary quality, which is common practice in agroecological production. The hydrothermal treatment was carried out with water at 50ºC for 20 minutes for the control of the larvae of the "moleque da bananeira". Subsequently, the rhizomes were immersed in a 20% sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes to control bacterial diseases and the rhizome pieces were planted in the nursery with a spacing of 20 x 20 cm and at a depth of 15 cm. Sowing was prepared with 80 liters per m2 of a compound, homogenized with sand. After sprouting, the seedlings were placed in polyethylene bags and kept in the nursery for three months to complement the initial stage of vegetative development.
Green fertilization
Soil preparation was carried out through two cross gradations, aimed at the planting of green fertilizers, followed by the demarcation of the land and the sub-division of the 32 plots with a dimension of 12 x 12 m, identifying the plots for the planting of green manure in the first cycle (Table 5).
At 90 days after planting, the green manure plants reached the flowering stage, and mechanized brushing was performed, followed by two cross gradations for the incorporation of green manure. At 15 days after the incorporation of the green manure, 1,000 kg ha-1 of MB-4 rock meal and 500 kg ha-1 of organic Agrobom biofertilizer were applied to the plots. The demarcation of the area was carried out, identifying the blocks and plots. The rhizomes were planted in double rows with a spacing of 4 x 2 x 2 m. The pits presented dimensions of 40 x 40 x 40 cm; in each pit, carnauba straw and bovine manure were placed.
Planting of the green manure was carried out with seeds from 10 plant species, which were seeded in grooves with a spacing of 0.50 m after the mixing of 34 grams of the mixture for each row over 12 m (2,833 g m-1).
The MB-4 rock meal is a natural product derived from previously selected rocks; it contains all necessary nutrients to meet the requirements of plants and microorganisms, producing well-nourished, healthy, and appropriate crops without pests and diseases.
Therefore, MB-4 flour can improve soil quality based on nutrients such as magnesium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur and micronutrients such as copper, zinc, manganese, and cobalt. The silica present in MB-4 increases the resistance of the plants to pests and diseases.
The nutrients contained in MB-4 react with the soil solution, releasing essential elements for the development of soil microorganisms, favoring plant health.
Agrobom biofertilizer is a compound with the following composition: N 23.1%, P 4.23%, K 34.37%, Ca 37.2, Mg 15.84%, and S 4.57% (manufacturer data).
After the planting of the green manure, a conventional sprinkler irrigation system was installed for complementary irrigation during the first semester of 2010.
Compost was prepared using 50% of bovine manure and 50% of carnauba straw, used for base fertilization during the months of September to October 2010, with a dosage of 10 liters per cot, homogenized with 20 cm of surface soil. Fertilization in the pits was carried out semi-annually, using a dosage of 9 liters per clump.
After the planting and scrubbing of the green manure, the irrigation systems was installed according to the treatments (sprinkling, micro aspersion, and alternative). The pits were opened manually. However, in the other block, due to the high compaction, the pits needed to be opened with the help of a tractor. The irrigation system was installed in five sub-areas, using two records to balance the flows.
The seedlings were planted in polyethylene bags and remained in the nursery for another four months. Subsequently, they were planted out in March 2011.
After a cultivation period of one year, the seedlings were fertilized with compost, using a dosage of 9 liters per clump. From November 2012 onwards, fertilization with tanned manure was performed every six months, using 9 liters per clump. The used dosage corresponds to 10 tons ha-1 year-1, with 130 kg ha-1 year-1 of nitrogen. In addition to the fertilization with tanned manure, every 90 days, the companion plants were worked into the soil for cover fertilization, along with the stubbles of the cultured plants.
Irrigation
We used the following treatments: 1) A drip irrigation system was installed with two lateral lines for each row of banana, with drippers installed every 1.0 m and a flow rate of 2 L h-1; 2) a micro-sprinkler irrigation system was installed with one lateral line for two banana rows, with micro sprinklers installed at a spacing of 6 x 4 m and a flow rate of 55 L h-1; 3) a sprinkler irrigation system was installed with one lateral line for each plot, with a spacing of 12 x 12 m and a flow rate of 597 L h-1; 4) an alternative irrigation system was installed with one lateral line for two banana rows, with a spacing of 6 x 2 m and a flow rate of 120 L h-1.
The irrigation management was based on data from the automatic weather station of the IFRN Campus, which calculated the bi-weekly reference evapotranspiration by the Penman-Monteith Method - FAO/56 (ALLEN et al., 1998ALLEN, R. G. et al. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Rome: FAO, 1998. 300 p. (Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 56).) (Table 6).
The cultivation coefficient (Kc) of 0.5, 0.85, and 1.1 was considered for Stages I, II, and III respectively. Stage I represented the period between seedling emergence up to 10% of the surface cover (CSS), Stage II from 10% of CSS to 80% of CSS, and Stage III from 80% of CSS to 100% of CSS (including fruits) (DOORENBOS et al., 1979DOORENBOS, J. et al. Yield response to water. Rome: FAO . 1979. 193 p. (Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 33).). The Kc was considered for stages I to III, since stages IV and V also coincide with stages I, II, and III of offspring plants. For the irrigation management, the same volume of water was calculated for all treatments of the respective irrigation systems for September 2012 (Table 7).
Statistical analysis
The experiment was performed in a DBC - a randomized block design with sub-divided plots. The blocks were subdivided into four plots (irrigation systems), with eight replications per plot; we used Tukey´s test with a 5% probability in SISVAR (FERREIRA, 2011FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: A computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, 2011.).
The agronomic characteristics evaluated during three banana production cycles were as follows: bunch mass (kg), number of leaves, number of fruits per cluster, mean mass of leaves (kg), diameter of the fruit of the second seed (cm), length of the fruit of the second seed (cm), average fruit mass (g), average productivity (kg ha-1).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In the first production cycle of the cultivar 'Pacovan', bunch mass, mean bunch mass, average fruit mass, and productivity were significantly different between the irrigation systems at 5% probability (Table 8).
Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems presented slightly higher production parameters than micro-sprinkler irrigation systems, especially the alternative system. This is justified by the fact that it allows a higher wetting factor, accelerating the decomposition of the stubble. Companion plants favored root development and nutrient use efficiency, being was inversely proportional to micro-sprinkler and alternative irrigation systems.
In the second production cycle of 'Pacovan', the agronomic traits evaluated did not present significant differences among the irrigation systems (Table 9). The micro-sprinkler and alternative irrigation systems presented slightly lower results than the other systems, due to the fact that the soil wetting factor was restricted, contributing to reduced decomposition of the stubble and the companion plants, thereby impairing root system development and decreasing water and nutrients, which resulted in decreased crop development.
In the third production cycle of 'Pacovan', only the variable number of fruits per cluster (NFC) presented a significant difference at 5% probability, in sprinkler, drip, micro sprinkler and alternative irrigation systems, did not differ statistically (Table 10). In terms of productivity, our values were higher than those found by Fernandes et al. (2008FERNANDES, L. A. et al. Fertilidade do solo, nutrição mineral e produtividade da bananeira irrigada por dez anos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Brasília, v. 43, n. 11, p. 1575-1581, 2008. ), who evaluated the yield of the banana cultivar 'Prata Anã' irrigated with a drip system, with two lateral lines per plant row over a period of 10 years, and obtained an average productivity of 18.2 Mg ha-1. However, our values are comparable with those of Nunes et al. (2008NUNES, W. A. G. A. et al. Características químicas de solos da região de Janaúba, MG, irrigados com água de poços tubulares e do Rio Gorutuba. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Viçosa, v. 32, n. 7, p. 227-236, 2008.), who reported that banana yields under conventional, highly technological, fertilizer-intensive, and systematic pest and disease control conditions can exceed 30 Mg ha-1. Pereira et al. (2000PEREIRA, M. C. T. et al. Crescimento e produção de primeiro ciclo da bananeira prata anã (AAB) em sete espaçamentos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Brasília, v. 35, n. 7, p. 1377-1387, 2000.), evaluating the growth and production of 'Prata Anã' banana in a conventional system irrigated by a micro-sprinkler in the first cycle at different spacings, reported a productivity of 29.1 Mg ha-1. The authors obtained a higher number of pence (9 pence), with a mean number of 6.86 pence. In terms of bunch mass, we obtained a mean value of 11.71 kg (average of the three cycles), while the authors obtained a bunch mass of 18.1 kg, which was probably a result of the different soil types and climatic conditions.
Mean overall production during three cultivation cycles did not differ significantly at 5% probability (Table 11). Bunch mass in the first cycle and bunch number in the third cycle were higher in plants cultivated with a sprinkler system compared to plants under drip irrigation. This indicates that the variability of these characters is not only genetic, but can be impacted by environmental parameters (ORTIZ, 1995ORTIZ, R. Plot techniques for assessment of bunch weight in banana trials under two systems of crop management. Agronomy Journal, Ibadan, v. 87, n. 1, p. 63-69, 1995. ; ORTIZ; VUYLSTEKE, 1998ORTIZ, R.; VUYLSTEKE, D. Quantitative variation and phenotypic correlations in banana and plantain. Scientia Horticulturae, Amsterdam, v. 72, n. 3-4, p. 239-253, 1998.) and management.
Average of the characters evaluated in the production: bunch mass (MC); Number of leaves (NP); Number of fruits per cluster (NFC); Mean mass of the leaves (MMP); Diameter of the fruit of the second seed (DF2P); Length of the fruit of the second seed (CF2P); Mean fruit mass (MMF); Average productivity (yield).
The higher values of vegetative and yield characteristics in the system using sprinklers compared to drip irrigation may be a result of the larger wet area (COSTA et al., 2008COSTA, E. L. et al. Irrigação da bananeira. Informe Agropecuário, Belo Horizonte, v. 29, n. 245, p. 38-46, 2008.), which provides greater distribution of the root system (DONATO et al., 2010DONATO, S. L. R. et al. Estado nutricional de bananeiras tipo Prata sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 45, n. 9, p. 980-988, 2010.; SANT'ANA, 2011SANT’ANA, J. A. V. Distribuição de raízes de bananeira ‘prata-anã’ sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação em condições semi-áridas. 2011. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Recursos Hídricos: Área de Concentração em Sistemas Agrícolas) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2011. ).
Sant'ana (2011SANT’ANA, J. A. V. Distribuição de raízes de bananeira ‘prata-anã’ sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação em condições semi-áridas. 2011. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Recursos Hídricos: Área de Concentração em Sistemas Agrícolas) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2011. ) evaluated the distribution of the root system and the water extraction in the cultivar 'Prata-Anã' in the first and second cycle growth phases and showed highest root density and root length values under drip irrigation compared to systems using sprinklers, which indicates that drip systems provide water at greater soil depths, facilitating root development at greater depths.
The quality of the irrigation water also impacted banana productivity; productivity was reduced at electrical conductivity (EC) values between 1.12 and 1.25 dS m-1, classified as C3 - high salinity water (AYRES; WESTCOT, 1985AYRES, R. S.; WESTCOT, D. W. Water quality for agriculture (Revised). Rome: FAO , 1985. 174 p. (Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29).); in addition, the sodium adsorption ratio (RAS) also played a role (Table 4). Sodium adsorption ratio values (RAS) between 3 and 6 and electrical conductivity (EC) values between 1.2 and 0.3 caused a reduction in water infiltration into the soil, contributing to a slight or moderate degree of restriction of irrigation water use. Considering the toxicity of sodium (Na) with RAS values between 3.02 and 5.44, it causes a slight or moderate restriction of irrigation water use.
CONCLUSIONS
In the first production cycle, highest productivity of the banana cultivar “Pacovan” was obtained using the sprinkler irrigation system. In the third production cycle, the alternative irrigation system showed higher productivity values. Electrical conductivity, correlated with the sodium adsorption ratio in the irrigation water, contributed to a moderate restriction of irrigation water use.
REFERENCES
- ALLEN, R. G. et al. Crop evapotranspiration: Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Rome: FAO, 1998. 300 p. (Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 56).
- AYRES, R. S.; WESTCOT, D. W. Water quality for agriculture (Revised). Rome: FAO , 1985. 174 p. (Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 29).
- BERNARDO, S. et al. Manual de irrigação. 8. ed. Viçosa, MG: UFV, 2009. 625 p.
- COSTA, E. L. et al Irrigação da bananeira. Informe Agropecuário, Belo Horizonte, v. 29, n. 245, p. 38-46, 2008.
- DONATO, S. L. R. et al. Estado nutricional de bananeiras tipo Prata sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, Brasília, v. 45, n. 9, p. 980-988, 2010.
- DOORENBOS, J. et al. Yield response to water. Rome: FAO . 1979. 193 p. (Irrigation and Drainage Paper, 33).
- EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUÁRIA - EMBRAPA. Sistema Brasileiro de classificação de solos. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Embrapa Solos, 2006. 412 p.
- FERNANDES, L. A. et al. Fertilidade do solo, nutrição mineral e produtividade da bananeira irrigada por dez anos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Brasília, v. 43, n. 11, p. 1575-1581, 2008.
- FERREIRA, D. F. Sisvar: A computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1039-1042, 2011.
- INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE. Produção agrícola municipal. 2016. Disponível em: <Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br >. Acesso em: 16 de jan. 2016.
» http://www.ibge.gov.br - NUNES, W. A. G. A. et al. Características químicas de solos da região de Janaúba, MG, irrigados com água de poços tubulares e do Rio Gorutuba. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, Viçosa, v. 32, n. 7, p. 227-236, 2008.
- ORTIZ, R. Plot techniques for assessment of bunch weight in banana trials under two systems of crop management. Agronomy Journal, Ibadan, v. 87, n. 1, p. 63-69, 1995.
- ORTIZ, R.; VUYLSTEKE, D. Quantitative variation and phenotypic correlations in banana and plantain. Scientia Horticulturae, Amsterdam, v. 72, n. 3-4, p. 239-253, 1998.
- PEREIRA, M. C. T. et al. Crescimento e produção de primeiro ciclo da bananeira prata anã (AAB) em sete espaçamentos. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira , Brasília, v. 35, n. 7, p. 1377-1387, 2000.
- SANT’ANA, J. A. V. Distribuição de raízes de bananeira ‘prata-anã’ sob diferentes sistemas de irrigação em condições semi-áridas. 2011. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Recursos Hídricos: Área de Concentração em Sistemas Agrícolas) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 2011.
- SANTOS, S. C. L. Pesquisa participativa na avaliação de armadilhas e controle populacional de Cosmopolites sordidus 2010. 140 f. Tese (Doutorado em Agronomia: Área de Concentração em Fitotecnia) - Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, 2010.
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Extracted from the first author's Doctor's thesis.
Data availability
Data citations
INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA - IBGE. Produção agrícola municipal. 2016. Disponível em: <Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br >. Acesso em: 16 de jan. 2016.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
Apr-Jun 2018
History
-
Received
15 Dec 2016 -
Accepted
26 June 2017
