Chemical and physical attributes of five Oxisols as predictors of shoot dry mass of white oats

In no-tillage systems, oats are one of the species most used as a cover crop in the subtropical region of Brazil. This study aims is to determine a set of chemical and physical properties of five Oxisols after surface liming, and to determine whether these properties are related to the shoot dry mass production of white oat (Avena sativa L.) variety IPR Aphrodite, in order to establish a model to predict its yield.. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 in Londrina County in the State of Paraná with samples of B horizon collected from five Oxisols with clay content ranging from 15-80 dag kg^-1 arranged in microplots since 2004. Soil pH in CaCl₂, calcium, magnesium, potassium, potential cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, microporosity, total porosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, clay and sand of the Oxisols were the parameters that most influenced the dry mass production of white oats. Oxisol extrinsic factors such as values pH and base saturation, as well as the calcium and magnesium contents, positively altered with surface liming, boosting the production of oat dry mass production.

Keywords:
Avena sativa L.; IPR Afrodite; no-tillage system; cover crop; soil acidity.

Authorship

Renato Teodoro de Lima ^**Corresponding author: renatoteodoroagro@bol.com.br

Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. renatoteodoroagro@bol.com.brUniversidade Federal do ParanáBrazilCuritiba, Paraná, BrazilUniversidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. renatoteodoroagro@bol.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2746-2569

Cezar Francisco Araujo-Junior

Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná, IAPAR - EMATER (IDR - Paraná), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. cezar_araujo@idr.pr.gov.br; miyazawaiapar@gmail.comInstituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do ParanáBrazilLondrina, Paraná, BrazilInstituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná, IAPAR - EMATER (IDR - Paraná), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. cezar_araujo@idr.pr.gov.br; miyazawaiapar@gmail.com

Mario Miyazawa

*Corresponding author: renatoteodoroagro@bol.com.br

This work is part of the first author Master’s dissertation.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (4)
Tables (4)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1: Map
of the state of Paraná identifying the locations where the soil samples were collected in 2004 to construct field microplots in an open system.

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Figure 2: Experimental
scheme of 15 plots cultivated with white oats in five soil classes in the state of Paraná. LVdf Londrina: Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Rhodic Hapludox) of the Londrina County; LAd: Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) of the Maúa da Serra; LVAd: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico(Typic Haplustox) of the Arapongas County; LVd: Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (Rhodic Acrustox) and Lad Ponta Grossa: Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) of the Ponta Grossa County. White rectangle is the microplot. Green squares represents microplots cultivated with white oat cultivar IPR Afrodite.

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Figure 3: Daily
values for maximum, minimum and mean temperatures and for precipitation during the period from June to September 2015, indicating sowing dates and time at 50% flowering of the white oat crop. Londrina, PR. Source: "Adapted from the Agronomic Institute of Paraná-IAPAR, 2015IAPAR - Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (2019) Dados diários de Londrina 2015. Available at: Available at: http://www.iapar.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=2085 . Accessed on: January 10th, 2019.
http://www.iapar.br/modules/conteudo/con... "

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Figure 4: Regression
of estimated and observed white oat dry mass production.

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Table 1: Descriptive
statistical measures of the chemical attributes of five Oxisols from the state of Paraná

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Table 2: Descriptive
statistical measures of the physical-hydric attributes and dry mass production of white oat shoots in five oxisols of the state of Paraná

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Table 3: Pearson
correlations between soil attributes and shoot dry matter of white oat cultivar IPR Afrodite cultivated in five Oxisols in Paraná (n=15)

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Table 4: Eigenvalues
of factors, variance components and total variance explained by the chemical and physical attributes of the oxisols

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Figure 1: Map of the state of Paraná identifying the locations where the soil samples were collected in 2004 to construct field microplots in an open system.

Figure 2: Experimental scheme of 15 plots cultivated with white oats in five soil classes in the state of Paraná. LVdf Londrina: Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Rhodic Hapludox) of the Londrina County; LAd: Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) of the Maúa da Serra; LVAd: Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico(Typic Haplustox) of the Arapongas County; LVd: Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (Rhodic Acrustox) and Lad Ponta Grossa: Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) of the Ponta Grossa County. White rectangle is the microplot. Green squares represents microplots cultivated with white oat cultivar IPR Afrodite.

Figure 3: Daily values for maximum, minimum and mean temperatures and for precipitation during the period from June to September 2015, indicating sowing dates and time at 50% flowering of the white oat crop. Londrina, PR. Source: "Adapted from the Agronomic Institute of Paraná-IAPAR, 2015IAPAR - Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (2019) Dados diários de Londrina 2015. Available at: Available at: http://www.iapar.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=2085 . Accessed on: January 10th, 2019.
http://www.iapar.br/modules/conteudo/con... "

Figure 4: Regression of estimated and observed white oat dry mass production.

Table 1: Descriptive statistical measures of the chemical attributes of five Oxisols from the state of Paraná

Statistic	P	TOC	pH	Al	H+Al	Ca	Mg	K	CEC-T	V
	mg dm^-3	g dm^-3		cmol_c dm^-3						%
	¹Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) - Ponta Grossa
Mean	110.00	13.32	4.65	0.20	6.62	2.44	1.31	0.24	10.61	37.83
Maximum	134.70	14.06	4.75	0.25	7.20	2.57	1.32	0.30	11.26	39.34
Minimum	72.30	12.03	4.60	0.14	5.97	2.30	1.31	0.19	9.77	36.06
CV (%)	30.15	8.39	1.60	28.29	9.35	5.60	0.44	24.32	7.18	4.39
	Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (Rhodic Acrustox) - Mauá da Serra-1
Mean	42.67	15.05	4.93	0.01	6.05	2.76	1.59	0.30	10.70	43.39
Maximum	61.10	17.45	5.00	0.02	6.20	3.07	1.68	0.33	11.28	45.04
Minimum	23.70	12.46	4.90	0.00	5.76	2.55	1.48	0.23	10.36	40.73
CV (%)	43.84	16.62	1.17	86.60	4.20	9.85	6.34	19.46	4.72	5.36
	Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) - Arapongas
Mean	37.07	13.82	5.20	0.06	4.86	3.45	2.18	0.15	10.64	54.37
Maximum	44.30	15.50	5.70	0.18	6.20	3.92	2.83	0.16	11.07	66.89
Minimum	24.60	12.11	4.80	0.00	3.42	2.67	1.48	0.14	10.33	41.01
CV (%)	29.25	12.26	8.81	173.21	28.66	19.67	31.06	7.53	3.63	23.84
	Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) - Mauá da Serra-2
Mean	17.97	6.62	5.00	0.01	3.18	1.89	0.95	0.10	6.12	47.70
Maximum	29.40	7.48	5.20	0.04	3.42	2.25	1.11	0.12	6.58	52.35
Minimum	9.50	6.15	4.80	0.00	2.94	1.42	0.69	0.07	5.60	38.93
CV (%)	57.20	11.27	4.00	173.21	7.56	22.53	24.06	26.03	8.05	15.94
	Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Rhodic Hapludox) - Londrina
Mean	13.39	10.62	5.13	0.03	4.43	3.54	2.25	0.36	10.57	58.07
Maximum	14.50	11.57	5.30	0.06	4.60	3.92	2.39	0.43	11.13	60.89
Minimum	12.58	10.09	5.00	0.00	4.08	3.15	2.09	0.30	10.14	54.64
CV (%)	7.43	7.78	2.98	124.90	6.82	1 10.88	6.70	17.56	4.80	5.46
	²All soils
Mean	44.22	11.89	4.98	0.06	5.03	2.82	1.66	0.23	9.73	48.27
Maximum	134.70	17.45	5.70	0.25	7.20	3.92	2.83	0.43	11.28	66.89
Minimum	9.50	6.15	4.60	0.00	2.94	1.42	0.69	0.07	5.60	36.06
CV (%)	88.44	28.32	5.67	140.20	27.75	27.75	35.35	46.27	19.79	19.86

¹
n=3 samples at a depth of 0-0.10 m.² n=15 samples. P: available phosphorous; TOC: total organic carbon content; pH: soil pH determined in CaCl₂; Al: aluminium content; H + Al: potential acidity; Ca: calcium content; Mg: magnesium content; K: potassium content; CEC-T: potential cation exchange capacity; V: base saturation.

Table 2: Descriptive statistical measures of the physical-hydric attributes and dry mass production of white oat shoots in five oxisols of the state of Paraná

Statistic	BD	Ma	Mi	TP	FC	PWP	Clay	Silt	Sand	Dry mass
	g cm^-3	cm³ cm^-3					dag kg^-1			kg ha^-1
	¹Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) - Ponta Grossa
Mean	1.06	0.28	0.27	0.60	0.24	0.16	41.87	5.82	52.31	4099.20
Maximum	1.09	0.29	0.28	0.60	0.25	0.16	42.70	6.95	52.54	4531.20
Minimum	1.04	0.27	0.26	0.58	0.23	0.15	40.80	5.15	52.15	3874.80
CV (%)	2.57	4.61	4.38	1.73	4.12	4.29	2.32	16.90	0.38	9.13
	Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico (Rhodic Acrustox) - Mauá da Serra-1
Mean	1.01	0.28	0.34	0.64	0.31	0.23	72.70	7.62	19.68	5086.13
Maximum	1.05	0.31	0.35	0.66	0.32	0.24	73.65	8.15	20.20	5739.20
Minimum	0.94	0.27	0.32	0.62	0.29	0.21	71.65	6.85	19.35	4713.20
CV (%)	5.89	8.90	5.06	3.68	6.19	7.46	1.38	8.94	2.30	11.16
	Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) - Arapongas
Mean	1.22	0.19	0.32	0.55	0.28	0.17	40.22	3.97	55.82	4853.07
Maximum	1.24	0.21	0.33	0.56	0.28	0.17	41.35	4.95	57.95	5984.80
Minimum	1.17	0.18	0.31	0.54	0.27	0.17	38.75	3.30	54.50	3378.40
CV (%)	3.04	8.83	2.34	2.47	2.58	2.54	3.31	21.92	3.34	27.54
	Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico (Typic Haplustox) - Mauá da Serra -2
Mean	1.49	0.16	0.23	0.44	0.19	0.09	15.73	1.18	83.08	3596.53
Maximum	1.53	0.18	0.26	0.45	0.21	0.09	18.85	1.75	87.25	3808.80
Minimum	1.46	0.14	0.21	0.43	0.17	0.09	11.00	0.55	80.60	3472.80
CV (%)	2.59	13.25	11.80	2.56	10.53	5.31	26.49	50.94	4.37	5.13
	Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico (Rhodic Hapludox)- Londrina
Mean	1.02	0.20	0.37	0.66	0.34	0.25	80.78	10.32	8.89	5029.73
Maximum	1.04	0.22	0.37	0.66	0.35	0.25	81.15	12.15	9.68	5446.80
Minimum	0.99	0.17	0.36	0.65	0.33	0.24	80.40	9.30	7.45	4802.00
CV (%)	2.25	11.88	1.72	0.83	3.05	3.00	0.46	15.35	14.06	7.19
	²All soils
Mean	1.16	0.22	0.31	0.58	0.27	0.18	50.26	5.78	43.96	4532.93
Maximum	1.53	0.31	0.37	0.66	0.35	0.25	81.15	12.15	87.25	5984.80
Minimum	0.94	0.14	0.21	0.43	0.17	0.09	11.00	0.55	7.45	3378.40
CV (%)	16.60	24.23	16.79	13.76	20.99	32.40	48.85	57.63	62.94	18.63

¹
n = three samples collected from 0-0.10 m depth.² n=15 samples. BD - Soil bulk density, Ma - macroporosity, Mi - microporosity, TP - total porosity, FC - field capacity (at the matric potential -10 kPa), PWP - permanent wilting point (at the matric potential -1,500 kPa).

Table 3: Pearson correlations between soil attributes and shoot dry matter of white oat cultivar IPR Afrodite cultivated in five Oxisols in Paraná (n=15)

Attributes	Correlation
	r	Classification	Probability
Available phosphorus content (mg dm^-3)	-0.183	very weak	0.512
Total organic carbon (g dm^-3)	0.364	weak	0.182
Aluminium (cmol_c dm^-3)	-0.448	moderate	0.020
pH (CaCl₂)	0.594^*	moderate	0.094
Potential acidity (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.006	very weak	0.984
Exchangeable calcium content (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.745^**	strong	0.001
Exchangeable magnesium content (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.807^**	strong	0.000
Available potassium content (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.555^*	moderate	0.032
Potential CEC (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.564^*	moderate	0.029
Base saturation (%)	0.565^*	moderate	0.028
Bulk density (g cm^-3)	-0.487	moderate	0.066
Macroporosity (cm³ cm^-3)	0.168	very weak	0.550
Microporosity (cm³ cm^-3)	0.692^**	strong	0.004
Total porosity (cm³ cm^-3)	0.534^*	moderate	0.040
Field capacity (cm³ cm^-3)	0.702^**	strong	0.004
Permanent wilting point (cm³ cm^-3)	0.678^**	moderate	0.005
Clay (dag kg^-1)	0.631^*	moderate	0.012
Silt (dag kg^-1)	0.437	moderate	0.103
Sand (dag kg^-1)	-0.612^*	moderate	0.015

^*, ^** significant values at 5% and 1% by the F-test, respectively.

Table 4: Eigenvalues of factors, variance components and total variance explained by the chemical and physical attributes of the oxisols

Variance components	Factors
Variance components	1	2
Eigenvalues	6.893	2.146
Proportion (%)	68.938	21.459
Cumulative proportion (%)	68.938	90.387
Variables	Correlation with the factors
pH	-0.077	0.956^*
Ca	0.560	0.748^*
Mg	0.515	0.825^*
K	0.896^*	0.057
T	0.833^*	0.088
V%	0.043	0.973^*
Mi	0.868^*	0.366
TP	0.978^*	0.030
FC	0.912^*	0.326
PWP	0.957^*	0.245
Clay	0.957^*	0.169
Sand	-0.912^*	-0.155

Bartlett’s test of sphericity = 9.72·^10-41 and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test = 0.664. ^* Traits with higher factor loads (scores) selected within each factor.

D M = 2.2221.54 + (7.26 \cdot (0.896 \cdot K + 0.833 \cdot C E C + 0.868 \cdot M i + 0.978 \cdot T P + 0.912 \cdot F C + 0.957 \cdot P W P + 0.957 \cdot C l a y - 0.962 \cdot S a n d)) + (32.61 \cdot (0.956 \cdot p H + 0.748 \cdot C a + 0.825 \cdot M g + 0.973 \cdot V %)) R 2 = 0.61 * *

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