Altered touch perception and associated risk factors in individuals with diabetes mellitus

	Altered Touch Perception		p value^* * Bivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval. **Reference.	PR (95% CI)
	No	Yes		PR (95% CI)
Gender
Male	31 (40.8%)	45 (59.2%)	0.180	1.00
Female	74 (50.0%)	74 (50.0%)		0.84 [0.66; 1.08]
Schooling
Illiterate	6 (27.3%)	16 (72.7%)	-	1.00
Primary	50 (40.0%)	75 (60.0%)	0.199	0.83 [0.61; 1.11]
Secondary	34 (59.6%)	23 (40.4%)	0.005	0.55 [0.37; 0.83]
Higher	15 (75.5%)	5 (25.0%)	0.009	0.34 [0.15; 0.77]
Age
Mean ± Standard Deviation	43.9 ± 19.8	59.8 ± 13.4	< 0.001	1.03 [1.02; 1.03]
Median (minimum - maximum)	47.0 (8 - 91)	62.0 (22 - 88)
Body mass index
Mean ± Standard Deviation	27.3 ± 5.6	29.7 ± 5.5	< 0.001	1.03 [1.01; 1.05]
Median (minimum - maximum)	27.0 (15.1 - 46.3)	28.8 (18.1 - 50.3)
Abdominal circumference
Mean ± Standard Deviation	92.9 ± 15.4	101.0 ± 12.4	< 0.001	1.02 [1.01; 1.03]
Median (minimum - maximum)	95.0 (56 - 148)	99 (70 - 148)
Systolic blood pressure
Mean ± Standard Deviation	125.8 ± 21.5	135.9 ± 24.3	< 0.001	1.01 [1.00; 1.01]
Median (minimum - maximum)	120 (80 - 200)	130 (90 - 220)
Systemic arterial hypertension
No	53 (60.9%)	34 (39.1%)	0.002	1.00
Yes	52 (38.0%)	85 (62.0%)		1.59 [1.18; 2.13]
Smoking
Never smoker	69 (53.1%)	61 (46.9%)	0.027	1.00
Smoker / ex-smoker	36 (38.3%)	58 (61.7%)		1.31 [1.03; 1.68]
Type of diabetes
Type 1	36 (80.0%)	9 (20.0%)	< 0.001	1.00
Type 2	69 (38.5%)	110 (61.5%)		3.07 [1.69; 5.58]
Diagnostic time
Mean ± Standard Deviation	9.0 ± 7.6	12.8 ± 9.0	< 0.001	1.02 [1.01; 1.04]
Median (minimum - maximum)	8.0 (0 - 46)	10.0 (0 - 45)
Glycated hemoglobin
Mean ± Standard Deviation	8.3 ± 1.3	8.8 ± 2.0	0.031	1.92 [1.85; 1.99]
Median (minimum - maximum)	8.4 (5.5 - 12.2)	8.4 (5.1 - 15.8)
Diabetes complications
No	85 (53.5%)	74 (46.5%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	20 (30.8%)	45 (69.2%)		1.49 [1.18; 1.88]

	Altered Touch Perception		p value^* * Bivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.	PR (95% CI)
	No	Yes		PR (95% CI)
injured feet without noticing
No	99 (52.7%)	89 (47.3%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	6 (16.7%)	30 (83.3%)		1.76 [1.43; 2.17]
Previous ulcer
No	97 (52.4%)	88 (47.6%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	8 (20.5%)	31 (79.5%)		1.67 [1.34; 2.08]
Prayer sign
No	74 (54.8%)	61 (45.2%)	0.003	1.00
Yes	31 (34.8%)	58 (65.2%)		1.44 [1.13; 1.83]
Numbness
No	63 (54.8%)	52 (45.2%)	0.016	1.00
Yes	42 (38.5%)	67 (61.5%)		1.36 [1.06; 1.75]
Burning sensation
No	79 (56.0%)	62 (44.0%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	26 (31.3%)	57 (68.7%)		1.56 [1.23; 1.98]
Fatigue
No	55 (57.3%)	41 (42.7%)	0.010	1.00
Yes	50 (39.1%)	78 (60.9%)		1.43 [1.09; 1.87]
Claudication
No	77 (52.4%)	70 (47.6%)	0.018	1.00
Yes	28 (36.4%)	49 (63.6%)		1.34 [1.05; 1.70]
Loss of motor strength
No	84 (51.2%)	80 (48.8%)	0.021	1.00
Yes	21 (35.0%)	39 (65.0%)		1.33 [1.04; 1.70]
Dry skin
No	25 (83.3%)	5 (16.7%)	0.002	1.00
Yes	80 (41.2%)	114 (58.8%)		3.53 [1.57; 7.93]
Cracks and fissures
No	53 (69.7%)	23 (30.3%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	52 (35.1%)	96 (64.9%)		2.14 [1.49; 3.08]
Interdigital mycosis
No	93 (51.1%)	89 (48.9%)	0.002	1.00
Yes	12 (28.6%)	30 (71.4%)		1.46 [1.15; 1.86]
Nail fungus
No	60 (66.7%)	30 (33.3%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	45 (33.6%)	89 (66.4%)		1.99 [1.45; 2.73]
Absent hair
No	79 (52.7%)	71 (47.3%)	0.010	1.00
Yes	26 (35.1%)	48 (64.9%)		1.37 [1.08; 1.74]

	Altered Touch Perception		p value^* * Bivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval.	PR (95% CI)
	No	Yes		PR (95% CI)
Cyanosis
No	95 (51.4%)	90 (48.6%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	10 (25.6%)	29 (74.4%)		1.53 [1.21; 1.94]
Calluses
No	65 (65.7%)	34 (34.3%)	< 0.001	1.00
Proprioception loss
No	87 (52.7%)	78 (47.3%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	18 (30.5%)	41 (69.5%)		1.47 [1.16; 1.86]
Subcutaneous hemorrhage
No	103 (49.0%)	107 (51.0%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	2 (14.3%)	12 (85.7%)		1.68 [1.31; 2.16]
Claw toes
No	95 (50.0%)	95 (50.0%)	0.009	1.00
Yes	10 (29.4%)	24 (70.6%)		1.41 [1.09; 1.83]
Charcot foot
No	105 (47.9%)	114 (52.1%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	0 (0.0%)	5 (100.0%)		1.92 [1.69; 2.18]
Overlapping toes
No	83 (51.6%)	78 (48.4%)	0.017	1.00
Yes	22 (34.9%)	41 (65.1%)		1.34 [1.05; 1.71]
Hammer toes
No	95 (52.2%)	87 (47.8%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	10 (23.8%)	32 (76.2%)		1.59 [1.27; 2.00]
Right foot posterior tibial pulse
No	6 (22.2%)	21 (77.8%)	< 0.001	1.00
Yes	99 (50.3%)	98 (49.7%)		0.64 [0.50; 0.82]
Left foot posterior tibial pulse
No	7 (28.0%)	18 (72.0%)	0.015	1.00
Yes	98 (49.2%)	101 (50.8%)		0.70 [0.53; 0.93]

	p value^* * Multivariate Poisson model; PR = prevalence ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval p value Statistics Deviance = 0.999.	PR (95% CI)
Gender
Male	0.019	1.00
Female		0.77 [0.62; 0.96]
Type of diabetes
Type 1	0.002	1.00
Type 2		2.36 [1.37; 4.06]
Previous ulcer
No	< 0.001	1.00
Yes		1.43 [1.15; 1.77]
Burning sensation
No	0.003	1.00
Yes		1.39 [1.12; 1.74]
Cracks and fissures
No	0.017	1.00
Yes		1.56 [1.08; 2.25]
Calluses
No	0.033	1.00
Yes		1.39 [1.03; 1.87]
Chacort Foot
No	0.019	1.00
Yes		1.66 [1.09; 2.53]

[1] Corresponding author: Juliana Andreia Fernandes Noronha. E-mail: Email: juli.noronha@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Altered touch perception and associated risk factors in individuals with diabetes mellitus

Percepción alterada del tacto y factores de riesgo asociados en individuos con diabetes mellitus