Intimate partner violence among postpartum women: associated factors

To identify the profile and assess the self-esteem of postpartum women, to characterize their babies and partners, and to verify the association of these characteristics with the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV).

Method:

Cross-sectional study with 207 postpartum women assisted in a public clinic.

Results:

There was no statistic correlation among the sociodemographic variables, personal and obstetric characteristics with the occurrence of IPV. The postpartum women who showed low self-esteem presented a higher exposure risk to IPV (p<0.01; OR=2.01 and CI 95% [1.40-2.87]). The mothers of the babies that were born with low weight (less than 2,500 g) had almost twice the chances of suffering violence (p<0.05; OR=1.74 and CI 95% [1.00-3.03]). The women whose partners did not consume alcohol presented a lower probability to be exposed to IPV (p<0.05; OR=0.182 and CI 95% [0.03-0.93]).

Conclusion:

Women's low self-esteem, babies' inappropriate weight and consumption of alcohol by partners were correlated to the occurrence of IPV.

Descriptors:
Intimate Partner Violence; Domestic Violence; Violence Against Women; Pregnancy; Postpartum Period; Obstetric Nursing

Characteristics	IPV	%	p value^‡ ‡ Chi-square test;	Gross odds ratio (CI95%)	p value^‡‡ ‡‡ GLM;	Adjusted odds ratio (CI95%)
Underlying diseases
Yes	35	55.6	0.40	1.285 (0.709-2.329)	0.45	0.773 (0.39-1.530)
No	71	49.3		1.000	-	1.000
Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH)
Yes	7	50.0	0.99^† † linear trend chi square test.	0.949 (0.321-2.821)	0.69	1.292 (0.370-4.480)
No	99	51.3		1.000	-	1.000
Miscarriage
Yes	35	55.6	0.40	1.285 (0.709-2.329)	0.26	0.703 (0.381-1.310)
No	71	49.3		1.000	-	1.000
Start of prenatal care
1st trimester	75	49.0	0.32^† † linear trend chi square test.	0.687 (0.402-0.972)	0.79	1.269 (0.210-7.820)
2nd trimester	28	58.3		0.962 (0.146-1.774)	0.27	1.502 (0.720-3.117)
3rd trimester	3	50.0		1.000	-	1.000
Number of prenatal appointments
≥ 6	95	50.5	0.68	1.224 (0.463-3.237)	0.77	1.177 (0.388-3.68)
< 6	10	55.6		1.000	-	1.000
Complications during pregnancy
Yes	82	53.9	0.19	0.661 (0.355-1.230)	0.18	0.641 (0.383-3.368)
No	24	43.6		1.000	-	1.000
Last childbirth
Vaginal	53	55.8	0.38	1.829 (1.272-2.344)	0.33	0.618 (0.230-1.630)
Cesarean section	44	48.9		1.319 (1.010-1.629)	0.40	0.772 (0.420-1.410)
Forceps	9	40.9		1.000	-	1.000
Complications during childbirth
Yes	9	52.9	0.88	0.927 (0.343-2.505)	0.89	0.929 (0.422-2.682)
No	97	51.1		1.000	-	1.000
Complications after childbirth
Yes	83	50.0	0.48	1.278 (0.642-2.242)	0.69	1.155 (0.570-2.360)
No	23	56.1			-	1.000

Characteristics	IPV	%	p value^‡‡ ‡‡ GLM.	Gross odds ratio (CI95%)
Self-esteem versus IPV
Total score < 30	105	50.7%	0.0001	2.0103 (1.4036 - 2.8792)
Total score ≥ 30	1	0.4%	-	1.000

Characteristics	IPV	%	p value^‡ ‡ Chi-square test;	Gross odds ratio (CI95%)	p value^‡‡ ‡‡ GLM;	Adjusted odds ratio (CI95%)
Use of alcohol by the partner
Does not use it	36	42.9	0.03^† † linear trend chi square test.	0.190 (0.01-0.460)	0.04	0.182 (0.035-0.935)
Uses it socially	45	50.6		0.260 (0.01-0.630)	0.10	0.256 (0.050-1.312)
Uses it frequently	8	80.0		1.000	-	1.000
Family income
Until 1 minimum wage	15	62.5	0.008^† † linear trend chi square test.	3.666 (3.190-4.558)	0.20	2.671 (0.586-12.171)
1 to 3 minimum wages	66	56.4		2.847 (2.090-3.219)	0.18	2.200 (0.701-6.906)
3 to 5 minimum wages	20	40.0		1.46 (0.705-2.227)	0.77	1.203 (0.349-4.150)
More than 5 minimum wages	5	31.3		1.000	-	1.000
Both are providers
Yes	80	55.9	0.04	1.850 (1.020-3.337)	0.35	0.748 (0.385-1.451)
No	26	40.6		1.000	-	1.000
Other providers
Yes	84	47.5	0.01	0.382 (0.071-0.586)	0.27	1.995 (0.624-6.377)
No	22	73.3		1.000	-	1.000

Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem SGA Norte Quadra 603 Conj. "B" - Av. L2 Norte 70830-102 Brasília, DF, Brasil, Tel.: (55 61) 3226-0653, Fax: (55 61) 3225-4473 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: reben@abennacional.org.br

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Karla Oliveira Marcacine. E-mail: ka_marcacine@yahoo.com.br