Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Intervenções tópicas para prevenção de síndrome mão-pé decorrente de terapia antineoplásica: revisão de escopo

RESUMO

Objetivo:

Mapear as intervenções tópicas utilizadas para a prevenção da síndrome mão-pé em pacientes com câncer em terapia antineoplásica.

Método:

Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo reportada de acordo com as recomendações do PRISMA-ScR (extensão para revisão de escopo) e o Manual do Instituto Joanna Briggs. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases eletrônicas CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; e literatura cinzenta (Google Scholar, Pro-Quest).

Resultados:

As buscas resultaram em 12.016 referências e a amostra final foi composta por 45 estudos. Um total de 42 intervenções tópicas foram identificadas, dentre elas: cremes hidratantes, corticosteroides, ácidos, mapisal, silimarina e henna. Entretanto, a ureia foi a intervenção mais citada (62%). Quanto às apresentações das intervenções, estas variaram entre cremes, pomadas, géis, hidrocoloides, decocções, adesivos, pós, óleos e sabões.

Conclusão:

Os resultados possibilitaram uma recensão das intervenções tópicas, com destaque ao uso da ureia e cremes hidratantes. Todavia, grande parte das intervenções identificadas nesta revisão necessitam ser avaliadas, em estudos futuros, para melhor compreensão dos seus benefícios.

DESCRITORES
Síndrome Mão-Pé; Enfermagem Oncológica; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Higiene da Pele; Revisão

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To map topical interventions used to prevent hand-foot syndrome in cancer patients undergoing antineoplastic therapy.

Method:

This is a scoping review reported in accordance with the recommendations of PRISMA-ScR (extension for scoping review) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual. The searches were carried out in the electronic databases CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; and gray literature (Google Scholar, Pro-Quest).

Results:

The searches resulted in 12,016 references and the final sample consisted of 45 studies. A total of 42 topical interventions were identified, including: moisturizing creams, corticosteroids, acids, mapisal, silymarin, and henna. However, urea was the most cited intervention (62%). As for the presentations of the interventions, they varied among creams, ointments, gels, hydrocolloids, decoctions, patches, powders, oils, and soaps.

Conclusion:

The results allowed reviewing topical interventions, with emphasis on the use of urea and moisturizing creams. However, most of the interventions identified in this review require evaluation in future studies for better understanding of their benefits.

DESCRIPTORS
Hand-Foot Syndrome; Oncology Nursing; Nursing Care; Skin Care; Review

DESCRIPTORS
Síndrome Mano-Pie; Enfermería Oncológica; Atención de Enfermería; Cuidados de la Piel; Revisión

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Mapear las intervenciones tópicas utilizadas para prevenir el síndrome mano-pie en pacientes con cáncer sometidos a terapia antineoplásica.

Método:

Esta es una revisión del alcance reportada de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de PRISMA-ScR (extensión para la revisión del alcance) y el Manual del Instituto Joanna Briggs. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos electrónicas CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; y literatura gris (Google Scholar, Pro-Quest).

Resultados:

Las búsquedas resultaron en 12.016 referencias y la muestra final estuvo compuesta por 45 estudios. Se identificaron 42 intervenciones tópicas, entre ellas: cremas humectantes, corticoides, ácidos, mapisal, silimarina y henna. Sin embargo, la urea fue la intervención más citada (62%). En cuanto a las presentaciones de las intervenciones, variaron entre cremas, ungüentos, geles, hidrocoloides, decocciones, parches, polvos, aceites y jabones.

Conclusión:

Los resultados permitieron revisar las intervenciones tópicas, con énfasis en el uso de urea y cremas humectantes. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las intervenciones identificadas en esta revisión deben evaluarse en estudios futuros para mejor comprensión de sus beneficios.

INTRODUÇÃO

A síndrome mão-pé (SMP), também conhecida como eritrodisestesia palmo-plantar, é uma toxicidade dermatológica que atinge pacientes com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia e/ou terapia alvo. A SMP foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1974(11. Zuehlke RL. Erythematous eruption of the palms and soles associated with mitotane therapy. Dermatology. 1974;148(2):90–2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000251603. PubMed PMID: 4276191.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000251603...
) e caracteriza-se por parestesia, formigamento nas palmas das mãos, dedos e plantas dos pés, que podem evoluir para dor em queimação, eritema demarcado com ou sem edema, descamação da pele, fissuras e ulceração. Quando ocorre, a SMP é, geralmente, graduada de acordo com os sinais e sintomas apresentados pelo paciente. De acordo com o CTCAE(22. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcae_v5_quick_reference_5x7.pdf
https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopm...
) (Critérios Comuns de Terminologia para Eventos Adversos, da sigla em inglês), sua gravidade pode ser classificada em grau 1 (sintomas leves), grau 2 (sintomas moderados) e grau 3 (sintomas severos).

Apesar de a patogênese da SMP ainda não ter sido completamente elucidada, uma das teorias afirma que ela pode ser causada pelo acúmulo de quimioterapia nas glândulas écrinas, que são mais numerosas nas palmas das mãos e plantas dos pés, podendo causar metaplasia e necrose focal do epitélio do ducto écrino(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
). Estudos apontam que a SMP tem uma alta incidência entre os pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia, variando de 2% a 60%(44. Hueso L, Sanmartín O, Nagore E, Botella-Estrada R, Requena C, Llombart B, et al. Eritema acral inducido por quimioterapia: estudio clínico e histopatológico de 44 casos. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2008;99(4):281–90. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-7310(08)74677-5. PubMed PMID: 18394404.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-7310(08)74...
), sendo ainda maior entre pacientes que fazem uso do antineoplásico capecitabina (47 a 71%)(55. Yap YS, Kwok LL, Syn N, Chay WY, Chia JWK, Tham CK, et al. Predictors of hand-foot syndrome and pyridoxine for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(11):1538–45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1269. PubMed PMID: 28715540.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1...
). A relevância clínica da SMP está relacionada, principalmente, ao impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Os sinais e sintomas, como dor e desconforto nas mãos, podem limitar as atividades de vida diária como caminhar, segurar objetos e executar tarefas simples. A presença de fissuras e lesões cutâneas pode dificultar o autocuidado, como a higiene pessoal. Em alguns casos, podem ocorrer infecções em decorrência da perda da integridade da pele. A gravidade dos sintomas está relacionada ao acúmulo de doses de quimioterapia, podendo agravar-se a cada ciclo(66. Costa JS, Silva GM, Kameo SY, Amorim BF, Oliveira Ramos MJ. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome: clinical and epidemiological approach to cancer patients. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019;65(2):e-10285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2019v65n2.285
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2...
). Assim, o desenvolvimento da SMP pode interferir no tratamento, uma vez que a redução de dose ou interrupção da quimioterapia pode ser necessária para melhora dos sintomas(77. Lassere Y, Hoff P. Management of hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine (Xeloda®). Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2004;8(Suppl 1):S31–40. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.007. PubMed PMID: 15341880.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2004.06.0...
,88. Webster-Gandy JD, How C, Harrold K. Palmar–plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE): a literature review with commentary on experience in a cancer centre. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2007;11(3):238–46. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.004. PubMed PMID: 17350337.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2006.10.0...
).

Antes do início do tratamento, o paciente deve ser orientado pela equipe de enfermagem quanto a identificação precoce de sinais e sintomas da SMP e a tomar algumas medidas preventivas com o objetivo de reduzir o atrito da pele da região da palma das mãos e planta dos pés, como uso de roupas e sapatos mais largos, evitar exposição a calor excessivo e manter a hidratação das mãos e dos pés por meio da aplicação de hidratantes e emolientes duas vezes ao dia(99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
).

Todavia, diversas intervenções tópicas vêm sendo avaliadas para prevenção da SMP. A intervenção mais estudada, até então, é a aplicação de creme à base de ureia nas palmas das mãos e plantas dos pés, que tem se mostrado uma estratégia segura e efetiva para prevenir a ocorrência e desenvolvimento de graus mais elevados de SMP(1010. Lan TC, Tsou PH, Tam KW, Huang TW. Effect of urea cream on hand-foot syndrome in patients receiving chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. Cancer Nurs. 2022;45(5):378–86. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000001008. PubMed PMID: 34483284.
https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.000000000000...
). O potencial queratolítico da ureia diminui a hiperqueratose das mãos e pés, frequente nesses pacientes, e auxilia na hidratação e suavidade da pele. Outras intervenções, entretanto, também vêm sendo avaliadas, como a piridoxina tópica, que é recomendada para os pacientes com SMP, dada a similaridade com os sintomas de deficiência de vitamina B6. No entanto, estudos que avaliaram o uso de piridoxina não identificaram redução da incidência de SMP nos pacientes que utilizaram esta intervenção(55. Yap YS, Kwok LL, Syn N, Chay WY, Chia JWK, Tham CK, et al. Predictors of hand-foot syndrome and pyridoxine for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(11):1538–45. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1269. PubMed PMID: 28715540.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1...
,1111. Charalambous A, Tsitsi T, Astras G, Paikousis L, Filippou E. A pilot randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of the topical application of pyridoxine on palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) induced by capecitabine or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2021;50:101866. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101866. PubMed PMID: 33227569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.1018...
). Além disso, o uso de corticosteroides também tem sido investigado, pois sua ação reduz a inflamação e a dor(66. Costa JS, Silva GM, Kameo SY, Amorim BF, Oliveira Ramos MJ. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome: clinical and epidemiological approach to cancer patients. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019;65(2):e-10285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2019v65n2.285
https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2...
).

Vários estudos têm sido realizados para avaliar e identificar intervenções que sejam efetivas na prevenção da SMP e algumas revisões sistemáticas que avaliaram intervenções para prevenção da SMP foram identificadas(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
1818. Wang R, Wang X, Wang K, Liu S. Effectiveness of urea-based cream and pyridoxine (vitamin b6) on sorafenib-induced hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022340121
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/disp...
); contudo, tais revisões abordam intervenções específicas, como creme à base de ureia, piridoxina e creme hidratante/emoliente. Sabe-se, entretanto, que outras intervenções também têm sido descritas na literatura para a prevenção da SMP, como fitoterápicos, corticosteroides tópicos, entre outros; porém, estas intervenções ainda não foram analisadas por revisões sistemáticas publicadas até o momento. Entretanto, as revisões sistemáticas já publicadas restringem-se a avaliar intervenções específicas e, portanto, seus resultados não permitem observar o universo de intervenções existentes e que vêm sendo avaliadas para prevenção da SMP. Dessa forma, verifica-se a necessidade de fornecer um sumário das evidências disponíveis acerca das intervenções tópicas, bem como identificar quaisquer lacunas na literatura existente.

Assim, esta revisão de escopo tem como objetivo mapear as intervenções tópicas utilizadas para a prevenção da SMP em pacientes com câncer submetidos a terapia antineoplásica, a saber: quimioterapia/terapia alvo.

MÉTODO

Protocolo e Registro

Esta revisão de escopo foi realizada de acordo com a metodologia proposta pelo Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI)(1919. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Australia: JBI; 2020. Chapter 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12
https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12...
) e relatada em concordância com o guia “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Reviews” (PRISMA-ScR)(2020. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850. PubMed PMID: 30178033.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850...
). O protocolo desta revisão foi registrado na plataforma Open Science Framework (OSF)(2121. Foster ED, Deardorff A. Open Science Framework (OSF). J Med Libr Assoc. 2017;105(2):203–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2017.88
https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2017.88...
) sob número de registro DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/Y9SB4(2222. Reis FCGP, Menêses AG, Reis PED, Mazoni SR, Silveira R, Vasques CI. Topical interventions for preventing hand-foot syndrome in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy/target therapy: a scoping review [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://osf.io/y9sb4/
https://osf.io/y9sb4/...
).

Critérios de Seleção

Esta revisão buscou responder a seguinte pergunta norteadora: “Quais são as intervenções tópicas usadas para prevenir síndrome mão-pé em pacientes adultos com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia/terapia alvo?”. Tal pergunta foi formulada a partir da estratégia PCC(2323. Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2020;18(10):2119–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167. PubMed PMID: 33038124.
https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-20-00167...
), sendo P (População): pacientes adultos com câncer; C (Conceito): intervenções tópicas usadas para prevenir síndrome mão-pé; e C (Contexto): quimioterapia/terapia alvo.

Os critérios de seleção foram estabelecidos com base na questão norteadora, a partir da estratégia PCC. Foram incluídos os seguintes tipos de estudos: a) quanto a população – estudos realizados em pacientes com câncer maiores de 18 anos; b) quanto ao conceito – estudos que avaliaram intervenções tópicas para prevenir a SMP; c) quanto ao contexto – estudos que avaliaram pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia/terapia alvo em regime de internação ou ambulatorialmente; d) quanto ao delineamento – ensaios clínicos controlados aleatorizados; ensaios clínicos controlados não aleatorizados; estudos de coorte prospectivos e retrospectivos; estudos de caso-controle; estudos transversais analíticos; séries de casos; revisões e guidelines; b) quanto ao tipo de publicação – artigos publicados em periódicos, dissertações, teses e monografias. Apenas estudos publicados em alfabeto latino-romano foram incluídos. Não se utilizou restrição em relação ao período de publicação.

Por outro lado, foram excluídos estudos que avaliaram intervenções tópicas para a prevenção da SMP em pacientes pediátricos com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia/terapia alvo, em regime de internação ou ambulatorial; estudos que avaliaram intervenções não tópicas para a prevenção da SMP em pacientes com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia/terapia alvo; estudos que avaliaram intervenções tópicas para o tratamento de SMP em pacientes submetidos a tratamento quimioterápico/terapia alvo (classificação da SMP igual ou maior ao grau II); estudos que avaliaram o uso de intervenções tópicas para a prevenção da SMP em pacientes submetidos a outro tipo de terapias que não quimioterapia/terapia alvo; estudos que relataram o início da terapia tópica para prevenção da SMP após a terceira administração de quimioterapia/terapia alvo; relatos de casos, cartas, resumos de congressos, pareceres de especialistas, capítulo de livro, protocolos de pesquisa e estudos pré-clínicos. Os tipos de publicação mencionados acima foram excluídos, pois não possibilitariam, por suas características, identificar as informações que responderiam ao objetivo desta revisão. Também foram excluídos estudos publicados em idiomas que não usam o alfabeto latino-romano.

Fontes de Informação

As buscas foram realizadas nas seguintes bases eletrônicas de dados: CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health); Cochrane CENTRAL; EMBASE; LILACS (Literatura da América Latina e Caribe em Ciências da Saúde); LIVIVO; PubMed; Scopus e Web of Science Core Collection. Além disso, a busca foi realizada na literatura cinzenta e acessada por meio das seguintes bases: Google Scholar e Pro-Quest Theses and Dissertations. Buscas adicionais foram realizadas nas listas de referências dos estudos incluídos. As buscas foram realizadas em 03 de julho de 2022 e atualizadas em 06 de fevereiro de 2023.

Estratégia de Busca

A estratégia de busca foi desenvolvida a partir de descritores controlados e não controlados, presentes nos tesaurus do MeSH, DeCS, Títulos Cinahl e Emtree, bem como palavras-chave identificadas no texto e título de estudos potencialmente elegíveis. Uma vez selecionados os termos referentes ao acrônimo PCC, foram realizados ensaios no PubMed e CINAHL, com registro nas fontes de informação. Dessa forma, optou-se por utilizar os elementos da estratégia de busca referentes a P-População e ao C-Conceito.

Durante a seleção de título e resumo na íntegra, foram considerados tais elementos, a fim de identificar estudos pertinentes à revisão proposta. Por meio do operador booleano (OR), ­elaborou-se uma estratégia de busca única, validada por três pesquisadores, sendo um com expertise na temática, outro com expertise na temática e no método e um terceiro com expertise no método. Tal estratégia foi adaptada às bases de dados, bem como para a literatura cinzenta. Ressalta-se que para ampliar a busca, não foi utilizado descritor referente ao item “C – Contexto” da questão. A lista de referências dos estudos incluídos também foi consultada a fim de identificar estudos que pudessem ser incluídos na revisão. A estratégia de busca utilizada em cada uma das bases eletrônicas de dados está disponível no Quadro 1.

Quadro 1
Estratégias de busca aplicada e adaptada à cada base de dados – Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2023.

Seleção das Fontes de Evidência

Após identificação dos estudos nas bases eletrônicas de dados, estes foram exportados para o gerenciador de referências EndNote Web(2424. Peters MDJ. Managing and coding references for systematic reviews and scoping reviews in EndNote. Med Ref Serv Q. 2017;36(1):19–31. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.1259891. PubMed PMID: 28112629.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.12...
) para remoção de duplicatas e, em seguida, a lista de referências foi enviada para o Rayyan®(2525. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan – a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4. PubMed PMID: 27919275.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-...
), onde foi realizada a fase 1, na qual dois revisores (F.C.G.P.R e A.G.M), de forma mascarada, avaliaram os títulos e resumos dos estudos identificados. Aqueles estudos que não atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram excluídos. Na fase 2, os estudos foram lidos na íntegra pelos mesmos revisores, também de forma mascarada, que novamente aplicaram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão para selecionar os estudos. Tanto na fase 1 quanto na fase 2, quando os dois revisores não chegaram a um consenso, o terceiro revisor com expertise na temática foi acionado para avaliar o estudo e tomar a decisão final.

Procedimento de Coleta de Dados

Devido à heterogeneidade metodológica dos estudos, dois formulários de coleta de dados foram desenvolvidos pelos autores. Um deles foi utilizado para coletar os dados de estudos de intervenção e revisões sistemáticas, denominado grupo I, que contemplava os seguintes dados: características do estudo (autor, ano e país de origem do estudo, título, delineamento, objetivo), características da população/contexto (amostra, tipo de câncer, quimioterapia/terapia alvo, escala utilizada) e características da intervenção/conceito (intervenção e resultados principais). O outro formulário foi utilizado para coletar os dados referentes a revisões integrativas, narrativas e guidelines, denominado grupo II, que contemplava as seguintes informações: características do estudo (autor, ano, país de origem, título, delineamento e objetivo) e características da intervenção/conceito (intervenção e resultados principais). Dois revisores (F.C.G.P.R e A.G.M) realizaram um teste piloto para avaliar se os formulários de coleta de dados propostos permitiam coletar todos os dados necessários para a análise qualitativa. As informações dos estudos incluídos na fase 2 foram extraídas, de maneira independente, com o uso de planilhas do Microsoft Excel®.

Sumário dos Resultados

Os dados coletados foram apresentados de forma descritiva, por meio de tabelas e figuras, acompanhados de sumário narrativo. Os dados extraídos foram: ano de publicação dos estudos, país de origem, delineamento, mapeamento das intervenções, principais resultados dos estudos, principais cânceres estudados, os protocolos quimioterápicos utilizados, bem como as escalas mais utilizadas para a graduação da SMP. Foram criadas categorias de análise para cada uma das intervenções identificadas, agrupadas em seis categorias de análise, a saber: ureia, cremes hidratantes, ácidos, anti-inflamatórios/antioxidantes, fitoterapia e demais intervenções, destacando as características dos estudos, principais resultados, recomendações para a prática clínica, as limitações e direções para estudos futuros. Cabe destacar que as intervenções tópicas mapeadas foram descritas de acordo com seu princípio ativo e concentração, quando apresentados. Os dados coletados foram agrupados para refletir os temas principais ou recorrentes relacionados ao objetivo da revisão. Para o sumário dos resultados foram observadas as orientações contidas no Manual de Síntese de Evidências do Instituto Joanna Briggs(1919. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z, editors. JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis. Australia: JBI; 2020. Chapter 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12
https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12...
).

Aspectos Éticos

Por se tratar de uma revisão de escopo, a pesquisa não foi submetida à apreciação de um Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa.

RESULTADOS

Seleção dos Estudos

As buscas nas bases eletrônicas de dados resultaram em 12.016 referências. Após a remoção das duplicatas, restaram 6.463 referências, das quais 6.344 foram excluídas na fase 1. Cento e dezenove estudos foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra e 74 deles foram excluídos pelos motivos listados na Figura 1. A amostra final foi composta por 45 estudos(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1111. Charalambous A, Tsitsi T, Astras G, Paikousis L, Filippou E. A pilot randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of the topical application of pyridoxine on palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) induced by capecitabine or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2021;50:101866. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101866. PubMed PMID: 33227569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.1018...
1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,2626. Ghodousi M, Karbasforooshan H, Arabi L, Elyasi S. Silymarin as a preventive or therapeutic measure for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;79(1):15–38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03434-8. PubMed PMID: 36450892.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03434...
6363. Clark AS, Vahdat LT. Chemotherapy-induced palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome: etiology and emerging therapies. Support Cancer Ther. 2004;1(4):213–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013. PubMed PMID: 18628145.
https://doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013...
). As características dos estudos individuais estão descritas no Quadro 2. Os estudos excluídos da revisão, com as suas justificativas e referências, estão no repositório SciELO Data(6464. Reis, FCGP. Intervenções tópicas para prevenção de síndrome mão-pé decorrente de terapia antineoplásica: revisão de escopo. [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Out 12]. Available from:: https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.Z2R4HH
https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.Z2R4...
).

Figura 1
Fluxograma dos resultados das buscas nas bases de dados e critérios de seleção. Adaptado do PRISMA-ScR(2020. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850. PubMed PMID: 30178033.
https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850...
) – Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2023.
Quadro 2
Características dos estudos incluídos na revisão de escopo – Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2023.

Características dos Estudos

O período de publicação dos estudos variou do ano de 2004 ao ano de 2023, concentrando-se no ano 2022 (n = 7)(1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
,2727. Yamamoto K, Nishiyama S, Kunisada M, Iida M, Ito T, Ioroi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of bis-glyceryl ascorbate as prophylaxis for hand-foot skin reaction: a single-arm, open-label phase i/ii study (DGA study). Oncologist. 2022;27(5):e384–92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067. PubMed PMID: 35285503.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067...
3232. Rodríguez-Garzotto A, Iglesias-Docampo L, Díaz-García CV, Ruppen I, Ximénez-Embún P, Gómez C, et al. Topical heparin as an effective and safe treatment for patients with capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: results of a phase IIA trial supported by proteomic profiling of skin biopsies. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2022;14:175883592210869. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17588359221086911. PubMed PMID: 35356259.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835922108691...
). Dez estudos foram desenvolvidos nos Estados Unidos da América (n = 10)(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,3333. Jatoi A, Ou FS, Ahn DH, Zemla TJ, Le-Rademacher JG, Boland P, et al. Preemptive versus reactive topical clobetasol for regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions: a preplanned analysis of the ReDOS trial. Oncologist. 2021;26(7):610–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730. PubMed PMID: 33604969.
https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730...
,4747. McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction: practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2017–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244. PubMed PMID: 26034039.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244...
,5050. Miller KK, Gorcey L, McLellan BN. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and nail changes: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):787–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.019. PubMed PMID: 24795111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.0...
,5858. Wolf SL, Qin R, Menon SP, Rowland Jr KM, Thomas S, Delaune R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a urea/lactic acid–based topical keratolytic agent for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: north central cancer treatment group study N05C5. JCO. 2010;28(35):5182–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431. PubMed PMID: 21060036.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431...
6363. Clark AS, Vahdat LT. Chemotherapy-induced palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome: etiology and emerging therapies. Support Cancer Ther. 2004;1(4):213–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013. PubMed PMID: 18628145.
https://doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013...
). Em relação ao delineamento, vinte estudos foram ensaios clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) (n = 20)(2727. Yamamoto K, Nishiyama S, Kunisada M, Iida M, Ito T, Ioroi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of bis-glyceryl ascorbate as prophylaxis for hand-foot skin reaction: a single-arm, open-label phase i/ii study (DGA study). Oncologist. 2022;27(5):e384–92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067. PubMed PMID: 35285503.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067...
,2828. Shayeganmehr D, Ramezannia F, Gharib B, Rezaeilaal A, Shahi F, Jafariazar Z, et al. Pharmaceutical and clinical studies of celecoxib topical hydrogel for management of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023;396(7):1571–81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339-8. PubMed PMID: 36418469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339...
,3131. Elyasi S, Rasta S, Taghizadeh-Kermani A, Hosseini S. Topical henna and curcumin (Alpha®) ointment efficacy for prevention of capecitabine induced hand-foot syndrome: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical. Daru. 2022;30(1):117–25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40199-022-00438-8. PubMed PMID: 35320555.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-022-00438...
3838. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;140:19–27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.012. PubMed PMID: 33039810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.0...
,4242. Elyasi S, Shojaee FSR, Allahyari A, Karimi G. Topical silymarin administration for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial: silymarin prevents capecitabine induced HFS. Phytother Res. 2017;31(9):1323–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5857. PubMed PMID: 28635153.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5857...
4444. Lin SM, Lu SN, Chen PT, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Hu CT, et al. HATT: a phase IV, single-arm, open-label study of sorafenib in Taiwanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(2):199–208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-x. PubMed PMID: 27909950.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-...
,4646. Hofheinz RD, Gencer D, Schulz H, Stahl M, Hegewisch-Becker S, Loeffler LM, et al. Mapisal versus urea cream as prophylaxis for capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized phase III trial of the AIO quality of life working group. JCO. 2015;33(22):2444–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587. PubMed PMID: 26124485.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587...
,4848. Ren Z, Zhu K, Kang H, Lu M, Qu Z, Lu L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the prophylactic effect of urea-based cream on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reactions in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. JCO. 2015;33(8):894–900. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.9651. PubMed PMID: 25667293.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.9651...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
5454. Lademann J, Martschick A, Kluschke F, Richter H, Fluhr JW, Patzelt A, et al. Efficient prevention strategy against the development of a palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia during chemotherapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(2):66–70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351801. PubMed PMID: 23969763.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351801...
,5858. Wolf SL, Qin R, Menon SP, Rowland Jr KM, Thomas S, Delaune R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a urea/lactic acid–based topical keratolytic agent for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: north central cancer treatment group study N05C5. JCO. 2010;28(35):5182–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431. PubMed PMID: 21060036.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431...
). As escalas utilizadas pelos ECA para classificação da SMP foram a Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (n = 17)(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
,1313. Pereira PP, Pedroso RS, Ribeiro MA. Identificação, prevenção e tratamento da síndrome mão-pé induzida por quimioterapia: revisão sistemática. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 26];65(4):e-05363. Available from: https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/363
https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.ph...
,1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,2727. Yamamoto K, Nishiyama S, Kunisada M, Iida M, Ito T, Ioroi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of bis-glyceryl ascorbate as prophylaxis for hand-foot skin reaction: a single-arm, open-label phase i/ii study (DGA study). Oncologist. 2022;27(5):e384–92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067. PubMed PMID: 35285503.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067...
,3232. Rodríguez-Garzotto A, Iglesias-Docampo L, Díaz-García CV, Ruppen I, Ximénez-Embún P, Gómez C, et al. Topical heparin as an effective and safe treatment for patients with capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: results of a phase IIA trial supported by proteomic profiling of skin biopsies. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2022;14:175883592210869. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17588359221086911. PubMed PMID: 35356259.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835922108691...
3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,3636. Mohajerani R, Shahi F, Jafariazar Z, Afshar M. Efficacy of topical Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna) hydrogel in fluorouracil-induced hand-foot syndrome: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2021;40(3):257–62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2021.1940194. PubMed PMID: 34152880.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2021.19...
,3737. Kayikci EE, Can G, Sen F, Saip P. Henna Application in the prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome in breast and colorectal cancer patients. FNJN. 2020;28(3):299–311. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19097. PubMed PMID: 34263209.
https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19097...
,4141. Deng B, Sun W. Herbal medicine for hand-foot syndrome induced by fluoropyrimidines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2018;32(7):1211–28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068. PubMed PMID: 29682836.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068...
,4343. Jung S, Sehouli J, Chekerov R, Kluschke F, Patzelt A, Fuss H, et al. Prevention of palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia in patients treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®). Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(11):3545–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3781-x. PubMed PMID: 28653108.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3781-...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
5454. Lademann J, Martschick A, Kluschke F, Richter H, Fluhr JW, Patzelt A, et al. Efficient prevention strategy against the development of a palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia during chemotherapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(2):66–70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351801. PubMed PMID: 23969763.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351801...
,5858. Wolf SL, Qin R, Menon SP, Rowland Jr KM, Thomas S, Delaune R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a urea/lactic acid–based topical keratolytic agent for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: north central cancer treatment group study N05C5. JCO. 2010;28(35):5182–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431. PubMed PMID: 21060036.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431...
); escala de classificação da Síndrome Mão-Pé da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHO HFS) (n = 6)(2828. Shayeganmehr D, Ramezannia F, Gharib B, Rezaeilaal A, Shahi F, Jafariazar Z, et al. Pharmaceutical and clinical studies of celecoxib topical hydrogel for management of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023;396(7):1571–81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339-8. PubMed PMID: 36418469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,31,35,41,42). Um estudo(4141. Deng B, Sun W. Herbal medicine for hand-foot syndrome induced by fluoropyrimidines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2018;32(7):1211–28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068. PubMed PMID: 29682836.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068...
) citou a escala do Grupo de Ensaios Clínicos do Instituto Nacional do Câncer do Canadá (CTG), bem como as duas escalas anteriores (WHO HFS e CTCAE). Alguns estudos não citaram a escala utilizada (n = 5)(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,3838. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;140:19–27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.012. PubMed PMID: 33039810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.0...
,4444. Lin SM, Lu SN, Chen PT, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Hu CT, et al. HATT: a phase IV, single-arm, open-label study of sorafenib in Taiwanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(2):199–208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-x. PubMed PMID: 27909950.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-...
,4646. Hofheinz RD, Gencer D, Schulz H, Stahl M, Hegewisch-Becker S, Loeffler LM, et al. Mapisal versus urea cream as prophylaxis for capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized phase III trial of the AIO quality of life working group. JCO. 2015;33(22):2444–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587. PubMed PMID: 26124485.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587...
). Apenas 4 estudos especificaram em sua metodologia o Grau ≤2 da SMP como critério de inclusão(2727. Yamamoto K, Nishiyama S, Kunisada M, Iida M, Ito T, Ioroi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of bis-glyceryl ascorbate as prophylaxis for hand-foot skin reaction: a single-arm, open-label phase i/ii study (DGA study). Oncologist. 2022;27(5):e384–92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067. PubMed PMID: 35285503.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067...
,3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,3737. Kayikci EE, Can G, Sen F, Saip P. Henna Application in the prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome in breast and colorectal cancer patients. FNJN. 2020;28(3):299–311. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19097. PubMed PMID: 34263209.
https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19097...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
).

Dentre os quimioterápicos antineoplásicos, a capecitabina foi o mais utilizado nos estudos incluídos, seguida pelo sorafenibe e doxorrubicina lipossomal peguilada (DLP). Os tipos de câncer mais descritos nos estudos incluídos foram cólon e reto (n = 11; somente cólon = 3; somente intestino = 1), mama (n = 13), estômago (n = 8) e fígado (n = 8). A distribuição de todos os tipos de câncer e protocolos de quimioterapia mapeados nos estudos do Grupo I, bem como os autores, podem ser visualizados no repositório SciELO Data(6464. Reis, FCGP. Intervenções tópicas para prevenção de síndrome mão-pé decorrente de terapia antineoplásica: revisão de escopo. [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Out 12]. Available from:: https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.Z2R4HH
https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.Z2R4...
).

Com relação aos estudos incluídos, 42 intervenções tópicas para a prevenção de SMP foram mapeadas. A ureia foi a intervenção mais investigada (n = 28)(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,3838. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;140:19–27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.012. PubMed PMID: 33039810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.0...
4040. Williams L, Ginex P, Ebanks G Jr, Ganstwig K, Ciccolini K, Kwong B, et al. ONS GuidelinesTM for cancer treatment–related skin toxicity. ONF. 2020;47(5):539–56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556. PubMed PMID: 32830806.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556...
,4545. Chanprapaph K, Rutnin S, Vachiramon V. Multikinase inhibitor-induced hand–foot skin reaction: a review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(4):387–402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-1. PubMed PMID: 27221667.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-...
5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
,5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
6464. Reis, FCGP. Intervenções tópicas para prevenção de síndrome mão-pé decorrente de terapia antineoplásica: revisão de escopo. [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Out 12]. Available from:: https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.Z2R4HH
https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.Z2R4...
), seguida pelos cremes hidratantes (n = 11)(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3535. Lu W, Huang Z, Chen S, Lv H, Chen X, Lei J, et al. The effectiveness of EVOSKIN®Palm and sole moisturizing cream in treating capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(3):3009–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61. PubMed PMID: 33849091.
https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61...
,4747. McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction: practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2017–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244. PubMed PMID: 26034039.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244...
,4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
) e corticosteroides (n = 7)(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,3333. Jatoi A, Ou FS, Ahn DH, Zemla TJ, Le-Rademacher JG, Boland P, et al. Preemptive versus reactive topical clobetasol for regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions: a preplanned analysis of the ReDOS trial. Oncologist. 2021;26(7):610–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730. PubMed PMID: 33604969.
https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730...
,4040. Williams L, Ginex P, Ebanks G Jr, Ganstwig K, Ciccolini K, Kwong B, et al. ONS GuidelinesTM for cancer treatment–related skin toxicity. ONF. 2020;47(5):539–56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556. PubMed PMID: 32830806.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556...
,4444. Lin SM, Lu SN, Chen PT, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Hu CT, et al. HATT: a phase IV, single-arm, open-label study of sorafenib in Taiwanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(2):199–208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-x. PubMed PMID: 27909950.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
,6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
). Cabe destacar que, por vezes, um mesmo estudo avaliou mais de uma intervenção. As intervenções tópicas mapeadas nos estudos incluídos, bem como seu número de citações, estão descritas na Figura 2.

Figura 2
Representação das intervenções para prevenção da SMP citadas nos estudos incluídos de acordo com o número de citações e seguindo o mnemônico PCC – Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2023.

Resultados dos Estudos Individuais

A ureia foi a intervenção mais avaliada pelos estudos, tanto em uso isolado (n = 28)(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,3838. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;140:19–27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.012. PubMed PMID: 33039810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.0...
4040. Williams L, Ginex P, Ebanks G Jr, Ganstwig K, Ciccolini K, Kwong B, et al. ONS GuidelinesTM for cancer treatment–related skin toxicity. ONF. 2020;47(5):539–56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556. PubMed PMID: 32830806.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556...
,4646. Hofheinz RD, Gencer D, Schulz H, Stahl M, Hegewisch-Becker S, Loeffler LM, et al. Mapisal versus urea cream as prophylaxis for capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized phase III trial of the AIO quality of life working group. JCO. 2015;33(22):2444–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587. PubMed PMID: 26124485.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587...
5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
), quanto combinada com ácido lático(99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
,5858. Wolf SL, Qin R, Menon SP, Rowland Jr KM, Thomas S, Delaune R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a urea/lactic acid–based topical keratolytic agent for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: north central cancer treatment group study N05C5. JCO. 2010;28(35):5182–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431. PubMed PMID: 21060036.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431...
), ácido salicílico a 5%(6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
) e alfa-hidroxiácido(6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
). Diversas concentrações de ureia foram avaliadas pelos estudos, a saber: 3%(5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
), 10%(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
,1313. Pereira PP, Pedroso RS, Ribeiro MA. Identificação, prevenção e tratamento da síndrome mão-pé induzida por quimioterapia: revisão sistemática. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 26];65(4):e-05363. Available from: https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/363
https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.ph...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,3939. Lacouture ME, Sibaud V, Gerber PA, van den Hurk C, Fernández-Peñas P, Santini D, et al. Prevention and management of dermatological toxicities related to anticancer agents: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines . Ann Oncol. 2021;32(2):157–70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.005. PubMed PMID: 33248228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11...
,4545. Chanprapaph K, Rutnin S, Vachiramon V. Multikinase inhibitor-induced hand–foot skin reaction: a review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(4):387–402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-1. PubMed PMID: 27221667.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-...
4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
,5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
), 12%(1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
), 12,5%(6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
), 15%(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
), 20%(1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
,5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
,6161. Lacouture ME, Wu S, Robert C, Atkins MB, Kong HH, Guitart J, et al. Evolving strategies for the management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Oncologist. 2008;13(9):1001–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0131. PubMed PMID: 18779536.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
) e 40%(4747. McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction: practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2017–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244. PubMed PMID: 26034039.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244...
,4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
,5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
6161. Lacouture ME, Wu S, Robert C, Atkins MB, Kong HH, Guitart J, et al. Evolving strategies for the management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Oncologist. 2008;13(9):1001–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0131. PubMed PMID: 18779536.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); no entanto, alguns estudos não mencionaram a concentração utilizada(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1313. Pereira PP, Pedroso RS, Ribeiro MA. Identificação, prevenção e tratamento da síndrome mão-pé induzida por quimioterapia: revisão sistemática. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 26];65(4):e-05363. Available from: https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/363
https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.ph...
,1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,4040. Williams L, Ginex P, Ebanks G Jr, Ganstwig K, Ciccolini K, Kwong B, et al. ONS GuidelinesTM for cancer treatment–related skin toxicity. ONF. 2020;47(5):539–56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556. PubMed PMID: 32830806.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556...
,5050. Miller KK, Gorcey L, McLellan BN. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and nail changes: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):787–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.019. PubMed PMID: 24795111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.0...
,5151. Peuvrel L, Dréno B. Dermatological toxicity associated with targeted therapies in cancer: optimal management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(5):425–44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-2. PubMed PMID: 25117153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
). Em alguns estudos, os pacientes foram orientados a aplicar o creme de ureia duas vezes ao dia(3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,3838. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;140:19–27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.012. PubMed PMID: 33039810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.0...
), já outros estudos orientaram a aplicar três vezes ao dia(4646. Hofheinz RD, Gencer D, Schulz H, Stahl M, Hegewisch-Becker S, Loeffler LM, et al. Mapisal versus urea cream as prophylaxis for capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized phase III trial of the AIO quality of life working group. JCO. 2015;33(22):2444–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587. PubMed PMID: 26124485.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587...
,4848. Ren Z, Zhu K, Kang H, Lu M, Qu Z, Lu L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the prophylactic effect of urea-based cream on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reactions in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. JCO. 2015;33(8):894–900. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.9651. PubMed PMID: 25667293.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.9651...
,5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
). Os pacientes usaram o creme de ureia por período que variou de quatro(5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
) a doze semanas(3838. Lee YS, Jung YK, Kim JH, Cho SB, Kim DY, Kim MY, et al. Effect of urea cream on sorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter, randomised, double-blind controlled study. Eur J Cancer. 2020;140:19–27. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.012. PubMed PMID: 33039810.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.09.0...
,4848. Ren Z, Zhu K, Kang H, Lu M, Qu Z, Lu L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the prophylactic effect of urea-based cream on sorafenib-associated hand-foot skin reactions in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. JCO. 2015;33(8):894–900. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.9651. PubMed PMID: 25667293.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2013.52.9651...
).

Já o uso de creme hidratante foi a segunda intervenção mais avaliada pelos estudos (n = 11)(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3535. Lu W, Huang Z, Chen S, Lv H, Chen X, Lei J, et al. The effectiveness of EVOSKIN®Palm and sole moisturizing cream in treating capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(3):3009–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61. PubMed PMID: 33849091.
https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61...
,4747. McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction: practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2017–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244. PubMed PMID: 26034039.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244...
,4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
). Diversos cremes hidratantes, das mais variadas marcas comerciais, foram citados, como: creme hidratante EVOSKIN®(2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3535. Lu W, Huang Z, Chen S, Lv H, Chen X, Lei J, et al. The effectiveness of EVOSKIN®Palm and sole moisturizing cream in treating capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(3):3009–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61. PubMed PMID: 33849091.
https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61...
); Bag Balm® (8-hidroxi quinolina sulfato à base de petrolato lanolina)(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
,6363. Clark AS, Vahdat LT. Chemotherapy-induced palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome: etiology and emerging therapies. Support Cancer Ther. 2004;1(4):213–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013. PubMed PMID: 18628145.
https://doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013...
); UdderlySmooth®(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
); DAC-Basiscreme®(5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
); Aquaphor® (petrolato 41%)(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); Eucerin®(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
); AmLactin®(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); LacHydrin®(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); Vaseline®(5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
); CeraVe®(5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
); Soothing Relief Anti-itch Moisturizer By Neutrogena®(6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); Creme para os pés da Neutrogena®(6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); e o Gold Bond®(6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
). Alguns estudos citaram apenas “creme hidratante” como intervenção, sem citarem o princípio ativo ou nome comercial(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,4747. McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction: practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2017–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244. PubMed PMID: 26034039.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244...
,4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,6161. Lacouture ME, Wu S, Robert C, Atkins MB, Kong HH, Guitart J, et al. Evolving strategies for the management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Oncologist. 2008;13(9):1001–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0131. PubMed PMID: 18779536.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
).

Alguns cremes à base de ácidos foram citados como intervenção tópica, sendo eles os cremes à base de ácido salicílico nas concentrações de 5% e 10%(4747. McLellan B, Ciardiello F, Lacouture ME, Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Regorafenib-associated hand–foot skin reaction: practical advice on diagnosis, prevention, and management. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(10):2017–26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244. PubMed PMID: 26034039.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv244...
) e 6%(5959. Wood LS, Lemont H, Jatoi A, Lacouture ME, Robert C, Keating K, et al. Practical considerations in the management of hand-foot skin reaction caused by multikinase inhibitors. Community Oncol. 2010;7(1):23–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70385-0.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1548-5315(11)70...
,6161. Lacouture ME, Wu S, Robert C, Atkins MB, Kong HH, Guitart J, et al. Evolving strategies for the management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Oncologist. 2008;13(9):1001–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0131. PubMed PMID: 18779536.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
). Alguns estudos que avaliaram creme à base de ácido salicílico não descreveram a concentração utilizada(5151. Peuvrel L, Dréno B. Dermatological toxicity associated with targeted therapies in cancer: optimal management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(5):425–44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-2. PubMed PMID: 25117153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
). Cabe destaque ao creme à base de ácido lático, pois, apesar de estar presente como uma das intervenções mais citadas, foi descrito isoladamente em apenas um estudo(5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
); nas demais citações, estava associado ao creme à base de ureia(99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
,5858. Wolf SL, Qin R, Menon SP, Rowland Jr KM, Thomas S, Delaune R, et al. Placebo-controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a urea/lactic acid–based topical keratolytic agent for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: north central cancer treatment group study N05C5. JCO. 2010;28(35):5182–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431. PubMed PMID: 21060036.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.31.1431...
).

O uso de corticosteroide tópico foi mapeado em sete estudos(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,3333. Jatoi A, Ou FS, Ahn DH, Zemla TJ, Le-Rademacher JG, Boland P, et al. Preemptive versus reactive topical clobetasol for regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions: a preplanned analysis of the ReDOS trial. Oncologist. 2021;26(7):610–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730. PubMed PMID: 33604969.
https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730...
,4040. Williams L, Ginex P, Ebanks G Jr, Ganstwig K, Ciccolini K, Kwong B, et al. ONS GuidelinesTM for cancer treatment–related skin toxicity. ONF. 2020;47(5):539–56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556. PubMed PMID: 32830806.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556...
,4444. Lin SM, Lu SN, Chen PT, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Hu CT, et al. HATT: a phase IV, single-arm, open-label study of sorafenib in Taiwanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(2):199–208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-x. PubMed PMID: 27909950.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-...
,5151. Peuvrel L, Dréno B. Dermatological toxicity associated with targeted therapies in cancer: optimal management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(5):425–44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-2. PubMed PMID: 25117153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
,6161. Lacouture ME, Wu S, Robert C, Atkins MB, Kong HH, Guitart J, et al. Evolving strategies for the management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with the multitargeted kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib. Oncologist. 2008;13(9):1001–11. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0131. PubMed PMID: 18779536.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
). Dentre eles, foi identificado o uso de clobetasol creme à 0,05%(3333. Jatoi A, Ou FS, Ahn DH, Zemla TJ, Le-Rademacher JG, Boland P, et al. Preemptive versus reactive topical clobetasol for regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions: a preplanned analysis of the ReDOS trial. Oncologist. 2021;26(7):610–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730. PubMed PMID: 33604969.
https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730...
) e esteroides tópicos associado a dexpantenol(5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
). Os demais estudos não informaram o tipo de corticosteroide tópico e nem a sua concentração(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,4040. Williams L, Ginex P, Ebanks G Jr, Ganstwig K, Ciccolini K, Kwong B, et al. ONS GuidelinesTM for cancer treatment–related skin toxicity. ONF. 2020;47(5):539–56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556. PubMed PMID: 32830806.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.539-556...
,4444. Lin SM, Lu SN, Chen PT, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Hu CT, et al. HATT: a phase IV, single-arm, open-label study of sorafenib in Taiwanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(2):199–208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-x. PubMed PMID: 27909950.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-...
,5151. Peuvrel L, Dréno B. Dermatological toxicity associated with targeted therapies in cancer: optimal management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2014;15(5):425–44. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-2. PubMed PMID: 25117153.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-014-0088-...
,6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
). Três estudos citaram celecoxibe, um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,2828. Shayeganmehr D, Ramezannia F, Gharib B, Rezaeilaal A, Shahi F, Jafariazar Z, et al. Pharmaceutical and clinical studies of celecoxib topical hydrogel for management of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023;396(7):1571–81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339-8. PubMed PMID: 36418469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
). Os estudos que avaliaram o uso de antioxidantes citaram o uso da pomada mapisal(99. Kwakman JJM, Elshot YS, Punt CJA, Koopman M. Management of cytotoxic chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Oncol Rev. 2020;14(1):442. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442. PubMed PMID: 32431787.
https://doi.org/10.4081/oncol.2020.442...
,1313. Pereira PP, Pedroso RS, Ribeiro MA. Identificação, prevenção e tratamento da síndrome mão-pé induzida por quimioterapia: revisão sistemática. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 26];65(4):e-05363. Available from: https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/363
https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.ph...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,4343. Jung S, Sehouli J, Chekerov R, Kluschke F, Patzelt A, Fuss H, et al. Prevention of palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia in patients treated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®). Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(11):3545–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3781-x. PubMed PMID: 28653108.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-017-3781-...
,4646. Hofheinz RD, Gencer D, Schulz H, Stahl M, Hegewisch-Becker S, Loeffler LM, et al. Mapisal versus urea cream as prophylaxis for capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized phase III trial of the AIO quality of life working group. JCO. 2015;33(22):2444–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587. PubMed PMID: 26124485.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587...
,5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
) ou não descreveram o princípio ativo do antioxidante(1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
).

Intervenções tópicas à base de plantas foram bastante estudadas. Alguns estudos citaram o Taohongsiwu, composto por Taoren (Semen persicae) 30g, Honghua (Flos carthami) 30g, Shudihuang (Radix rehmanniae praeparata) 30g, Danggui (Radix angélica sinensis) 30g, Chuanxiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) 15g, Baishao (Radix paeoniae alba) 15g, Guizhi (Ramulus cinnamomi)15g, Chuanniuxi (Radix cyathulae) 15g, Gancao (Radix glycyrrhizae) 6g e Dazao (Fructus jujubae) três peças(1313. Pereira PP, Pedroso RS, Ribeiro MA. Identificação, prevenção e tratamento da síndrome mão-pé induzida por quimioterapia: revisão sistemática. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2019 [cited 2023 Mar 26];65(4):e-05363. Available from: https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.php/revista/article/view/363
https://rbc.inca.gov.br/revista/index.ph...
,4141. Deng B, Sun W. Herbal medicine for hand-foot syndrome induced by fluoropyrimidines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2018;32(7):1211–28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068. PubMed PMID: 29682836.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068...
,4545. Chanprapaph K, Rutnin S, Vachiramon V. Multikinase inhibitor-induced hand–foot skin reaction: a review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(4):387–402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-1. PubMed PMID: 27221667.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-...
,5353. Zhao C, Chen J, Yu B, Wu X, Dai C, Zhou C, et al. Effect of modified Taohongsiwu decoction on patients with chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. J Tradit Chin Med. 2014;34(1):10–4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(14)60047-9. PubMed PMID: 25102684.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(14)60...
). Outros compostos foram Guizhi, Buyang huanwu, Xijiao dihuang, Huangqi guizhi wuwu e Taohongsiwu(4141. Deng B, Sun W. Herbal medicine for hand-foot syndrome induced by fluoropyrimidines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2018;32(7):1211–28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068. PubMed PMID: 29682836.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068...
). Outros estudos também citaram silimarina sem concentração citada(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
,4141. Deng B, Sun W. Herbal medicine for hand-foot syndrome induced by fluoropyrimidines: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2018;32(7):1211–28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068. PubMed PMID: 29682836.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6068...
) e silimarina a 1%(2626. Ghodousi M, Karbasforooshan H, Arabi L, Elyasi S. Silymarin as a preventive or therapeutic measure for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023;79(1):15–38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03434-8. PubMed PMID: 36450892.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03434...
,2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,4242. Elyasi S, Shojaee FSR, Allahyari A, Karimi G. Topical silymarin administration for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial: silymarin prevents capecitabine induced HFS. Phytother Res. 2017;31(9):1323–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5857. PubMed PMID: 28635153.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5857...
); Fuzheng jiedusan(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
); extrato de Lawsonia inermis (henna) 3g mais extrato de Curcuma longa 0,15g(3131. Elyasi S, Rasta S, Taghizadeh-Kermani A, Hosseini S. Topical henna and curcumin (Alpha®) ointment efficacy for prevention of capecitabine induced hand-foot syndrome: a randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical. Daru. 2022;30(1):117–25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40199-022-00438-8. PubMed PMID: 35320555.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-022-00438...
); hidrogel mais extrato hidroalcoólico de henna a 10%(3636. Mohajerani R, Shahi F, Jafariazar Z, Afshar M. Efficacy of topical Lawsonia inermis L. (Henna) hydrogel in fluorouracil-induced hand-foot syndrome: a pilot randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Cutan Ocul Toxicol. 2021;40(3):257–62. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2021.1940194. PubMed PMID: 34152880.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2021.19...
); Lawsonia inermis (henna)(3737. Kayikci EE, Can G, Sen F, Saip P. Henna Application in the prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome in breast and colorectal cancer patients. FNJN. 2020;28(3):299–311. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19097. PubMed PMID: 34263209.
https://doi.org/10.5152/FNJN.2020.19097...
,4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
); alantoína(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
); Aloe vera(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
); Hippospongia communis mais óleo de sílica em água(5454. Lademann J, Martschick A, Kluschke F, Richter H, Fluhr JW, Patzelt A, et al. Efficient prevention strategy against the development of a palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia during chemotherapy. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;27(2):66–70. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000351801. PubMed PMID: 23969763.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351801...
); e óleo de cânhamo(5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
).

Outras intervenções tópicas foram mapeadas, como curativo de hidrocoloide contendo ceramida(33. Ding JF, Farah MH, Nayfeh T, Malandris K, Manolopoulos A, Ginex PK, et al. Targeted therapy– and chemotherapy-associated skin toxicities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2020;47(5):E149–60. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160. PubMed PMID: 32830797.
https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.E149-E160...
,4545. Chanprapaph K, Rutnin S, Vachiramon V. Multikinase inhibitor-induced hand–foot skin reaction: a review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(4):387–402. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-1. PubMed PMID: 27221667.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-016-0197-...
); neurotropina tópica(1414. Huang XZ, Chen Y, Chen WJ, Zhang X, Wu CC, Wang ZN, et al. Clinical evidence of prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: prevention strategies for capecitabine-induced HFS. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(12):2567–77. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269. PubMed PMID: 29355976.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31269...
); ascorbato bis-gliceril(2727. Yamamoto K, Nishiyama S, Kunisada M, Iida M, Ito T, Ioroi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of bis-glyceryl ascorbate as prophylaxis for hand-foot skin reaction: a single-arm, open-label phase i/ii study (DGA study). Oncologist. 2022;27(5):e384–92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067. PubMed PMID: 35285503.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oncolo/oyab067...
); heparina tópica(3232. Rodríguez-Garzotto A, Iglesias-Docampo L, Díaz-García CV, Ruppen I, Ximénez-Embún P, Gómez C, et al. Topical heparin as an effective and safe treatment for patients with capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: results of a phase IIA trial supported by proteomic profiling of skin biopsies. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2022;14:175883592210869. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17588359221086911. PubMed PMID: 35356259.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835922108691...
,5050. Miller KK, Gorcey L, McLellan BN. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and nail changes: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):787–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.019. PubMed PMID: 24795111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.0...
); piridoxina (vitamina B6) tópica a 1%(1111. Charalambous A, Tsitsi T, Astras G, Paikousis L, Filippou E. A pilot randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of the topical application of pyridoxine on palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) induced by capecitabine or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD). Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2021;50:101866. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101866. PubMed PMID: 33227569.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.1018...
); ácido hialurônico(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
); lanolina tópica(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
); uridina tópica isolada(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
) ou associada a timina a 10%(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
); curativo de hidrocoloide(5252. Shinohara N, Nonomura N, Eto M, Kimura G, Minami H, Tokunaga S, et al. A randomized multicenter phase II trial on the efficacy of a hydrocolloid dressing containing ceramide with a low-friction external surface for hand-foot skin reaction caused by sorafenib in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2014;25(2):472–6. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541. PubMed PMID: 24351402.
https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt541...
); DMSO (dimetilsufóxido) tópico(4949. Sanches RC, Santos FC. Hand-Foot Syndrome in cancer patients: concepts, assessment and management of symptoms. Applied Cancer Research. 2015 [citado 2023 mar 26];35(2):5. Disponível em. https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/ACR2015;35(2)p.67-71.pdf
https://accamargo.phlnet.com.br/applied/...
,5555. Burbach GJ, Zuberbier T. Hand-Fuß-Syndrom bei Tyrosinkinase inhibitor therapie: empfehlungen für die Praxis. Urologe. 2013;52(11):1574–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-7. PubMed PMID: 23744244.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-013-3204-...
,6363. Clark AS, Vahdat LT. Chemotherapy-induced palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome: etiology and emerging therapies. Support Cancer Ther. 2004;1(4):213–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013. PubMed PMID: 18628145.
https://doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013...
); vaselina(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
); eniluracil tópico(5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
); assim como o uso de protetor solar UV A e B (Blue Lizard®)(6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
).

Além dessas intervenções descritas acima, os antitranspirantes tópicos também foram citados, como o F511(1515. Macedo LT, Lima JPN, dos Santos LV, Sasse AD. Prevention strategies for chemotherapy-induced hand–foot syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective randomised trials. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1585–93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-z. PubMed PMID: 24463616.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-014-2129-...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
); entretanto, um dos estudos que mencionou o uso de antitranspirantes não citou o princípio ativo que compunha o produto(5050. Miller KK, Gorcey L, McLellan BN. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and nail changes: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):787–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.019. PubMed PMID: 24795111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.0...
). O uso de adesivos de dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO)(5050. Miller KK, Gorcey L, McLellan BN. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and nail changes: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):787–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.019. PubMed PMID: 24795111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.0...
) e de nicotina(5050. Miller KK, Gorcey L, McLellan BN. Chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome and nail changes: a review of clinical presentation, etiology, pathogenesis, and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71(4):787–94. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.019. PubMed PMID: 24795111.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.0...
,5757. Degen A, Alter M, Schenck F, Satzger I, Völker B, Kapp A, et al. The hand-foot-syndrome associated with medical tumor therapy - classification and management. JDDG. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010;8(9):652–61. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010.07449.x. PubMed PMID: 20482685.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2010...
,6262. Gressett SM, Stanford BL, Hardwicke F. Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2006;12(3):131–41. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242. PubMed PMID: 17022868.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1078155206069242...
,6363. Clark AS, Vahdat LT. Chemotherapy-induced palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome: etiology and emerging therapies. Support Cancer Ther. 2004;1(4):213–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013. PubMed PMID: 18628145.
https://doi.org/10.3816/SCT.2004.n.013...
), além de sabonetes, como Aveeno® e/ou Cetaphil®(5656. Gomez P, Lacouture ME. Clinical presentation and management of hand–foot skin reaction associated with sorafenib in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy: experience in breast cancer. Oncologist. 2011;16(11):1508–19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0115. PubMed PMID: 22016478.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
,6060. Anderson R, Jatoi A, Robert C, Wood LS, Keating KN, Lacouture ME. Search for evidence-based approaches for the prevention and palliation of Hand–Foot Skin Reaction (HFSR) caused by the Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs). Oncologist. 2009;14(3):291–302. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2008-0237. PubMed PMID: 19276294.
https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.20...
) também foram avaliados como intervenções para prevenção da SMP.

Em suma, dos 45 estudos levantados, menos da metade deles era ECA (44%) (n = 20). Dentre os ECR, 30% avaliaram o uso de fitoterápicos (n = 6) e 25% avaliaram o uso de ureia (n = 5). Observou-se também que os estudos incluídos nesta revisão foram publicados nos últimos 20 anos, variando do ano de 2004 a 2023, com maior prevalência no ano de 2022 (n = 7). Com relação à região de origem dos estudos, embora a quantidade de países onde os estudos foram conduzidos tenha sido maior no oriente (n = 10), houve um volume maior, embora discreto, de publicações em países do ocidente, com 51% dos estudos realizados nesta região. Dos cânceres citados, 24,4% eram de intestino/cólon/reto, seguidos por 20,3% de câncer de mama e 14% esofagogástricos. Quanto ao tipo de quimioterapia, 71% dos estudos que citaram protocolos antineoplásicos, citaram a capecitabina (n = 20). Do total de intervenções mapeadas, 42 intervenções tópicas foram identificadas para prevenção da síndrome mão-pé, sendo que 62% dos estudos citaram a ureia (n = 28) (isolada ou combinada), independente do tipo de câncer e protocolo quimioterápico. Quanto às apresentações das intervenções, estas variaram entre cremes, pomadas, géis, hidrocoloides, decocções, adesivos, pós, óleos e sabões.

DISCUSSÃO

Esta revisão de escopo teve como objetivo mapear as intervenções tópicas para prevenção da SMP. Foram identificadas 42 intervenções e a intervenção mais citada foi o creme à base de ureia. A ureia é uma molécula polar e higroscópica produzida endogenamente pelo corpo humano e encontrada naturalmente na pele. Origina-se do metabolismo de proteínas e outros compostos orgânicos de nitrogênio excretados na urina e no suor, e possui ação de suavizar a hiperqueratose e diminuir a espessura epidérmica(6565. Celleno L. Topical urea in skincare: a review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2018;31(6):e12690. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.12690. PubMed PMID: 30378232.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12690...
).

Os resultados de uma metanálise(1818. Wang R, Wang X, Wang K, Liu S. Effectiveness of urea-based cream and pyridoxine (vitamin b6) on sorafenib-induced hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022340121
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/disp...
) com 1.387 pacientes, que avaliou a eficácia do creme de ureia na prevenção e no tratamento da SMP, identificaram que os pacientes que receberam a intervenção creme de ureia apresentaram incidência significativamente menor de SMP grau 2 ou superior (razão de risco, 0,72; intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0,58–0,90) e incidência menor de SMP de qualquer grau (razão de risco, 0,79; intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0,58–1,08) quando comparado com os pacientes que não receberam intervenção de creme de ureia. Concluiu-se que o creme de ureia é uma intervenção tópica segura e viável para prevenção da SMP.

Em outra metanálise(1212. Pandy JGP, Franco PIG, Li RK. Prophylactic strategies for hand-foot syndrome/skin reaction associated with systemic cancer treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(11):8655–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175-3. PubMed PMID: 35655045.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07175...
) com 2.814 pacientes, que avaliou estratégias profiláticas para a SMP, tanto tópicas, quanto nãotópicas, foi observado que o creme de ureia (via tópica) (OR 0,48, 95% IC 0,39–0,60, p < 0,00001) e celecoxibe (via oral) (OR 0,52, 95% IC 0,32-0,85, p = 0,009) mostraram redução de risco significativa, sendo que o celecoxibe é mais eficaz na prevenção da SMP induzida pela capecitabina em todos os graus (50,5% vs 65%, p = 0,05), enquanto o creme de ureia mostrou mais benefícios na prevenção da SMP moderada a grave induzida pelo sorafenibe (54,9% vs 71,4%, p < 0,00001). Entretanto, recomendam-se estudos que investiguem a dosagem ideal de celecoxibe e creme de ureia.

Por outro lado, duas metanálises em rede recentemente publicadas(2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
,3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
), que buscaram avaliar a melhor intervenção para prevenção da SMP, e que analisaram a ureia, foram de encontro às informações anteriores. O primeiro estudo(2929. Kao YS, Lo CH, Tu YK, Hung CH. Pharmacological prevention strategy for capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a network meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;35(10):e15774. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774. PubMed PMID: 36054263.
https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.15774...
) analisou, como intervenções tópicas, creme hidratante, creme de ureia 10%, creme de ureia e ácido lático (12%/6%), silimarina gel a 1% e mapisal, e como resultado, mostrou que a silimarina tópica tem o melhor desempenho na prevenção da SMP induzida por capecitabina (OR: 0,08; 95% CI: 0,01–0,71). Já o segundo(3030. Ramasubbu MK, Maji S, Padhan M, Maiti R, Hota D, Majumdar SKD, et al. Chemotherapy-induced hand foot syndrome: comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological prophylaxis – systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/2022/12/23/spcare-2022-004011
https://spcare.bmj.com/content/early/202...
) analisou, como intervenções tópicas, creme de ureia e ácido lático (12%/6%), creme de ureia 10% e creme de ureia 20%; no entanto, as intervenções investigadas não demonstraram papel significativo na prevenção da SMP.

Cremes hidratantes foram amplamente utilizados em muitos estudos identificados por esta revisão de escopo, mas apenas um deles era ECA. Tal estudo(3535. Lu W, Huang Z, Chen S, Lv H, Chen X, Lei J, et al. The effectiveness of EVOSKIN®Palm and sole moisturizing cream in treating capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(3):3009–17. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61. PubMed PMID: 33849091.
https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-21–61...
) avaliou 51 pacientes que foram orientados a aplicarem o creme nas mãos e nos pés duas vezes ao dia, até o término do tratamento com capecitabina, versus uso de soro fisiológico. A incidência total de SMP no grupo que usou creme hidratante foi menor do que no grupo que usou soro fisiológico (56,8% vs. 75,9%, P = 0,006). A incidência de SMP Grau 1–2 não foi estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (26/51 vs. 32/54, 52,0% vs. 59,2%, P = 0,194).

Outra intervenção mapeada nesta revisão foi o uso de corticosteroides tópicos, com ação anti-inflamatória local. O resultado de um dos estudos(4444. Lin SM, Lu SN, Chen PT, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Hu CT, et al. HATT: a phase IV, single-arm, open-label study of sorafenib in Taiwanese patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(2):199–208. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-x. PubMed PMID: 27909950.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-016-9774-...
) encontrados demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre o escore geral de SMP entre pacientes que receberam creme de corticosteroide e aqueles que receberam creme não corticosteroides (0,83 vs. 1,26, p = 0,031). Também houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os pacientes que receberam a intervenção de creme de corticosteroide e aqueles pacientes que não receberam qualquer intervenção (0,83 vs. 1,24, p = 0,038). O tempo para início da SMP foi maior no grupo que fez uso do creme de corticosteroide (41 dias) quando comparado com o grupo que fez uso do creme não corticosteroide (22 dias) e no grupo controle sem intervenção (21 dias). Apesar de o estudo não identificar qual o corticosteroide utilizado e nem sua concentração, concluiu-se que o uso de corticosteroide tópico pode reduzir a severidade e a incidência da SMP.

Os resultados trazidos por outro estudo(3333. Jatoi A, Ou FS, Ahn DH, Zemla TJ, Le-Rademacher JG, Boland P, et al. Preemptive versus reactive topical clobetasol for regorafenib-induced hand-foot reactions: a preplanned analysis of the ReDOS trial. Oncologist. 2021;26(7):610–8. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730. PubMed PMID: 33604969.
https://doi.org/10.1002/onco.13730...
) incluído nessa revisão demonstraram que a terapia preventiva com clobetasol, um corticosteroide tópico de alta potência, está associado a taxas mais baixas de SMP induzida por regorafenibe. Durante o segundo ciclo de regorafenibe, a frequência de SMP foi de 30% para o grau 1, 8% para o grau 2, e 3% para o grau 3, com uso de clobetasol preventivo. O estudo também avaliou o uso de clobetasol após o desenvolvimento da SMP e a frequência de SMP foi de 43% para o grau 1, 18% para grau 2 e 7% para grau 3 (p = 0,12).

Além das intervenções já citadas, cabe ressaltar que muitos estudos trouxeram o uso de plantas na composição dos produtos como alternativas para a prevenção da SMP. Dentre as plantas utilizadas, destacam-se a henna, um corante extraído das folhas secas e de ramos de Lawsonia inermis, com efeitos antioxidante e imunomodulador(6666. Nayak BS, Isitor G, Davis EM, Pillai GK. The evidence based wound healing activity of Lawsonia inermis Linn. Phytother Res. 2007;21(9):827–31. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2181. PubMed PMID: 17533628.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2181...
6868. Yucel I, Guzin G. Topical henna for capecitabine induced hand–foot syndrome. Invest New Drugs. 2008;26(2):189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10637-007-9082-3. PubMed PMID: 17885735.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-007-9082-...
); a curcumina, principal componente da cúrcuma, conhecida por suas atividades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes, por impedir a ativação da biossíntese de prostaglandinas e c-Jun/AP-1, proteínas quinases e expressão de COX-2(6969. Akbari S, Kariznavi E, Jannati M, Elyasi S, Tayarani-Najaran Z. Curcumin as a preventive or therapeutic measure for chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced adverse reaction: a comprehensive review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2020;145:111699. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111699. PubMed PMID: 32858134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.11169...
,7070. Scontre VA, Martins JC, de Melo Sette CV, Mutti H, Cubero D, Fonseca F, et al. Curcuma longa (Turmeric) for prevention of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a pilot study. J Diet Suppl. 2018;15(5):606–12. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.1366387. PubMed PMID: 29095653.
https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2017.13...
); e a silimarina, membro da família Asteraceae, que atua como antioxidante e inibidor de atividade de peroxidação de lipídios, apresenta efeito imunomodulador, aumentando a proliferação de linfócitos, do interferon gama (IFN-γ), de secreção de IL-4 e IL-10 por linfócitos e supressão da ativação de células T, por afetar a via NF-kB(2828. Shayeganmehr D, Ramezannia F, Gharib B, Rezaeilaal A, Shahi F, Jafariazar Z, et al. Pharmaceutical and clinical studies of celecoxib topical hydrogel for management of chemotherapy-induced hand-foot syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023;396(7):1571–81. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339-8. PubMed PMID: 36418469.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02339...
,7171. Das SK, Mukherjee S, Vasudevan DM. Medicinal properties of milk thistle with special reference to silymarinñ An overview. NIScPR Online. 2008 [citado 2023 mar 26];7:11. Disponível em: http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/NPR%207%282%29%20182-192.pdf
http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/1234...
7373. Elyasi S, Hosseini S, Niazi Moghadam MR, Aledavood SA, Karimi G. Effect of oral silymarin administration on prevention of radiotherapy induced mucositis: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2016;30(11):1879–85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5704. PubMed PMID: 27555604.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5704...
).

Com relação à graduação da SMP, sabe-se que é imprescindível classificá-la por meio de um instrumento validado e padronizado, para que seja possível comparar a evolução e o efeito das intervenções estudadas. Destarte, diferentes instrumentos têm sido utilizados para graduar a severidade da SMP, mas a classificação do CTCAE(22. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcae_v5_quick_reference_5x7.pdf
https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopm...
) (Critérios Comuns de Terminologia para Eventos Adversos), publicada pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer dos Estados Unidos da América, é a escala mais conhecida e foi a mais utilizada pelos estudos incluídos nesta revisão.

O CTCAE(22. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcae_v5_quick_reference_5x7.pdf
https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocoldevelopm...
) (versão 5.0 de 2017) classifica a SMP em três graus de severidade, no qual o Grau 1 representa alterações mínimas na pele ou dermatite, sem dor; o Grau 2 aponta alterações na pele, com dor, limitando Atividade de Vida Diária (AVD) instrumental; e o Grau 3 indica alterações cutâneas graves, com dor, limitando o autocuidado e AVD. Outras duas escalas foram utilizadas por alguns estudos, a saber: escala da Organização Mundial da Saúde (WHO HFS), que possui quatro graus de classificação da SMP(7474. Alsaloumi L, Shawagfeh S. Hand and foot syndrome associated with capecitabine. Ann Clin Oncol. 2020;2020(2):1–6. Available from: https://www.sciencerepository.org/hand-and-footsyndrome-associated-with-capecitabine_ACO-2020-2-103
https://www.sciencerepository.org/hand-a...
) e a escala do Grupo de Ensaios Clínicos do Instituto Nacional do Câncer do Canadá (CTG-NCIC), que classifica a SMP em três graus(7575. Blum JL, Jones SE, Buzdar AU, LoRusso PM, Kuter I, Vogel C, et al. Multicenter Phase II study of capecitabine in paclitaxel-refractory metastatic breast cancer. JCO. 1999;17(2):485–493. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.485. PubMed PMID: 10080589.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1999.17.2.48...
).

Por meio desta revisão de escopo foi possível mapear expressivo quantitativo de intervenções que vêm sendo investigadas para a prevenção da SMP. Entretanto, uma lacuna identificada na literatura diz respeito ao conhecimento ainda incipiente sobre a fisiopatologia da SMP, o que dificulta a identificação de mecanismos farmacológicos que possam prevenir sua ocorrência. Diante disso, o que se percebe é a busca por alguma intervenção efetiva por meio de “tentativa e erro”. Todavia, estudos buscam encontrar um mecanismo de ação para o desenvolvimento da SMP ou, até mesmo, marcadores genéticos ou preditores que possam predeterminar a sua incidência e/ou gravidade e determinar novas estratégias que possam melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Compreender esse mecanismo de desenvolvimento é essencial para a realização de pesquisas de terapias tópicas para prevenção da SMP, a fim de se desenvolver estudos com relevância clínica, bem como evitar estudos com pouca significância estatística ou, até mesmo, com futilidade terapêutica.

Como já postulado, a capecitabina é o principal quimioterápico associado ao desenvolvimento da SMP. Estudos demostram que grande parte dos pacientes tratados com capecitabina desenvolvem SMP. A capecitabina é uma pró-droga do 5-fluorouracil, administrada por via oral e comumente usada em alguns tumores sólidos, como câncer colorretal, gástrico e de mama. Em nível celular, a toxicidade da capecitabina induz a morte dos queratinócitos e reduz o estrato córneo presente nesta condição(3434. Lien RY, Tung H, Wu S, Hu SH, Lu L, Lu S. Validation of the prophylactic efficacy of urea based creams on sorafenib induced hand foot skin reaction in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised experiment study. Cancer Reports. 2022;5(7):e1532. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532. PubMed PMID: 34910380.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cnr2.1532...
,4646. Hofheinz RD, Gencer D, Schulz H, Stahl M, Hegewisch-Becker S, Loeffler LM, et al. Mapisal versus urea cream as prophylaxis for capecitabine-associated hand-foot syndrome: a randomized phase III trial of the AIO quality of life working group. JCO. 2015;33(22):2444–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587. PubMed PMID: 26124485.
https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.60.4587...
). Estudo recente analisou, retrospectivamente, os prontuários de 165 pacientes tratados com capecitabina e identificou preditores significantes para o desenvolvimento da SMP, como o uso concomitante de medicamento inibidor do sistema reninaangiotensina, elevada superfície corporal e albuminemia(7676. Kanbayashi Y, Taguchi T, Ishikawa T, Takayama K. Predictors of capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome: a single-institution, retrospective study [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Mar 26]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1606355/v1
https://www.researchsquare.com/article/r...
).

Outro estudo(7777. Watts K, Wills C, Madi A, Palles C, Maughan TS, Kaplan R, et al. Genetic variation in ST6GAL1 is a determinant of capecitabine and oxaliplatin induced hand-foot syndrome. Int J Cancer. 2022;151(6):957–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34046. PubMed PMID: 35467766.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34046...
), cuja amostra foi composta por pacientes com câncer de cólon avançado tratados com capecitabina e oxaliplatina (XELOX), investigou a variante rs6783836 em ST6GAL1 (ST6 β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase), um gene que tem papel na inflamação e no desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2, e concluiu que o gene foi associado ao desenvolvimento de SMP, mostrando ser um promissor biomarcador da síndrome(7777. Watts K, Wills C, Madi A, Palles C, Maughan TS, Kaplan R, et al. Genetic variation in ST6GAL1 is a determinant of capecitabine and oxaliplatin induced hand-foot syndrome. Int J Cancer. 2022;151(6):957–66. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34046. PubMed PMID: 35467766.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.34046...
). Além disso, importante estudo(7878. Ruiz-Pinto S, Pita G, Martín M, Nuñez-Torres R, Cuadrado A, Shahbazi MN, et al. Regulatory CDH4 genetic variants associate with risk to develop capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;109(2):462–0. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2013. PubMed PMID: 32757270.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.2013...
) revelou um novo mecanismo de suscetibilidade genética individual à SMP associada à capecitabina, com implicações para a previsão de risco clinicamente relevante. Para isso, foi realizado um teste de fenótipo extremo para estudo de associação genômica em 166 pacientes, que revelou que a pele do paciente com SMP grave exibiu baixos níveis de R-caderina e Involucrina (proteínas essenciais para a estrutura e função de barreira da pele) antes do tratamento com capecitabina. Estudos que avaliam a predição de risco por meio de mapeamento genômico individualizado podem contribuir na escolha de intervenções mais potentes e indicadas de forma precoce para este tipo de paciente.

Adicionalmente, foi identificado, através desta revisão, que a doxorrubicina lipossomal peguilada (DLP) parece estar associada ao surgimento da SMP, sendo objeto de estudos cujo objetivo foi a busca pela causa de tal síndrome. Corroborando isso, identificou-se estudo(7979. Hu X, Dong M, Liang X, Liu Z, Li Q. Reactive oxygen species-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in hand-foot syndrome induced by PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin. Int J Nanomedicine. 2021;16:471–80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S280187. PubMed PMID: 33500617.
https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S280187...
) que, por meio de análise histológica de SMP in vitro e em modelos animais, notou que a DLP induz severas lesões tissulares, incluindo a destruição das fibras de colágeno e a indução de inflamação grave e apoptose das células epidérmicas. Devido a essa inflamação e à liberação sustentada de DLP, houve geração de espécies reativas do oxigênio (ERO), que são moléculas instáveis e extremamente reativas, capazes de transformar outras moléculas com as quais colidem, causando dano oxidativo dos queratinócitos. Deste modo, o estudo concluiu que a geração de ERO foi identificada como um fator crucial no desenvolvimento do SMP, podendo ser usado como um potencial alvo terapêutico para estudos futuros. Dessa forma, intervenções antioxidantes podem ser uma boa opção de escolha para pacientes que fazem uso de DLP.

A atuação do enfermeiro é fundamental para o manejo dos pacientes com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia e terapia alvo, especialmente daqueles em risco de desenvolverem SMP. Estudo(8080. Krzemieniecki K, Zygulska A, Kucharz J, Stokłosa. Better compliance with the guidelines on hand-foot syndrome in patients treated with capecitabine in colorectal and breast cancer as a result of nursing education. Przegl Lek. 2016;73(7):460–4. PubMed PMID: 29676887.) demonstra que pacientes que estiveram em contato com enfermeiros oncologistas e seguiram suas recomendações tiveram uma redução de cinquenta vezes no risco de desenvolver SMP grau 2 ou 3. Dentre os cuidados de enfermagem para manejo da SMP, destaca-se a importância de uma avaliação sistematizada do enfermeiro antes e durante o tratamento antineoplásico sistêmico, incluindo: avaliação do protocolo quimioterápico, quantidade de ciclos previstos, acompanhamento de exames laboratoriais, aplicação de escala de dor, avaliação da mobilidade, status nutricional, status psicológico, avaliação local das mãos e pés (com avaliação das artérias radial, braquial, artéria dorsal do pé e a artéria tibial posterior) e, se possível, prescrição de intervenções para prevenção da SMP. Em caso de já haver alguma lesão, avaliar: tipo de ferida; possíveis causas; localização, tamanho e profundidade; característica do leito e das bordas da ferida; presença de exsudato e sua característica; característica da pele peri-lesão; terapias possíveis(8181. Zhang S, Zhao W, Zhang M. Nursing care of severe hand foot syndrome caused by the oral anti-tumour drug Xeloda: a case study. World Council of Enterostomal Therapists Journal. 2022;42(1):29–33. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.33235/wcet.42.1.29-33.
https://doi.org/10.33235/wcet.42.1.29-33...
).

Os enfermeiros também podem lançar mão de estratégias para identificar possíveis fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da SMP. Uma ferramenta(8282. Abuhelwa AY, Badaoui S, Yuen HY, McKinnon RA, Ruanglertboon W, Shankaran K, et al. A clinical scoring tool validated with machine learning for predicting severe hand–foot syndrome from sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2022;89(4):479–85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-022-04411-9. PubMed PMID: 35226112.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-022-04411...
) de pontuação clínica, utilizando machine learning, foi validada com o intuito de prevenir a SMP grave em pacientes com carcinoma hepatocelular em uso de sorafenibe. Os resultados apontaram que ser do sexo feminino, ter hemoglobina alta e bilirrubina baixa foram fatores que apresentaram alta discriminação para predizer o risco de SMP. Tal ferramenta pode permitir o acompanhamento dos pacientes que têm risco elevado para desenvolvimento da SMP e a identificação precoce de sinais e sintomas.

Desse modo, utilizar meios efetivos de educação em saúde que melhorem a comunicação de sinais e sintomas pelos pacientes é vital para o gerenciamento das toxicidades causadas pela quimioterapia e para a melhoria da qualidade de vida dos pacientes que desenvolvem a SMP.

Limitações do Estudo

Os resultados desta revisão podem ter sido limitados por alguns motivos. A ausência de informações acerca dos princípios ativos e concentrações contidos, especialmente, nos estudos que incluíram o uso de anti-inflamatórios/antioxidantes tópicos e cremes hidratantes. A ausência de informação sobre o ciclo de quimioterapia pode ter levado à exclusão de alguns estudos, uma vez que um dos critérios de inclusão desta revisão foi que a intervenção não fosse iniciada após o segundo ciclo de quimioterapia. Por fim, outra limitação importante foi a exclusão de estudos publicados em idiomas não latino-romanos. Tais limitações podem ter inviabilizado a inclusão de alguns estudos ou dificultado uma análise mais crítica e detalhada dos estudos incluídos.

Implicações Para o Avanço do Conhecimento Científico Para a Área da Saúde e Enfermagem

Os resultados desta revisão de escopo demostram para a comunidade científica, sobretudo à enfermagem, as intervenções tópicas descritas na literatura para a prevenção da SMP em pacientes com câncer submetidos à quimioterapia antineoplásica/terapia alvo. Esse estudo pode auxiliar pesquisadores na identificação de intervenções passíveis de serem avaliadas para a prevenção da SMP, a fim de que seja evitada a reprodução de estudos que avaliem intervenções que já tenham seu efeito bem elucidado pela literatura.

CONCLUSÃO

Esta revisão de escopo mapeou 42 intervenções tópicas para prevenção de SMP em pacientes com câncer submetidos a terapia antineoplásica. Os resultados possibilitaram uma recensão das intervenções tópicas, com destaque ao uso da ureia e cremes hidratantes como as intervenções mais estudadas. Todavia, grande parte das intervenções identificadas nesta revisão necessitam ser avaliadas, em estudos futuros, para melhor compreensão dos seus benefícios.

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Editado por

EDITOR ASSOCIADO

Vanessa de Brito Poveda

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    10 Nov 2023
  • Data do Fascículo
    2023

Histórico

  • Recebido
    20 Abr 2023
  • Aceito
    05 Set 2023
Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 419 , 05403-000 São Paulo - SP/ Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 3061-7553, - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: reeusp@usp.br