Coal |
Underground, room and pillars (with and without pillar retraction) |
Reduction of the shaft ceiling could cause sinking of the ground in mines with pillar retraction. Vibration due to blasting for disassembling the ore and host rock. |
Pillar maintenance. Use of non-electric initiators and delays for reducing vibrations. Vibration levels cannot be higher than those determined in the specific study in accordance with ABNT standards. |
Clay |
Open-pit mining, multiple benches |
Alteration of the ground topography could induce erosive processes. Exposure of the water table and vegetation removal. |
Establishment of a strip blocking the mining activity on both sides of the pipeline track. Remodeling, stabilizing and revege-tation of the lateral slopes (Environmental entities recommend an inclination of 1:2.5). Implantation of the drainage network. |
Clay |
Strip mining |
Generation of irregular pits with exposure of the water table and vegetation removal. |
Remodeling, stabilizing and revegetation of the lateral slopes; recuperation of the pits (Environmental entities recommend an inclination of 1:1 for slopes and a maximum pit depth of 2.5 m). Reinforcement of the pipes at crossings with the transportation route. |
Sand |
Dredging |
Riverbank erosion, deepening of the ditch with eventual exposure of the pipeline and downstream silting. Vegetation removal and destabilization of the river banks. |
Execution of the extraction at a minimum distance from the pipelines tracks and river banks, preserving their stability. Revegetation and execution of the erosion contention works. Establishment of a strip blocking the mining activity on both sides of the pipeline track (strip width must be determined in a specific study, in accordance with ABNT standards). |
Sand |
Dredging (into submersed pit). |
Formation of flooded pits with varied dimensions (depth depending on the ore thickness). Erosion acceleration of the pit borders. Vegetation removal. |
Inclination of 30% in the first 5 m to 10 m of the pit; maximum height of the embankment of the pit = 10 m; minimum distance of 25 m to 50 m between the pits and the property borders. Establishment of a strip blocking the mining activities along both sides of the pipelines. |
Sand |
Open-pit mining, single bench |
Vegetation removal, topographic lowering with localized exposure of the water table. Formation of flooded pits. Localized destabilization of the lateral slopes along the pipeline tracks. |
Revegetation and erosion contention works on the slopes close to pipeline tracks. Reinforcement of the pipelines crossing transportation routes. Slope rest angle of approximately 30º. |
Gravel |
Strip mining |
Formation of flooded pits with varied dimensions. Water table exposure and vegetation removal. |
Remodeling, stabilizing and revegetation of the lateral slopes; recuperation of the pits (Environmental entities recommend an inclination of 1:2 for slopes and a maximum pit depth of 2 m). Establishment of a strip 15 m wide blocking mining activities along both sides of the pipelines. |
Gravel |
Strip mining at the river bed |
Modification of the geometry of the river bed. Vegetation removal. |
Mining must be executed at a minimum distance from the river banks, depending on the width of the river. River banks must be stabilized. Establishment of a strip 15 m wide blocking the mining on both sides of the pipeline. |
Gems: fluvial alluvium |
Open-pit mining, at the river bed or along their margins |
Generation of irregular pits with water table exposure. Vegetation removal. |
Remodeling, stabilizing and revegetation of the lateral slopes (Environmental entities recommend an inclination of 1:2.5). Construction of dams to preserve the water quality. |
Grit |
Open-pit mining, multiple benches |
Modification of local topography accelerating erosive processes. Generation of ground vibration due to blasting for the extraction of massive rocks. |
Stabilization of marginal mining slopes (inclination consistent with type of terrain) and revegetation. Use of non-electrical initiators and delays to reduce vibration. |
Limestone |
Open-pit mining, multiple benches |
Modification of local topography accelerating erosive processes. Generation of ground vibration due to blasting for the extraction of massive rocks. |
Stabilization of the mining slope. Utilization of delays along the entire blasting line and non-electrical initiators for vibration reduction. Establishment of a security strip as per the specific study of the vibration levels, in accordance with the ABNT standards. |
Granite/Gneiss Diabase/Basalt (Rocks for crushing) |
Open-pit mining, multiple benches |
Generation of ground vibrations due to blasting for the extraction of massive rocks accelerates erosive processes close to the pipeline track. Transportation routes could cross the pipeline track. |
Utilization of delays along the complete line of blasting and non-electric initiators for vibration reduction. Stabilizing mining slope near the pipelines. Reinforcement of the pipelines at transportation crossing routes. Establishment of a security strip, which width must be determined by a specific study of the vibration levels in accordance with ABNT standards. |
Granite (Dimension stone) |
Quarrying |
Acceleration of surface erosional processes. Production of a large amount of mining waste and removal of local vegetation. Production of ground vibrations due to low-intensity blasting using gunpowder to extract rock mass. Transportation routes that could cross the pipeline track. |
Stabilization of the mining areas. Burying the mining waste and revegetation of the area. Reinforcement of the pipelines at the crossings with the transportation route. Vibration measurements in the case explosives must be done. |
Granite (hewn stones) |
Open-pit mining (cut in blocks) |
Acceleration of surface erosional processes. Production of a large amount of waste. Removal of local vegetation. Generation of ground vibrations due to low-intensity blasting using gunpowder to extract rock mass. Transportation routes that could cross the pipeline track. |
Stabilization of the mining areas. Burying the mining waste and revegetation of the area. Reinforcement of the pipelines at crossings with the transportation routes. |
Mineral water |
Spring water extraction |
The water exploitation site and the protection area of the spring should not interfere with the pipeline track. The construction of the pipeline could impact the spring water, changing it recharge and modifying the water quality. |
Perform a hydrogeological study before the construction of the pipeline track. Monitoring the spring conditions (flow, water quality) for a period not less than one year. |